Dual-purpose companies (DPCs) encounter numerous financial and social trade-offs in their operations. However, existing research has not fully explored the heterogeneity and antecedents of these trade-offs. To bridge this gap, we first distinguish between scenarios in which trade-offs are mitigated or intensified, and then categorize the intensification into two directions: social dominance and financial dominance. We hypothesize that unique combinations of governance arrangements and organizational capabilities result in different trade-off scenarios. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a fsQCA of 46 subsidiaries within a Chinese state-owned enterprise group. We identify three patterns that mitigate trade-offs and three patterns that intensify them. The findings highlight the complex interplay between governance mechanisms and organizational capabilities related to different trade-off scenarios, and the diverse pathways towards trade-off mitigation, and the causal asymmetry between patterns of different trade-off scenarios. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the heterogeneity of financial/social trade-offs in DPCs.

围绕"手段-目的"关系提出的后效与因果逻辑,作为两种重要的战略决策逻辑,为研究探索式与利用式创新行为的二元平衡提供了新视角.本文通过对79家中小型企业创新行为影响因素的定性比较分析(QCA)发现,后效逻辑的4个维度即手段、可承受损失、控制和意外导向,与代表因果逻辑决策标准的收益导向相互联结,形成了实现二元平衡的经典型、向利试探型、向利控制型和灵活控制型4条路径,以及与之构成因果非对称性的偏探索和偏利用各2条路径.本文揭示了后效与因果逻辑的悖论关系,深化了二元平衡问题的研究,并为解释一般的悖论现象提供了方向指引.

ABSTRACT Through two in-depth case studies, we compare the approaches of a state-owned enterprise (SOE), Beijing Automotive Industries Holding Co., and a privately owned enterprise (POE), Geely, to acquire and absorb advanced technological knowledge to enhance their innovation capabilities. Each company acquired advanced knowledge from troubled famous Swedish automakers and upgraded their products technologically. Analyzing data mainly collected from secondary sources identifies major differences in approaches and actions at each acquisition step rooted in the type of ownership. We juxtapose these differences with insights from the literature on knowledge acquisition and research on firm ownership. Our findings show that the POE seeks the strategic goal of synergistic technology integration for better innovation and economic performance. In contrast, the SOE pursues national objectives with less regard for market success. This SOE focuses on an independent approach to knowledge absorption and development during their acquisition, whereas the POE emphasizes collaboration in innovation capacity development. This study provides insights into Chinese firms’ positioning on innovation development on the global stage, comparative capitalism, and the particular case of state capitalism in China.

Knotted paradoxes are discursively constructed and multiple interweaving tensions that can tilt a system out of balance. We examine the knotting of intra-organizational paradoxes in the context of the development of an online sales strategy within a large industrial multinational company. Based on six rounds of in-depth interviews over a period of eight years, we explicate the negotiation between the corporate management and middle management around tensions of identity, coordination, capability, and strategy. We demonstrate how the corporate management's transparadoxical messaging opened a malleable space for growth, and how the middle management creatively interpreted the messages and took innovative initiatives. This elastic enactment pushes the boundaries of the malleable space and, together with transparadoxical messaging, often intensifies some poles of the knotted paradoxes and generates imbalance. We elucidate the multiplicity of paradox by tracing the surfacing of primary and secondary paradoxes and their entanglement with latent tensions. The knotted paradoxes form a complex web of multivocal contradictions instead of binary oppositions. Our longitudinal case study shows that the metamorphosis of knotted paradoxes manifests in a perpetual state of disequilibrium, which fosters strategic growth and innovation.

不论是以因素理论化为主导的定量研究,还是Eisenhardt推崇的多案例研究,或者诠释主义导向的扎根理论研究,都存在一个共同的缺失,即忽视了动态变化现象所蕴涵的时间性.这为过程研究范式的发展留下了广阔的空间和理论创新的机会.近来国外的过程研究已快速发展并成型化,形成了包括本体论假设、理论化内核、过程数据分析策略和理论化模式在内的系列研究成果,为纵向案例研究者提供了一个新型研究范式.国内的过程研究数量也在不断攀升,但是在本体论立场、理论化深度、过程模型构建和方法适配性等方面尚存一些问题,总体呈现研究成果体系化不足和未能充分根植于本土厚实的过程思维传统等局限.为促进过程研究的高质量发展,本文对过程研究范式的哲学基础、范式内核、发展历程和动力进行系统化梳理和总结,并对发表在国内核心期刊上的纵向案例研究论文从本体论、时间嵌入性、理论化等多个维度进行述评,在总结过程研究面临的关键挑战和啟古纳今路径的同时阐明中西对话前景.本文力图通过文献述评和范式总结提升研究者对过程研究范式本体论、认识论、方法论的敏感性和反思力,为增扩过程理论化的深度和想象空间提供启迪,助力研究者更好地以纵向案例研究讲好中国故事.

基于最优区分视角,探究内部创业单元如何将自主策略、依从策略与关系嵌入及战略逻辑相匹配以实现高绩效.以25份内部创业活动配对问卷数据进行了模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA).研究表明:①利用类单元在嵌入时宜采用依从型构型获取合法性,但在脱嵌时结合自主策略可能导致缺失合法性的脱缰型构型;②探索类单元在与母公司关系嵌入时宜采用自主且依从的兼顾型构型,并在脱嵌时宜采用自主型构型;③对于探索与利用并重的双元类单元,在嵌入时宜采用 自主型构型,但在脱嵌时不宜盲目采取依从策略.

Dual-purpose companies with financial/social tradeoffs face conflicting expectations from various stakeholders. We theorize this issue by a combinatory consideration of accountabilities regarding what the focal organization “should do” and the capabilities that guarantee what they “could do”. By distinguishing accountabilities in terms of upward vs. downward relationships and organization capabilities in terms of orientations toward presence and the orientations toward presence and future, our research addresses the two aspects of strategy holistically through qualitative analysis. Then we applied a QCA analysis to explore the causal configurations of these conditions. Our findings reveal three configurational patterns that enable the financial/social balance and three patterns that inhibit it. These patterns demonstrate complementary and substitutive relationships within and between accountabilities and capabilities, and provide empirical evidence for how dual-purpose companies can deploy different accountabilities and capabilities to achieve financial/social balance.

新冠疫情引发了全球价值链(GVC)的破坏性结构重构,增强系统应对未来突发事件冲击的韧性成为重构的主要方向.本研究以松散耦合理论为基础,聚焦分析GVC结构形态及其与系统韧性的联动,识别GVC以结构重构来提升系统韧性进而响应突发事件冲击的演化模式,对GVC松散耦合结构在新冠疫情冲击下产生响应性演化的机制做出理论性解释.本文基于现实GVC系统结构正在发生破坏性重构的判断,在提炼"系统结构重构+系统韧性提升"共演模式的同时,指明GVC的未来高级存在形态是更具韧性的商业生态系统.为加速此类新型GVC的构建,本研究对更具韧性商业生态系统典型结构特征进行了剖析,以阐释其涌现过程及其长期性,识别出具体的涌现路径,并依此为中国企业和政府携手推进更具韧性商业生态系统涌现提供借鉴与实践指导.

This symposium will seek to explicate how Chinese thought differs from the western mode of thinking and the implications for managers and management. The discussion will focus on connecting specific Chinese constructs to topics of organization research, for example, building a Chinese indigenous model of organizational momentum for change, providing a Chinese Daoist processual explanation of endogenous motors of system evolution, and illuminating the implications of Chinese thought on strategy and organization as practice and process.

A business ecosystem is a complex dynamic system within which components interact with each other to drive the changes of other components and the whole ecosystem. Although dynamics has been widely identified as a core feature of the ecosystem, how the actual interactions among the components happen and aggregate to drive the self-evolution of the ecosystem have been rarely studied. Adopting a longitudinal inductive case study approach, this study disentangles the interactions among ecosystem components and delineates a temporal recursive pattern of six-phase paths of the business ecosystem evolution. We find that the generative mechanisms underlying business ecosystem evolution are the successive negation of the negation of phases (meso-level explanation) and the self-governing regulators (micro-level explanation) that continually trigger new phases. This explorative inductive study unveils how interactions of components accumulate to drive the ecosystem evolution, which provides a transparent and deeper understanding of the micro-macro linking process.

基于系统整体观和动态观,以复工与防疫之间的张力为焦点悖论,探寻化解悖论的创新性方案.研究结果表明,将对立统一的矛盾双方纳入一个包含多要素的系统分析框架中进行历时性过程分析,使悖论系统演化发展的动态过程与内生动力能得到较全面深入的刻画和阐释.对六阶段演化过程纵贯的分析性归纳显示,把焦点悖论置于一个包含生者、中介者、成者、催化者和当下未涉者的立体化框架中,以"否定之否定"的辩证逻辑看待复工与防疫这一矛盾体,可以揭示系统螺旋式演进历程中悖论张力增减变化的轨迹与动力机制.通过细化和拓新有关悖论长链式解决路径的研究,彰显了中国传统哲学智慧在现实难题应对中的独有效力.

对于全球价值链(GVC)运行,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(以下简称新冠疫情)不只是短期冲击,也是长期考验.由此产生一个亟待研究的问题:从突然暴发,到常态化,再到最终结束的发展过程中,新冠疫情会对中国制造企业的GVC嵌入产生何种负面影响?本文通过梳理GVC理论,分析后发制造企业GVC嵌入的价值分配和压力来源,剖析其嵌入成本,指出新冠疫情会突然冲击GVC嵌入企业的现金流,常态化影响其产品成本,长期化提高其嵌入GVC的机会成本,并由此引发破产倒闭风险、挤出脱链风险和重构脱链风险.基于负面影响机制的识别和风险研判,本文提炼和阐析了干预政策的作用点,论证了在缓解疫情冲击风险的诸多干预政策中支持转型相比金融纾困、畅通物流相比复工复产、稳定价格相比减免税费的重要性.基于当前中国干预政策存在重纾困转型、轻标准规则的不足,提出要加强对GVC新标准或新规则的前瞻性引导与适应;基于其他国家干预政策对中国制造企业GVC嵌入的复杂影响,提示要系统识别国际政治风险并加强风险防控.

发展中国家企业主要嵌入在全球价值链的低端环节上,如何推动它们从低端嵌入环节向中高端嵌入环节迁移?全球价值链理论以及战略管理理论、技术创新理论、企业能力理论虽然开发了丰富的概念工具箱,如产业升级、价值链攀升、战略转型、组织转型、技术升级与追赶、能力升级等,目前还没有将其联系起来.作为多个理论的交叉领域,有关全球价值链嵌入条件下企业转型升级的研究正在尝试跨学科整合,但尚未形成体系化的理论.本文搜集并梳理了国内外有关文献,围绕全球价值链嵌入企业转型升级的概念界定、路径选择、低端锁定、影响因素、结果测量、作用机制等问题进行系统评析,并展望未来的研究方向,期望能为进一步的学术探讨提供引导与启发.

The research uses the development of COVID-19 in the human body as an example to explore the microstructures and dynamic processes of a concise complex system from the lens of the five-phase system. Based on the structural balance theory and system dynamics, the research finds that transitive triads and cyclic triads in the five-phase system are both imbalanced. The integration of these differentiated triads comprises of a balanced intermediate form in the shape of quadrangular cycles. These cycles serve as microstructures of the five-phase system, due to the inherent balancing feedback mechanism, and support the generation of resultants. The alternation of quadrangular cycles drives the spiraling development of the whole system. By orderly and regular interweaving of signed directed links, the research provides a holistic, process-oriented demonstration for the development processes of COVID-19. It clarifies that the essence of the five-phase system is phase-transition processes with the quadrangular cycle as carrier and supporter, rather than the static aggregation of five elements. The research deepens the understanding of system nonlinearity by visualizing the circular causality and promotes the academic dialogue between the Western process theory and the Chinese inherited notion of the five-phase system.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">制造业企业转型为平台组织后,平台核心宜以什么样的结构来为企业内部大规模开展的创新创业活动提供客制化支持?本文以海尔集团为案例研究对象,通过典型小微企业在创业不同阶段与所嵌入各阶平台及其他关联平台互动过程的归纳分析,探究平台组织的构成、界面规则和在创业需求个异化条件下结构功能关系的实现机制。由多个异构、互补的低阶子平台以系统"自然生成"的层级关系嵌套于高阶平台中而构成的平台组织是非集成化系统,具有模块化解构的深度、广度和多样性特征,且纵横向关联上遵从中等强度、人工响应的界面咬合规则,是一种"超模块化"复杂自适应系统,能够以客制化方式提供所需的创业支持。本研究通过刻画和分析大型企业内部支持创业小微的平台组织的总体结构和作用机理,丰富和发展平台组织理论,并为传统制造业企业向平台型企业转型提供组织变革方案设计启示。</span>

以企业与顾客共同的身份分化为切入点,探究生态圈商业模式形成中各方行动者之间的生克关系及其组合成的整体系统的形态特征和进化发展机制.基于嵌入海尔集团内3个创新创业典型案例的比较分析,以复制逻辑归纳出其商业生态圈形成中的行动主体构成及其基本关系架构,并透过“五元”异质要素间生、克两重关系的“悖论”式并存及其在关联要素间的传递性,揭示“五行”生态圈形成的系统内生力量.研究结果印证了中国传统“五行学说”对当代商界创新创业实践的解释力,并将施动者和受动者间正负向关系交织的考察注入企业和顾客角色多样性理论研究中.