A taxonomic study was carried out on strain C16B3T, which was isolated from deep seawater of the Pacific Ocean. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase- positive and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-8.0 % and at temperatures of 10-45 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain C16B3T belonged to the genus Solimonas, with the highest sequence similarity to Solimonas terrae KIS83-12T (97.2 %), followed by Solimonas variicoloris MN28T (97.0 %) and the other four species of the genus Solimonas (94.5 -96.8 %). The average nucleotide identity and estimated DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain C16B3T and the type strains of the genus Solimonas were 74.05-79.48 % and 19.5-22.5 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1  ω7c/C18 : 1  ω6c; 20.9 %), iso-C16 : 0 (14.6 %), C16 : 1  ω5c (9.4 %), iso-C12 : 0 (8.4 %), summed feature 2 (C14 : 0 3-OH/iso I-C16 : 1 and C12 : 0 aldehyde; 6.8 %) and C16 : 0 (5.5 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.37 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-8 (100 %). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified aminolipids, six unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified polar lipid. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain C16B3T represents a novel species within the genus Solimonas, for which the name Solimonas marina sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain C16B3T (=MCCC 1A04678T=KCTC 52314T).

Marine microbial resources are abundant in diversity. In recent years, China has made important progress in marine microbial diversity survey, resource acquisition and utilization. In order to promote the sustainable and efficient use of the resources, we have established a professional marine culture collection center, which currently maintains 22, 000 strains. This paper introduces the general situation and sharing of marine microbial resources in Marine Culture Collection of China. Based on the original records and database, the diversity of the shared strains, the sharing and utilization of the repository resources and the users are analyzed statistically. Statistics showed that more than 80％ of the shared strains were bacteria, followed by filamentous fungi, yeast, archaea and phages. At the strain level, the shared bacteria covered 28％ of the reservoir bacteria;at the species level, they covered 47％ of the reservoir bacteria. The shared bacteria include 3 178 strains of Proteobacteria, 951 strains of Bacilli and 817 strains of Actinomycetes. At present, the gen-gral utilization of the total resources is about 30％, covering 57％ of the total genera and 49％ of the total species. There are currently 266 unites of strain users, including 244 domestic and 22 foreign users. It provides an important support of microbial resources for various scientific and technological projects in China such as Ocean Project, National 973 Project, 863 Project, Natural Fund, Industry Public Welfare Project, Scientific and Technological Support and Enterprise Project. According to incomplete statistics, more than 500 SCI papers have been published under the microbial resources supported by Marine Culture Collection of China. Generally, it has provided a large number of resource support to Chinese scientific research.

A novel bacterial strain, designated HSLHS2T, was isolated from the seawater of a tropical mangrove forest. Cells of strain HSLHS2T were found to be aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-motile, short rods. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at 5-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and in 0-10 % NaCl (optimum 2 %, w/v). Strain HSLHS2T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Celeribacter halophilus ZXM137T (95.4 %), but formed a distinct phyletic lineage and coherent phylogenetic cluster associated with Marivivens donghaensis AM-4T (95.1 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminolipids, four unidentified lipids, five unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C contents was 54.6 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain HSLHS2T represents a novel species of the genus Marivivens, for which the name Marivivensniveibacter sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSLHS2T (=KCTC 52588T=MCCC 1A06712T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 3PC125-7T, which was isolated from the deep sea water of the Indian Ocean. The bacterium was rod-shaped, non-flagellated, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and strictly aerobic. Optimal growth was observed at 25-37 °C, at pH 7 and in 1-3 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 3PC125-7T represents a member of the genus Muricauda, with the highest sequence similarity to Muricauda olearia CL-SS4T (96.7 %), followed by Muricauda marina H19-56T (96.7 %) and nine other species of the genus Muricauda(93.5-95.8 %). The principal fatty acids of 3PC125-7T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1G and the sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The polar lipids comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, six unidentified phospholipids and three unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of 3PC125-7T was 41.8 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data obtained in this study, strain 3PC125-7T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Muricauda, for which the name Muricaudaindica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 3PC125-7T (=MCCC 1A03198T=KCTC 52318T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated strain S27-2T, was isolated from surface seawater from the Indian Ocean. Growth was observed in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 0.5-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 6.0-9.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0, and growth temperature of 10-41 °C with an optimum of 25-37 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S27-2T belonged to the family Alteromonadaceae and formed a distinct lineage with the type strain of Pseudobowmanella zhangzhouensis. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain S27-2T and members of related genera included in the trees ranged from 86.7 to 93.8 %. Strain S27-2T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 (22.1 %), C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c (22.7 %) and C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c (20.1 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The G+C content of strain S27-2T was 43.7 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented in this study, strain S27-2T should be classified as a novel species in a new genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain S27-2T (= KCTC52335T=MCCC 1A02149T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated HSG9T, was isolated from aisolated from a rotten tropical mangrove root. Cells of strain HSG9T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, yellow, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Growth was observed in 0.5-9 % sea salt (optimum 3 %, w/v), at 10-42 °C (optimum 25-35 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0-8.0). Gelatin, esterase and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were hydrolysed, but starch, protein, cellulose and casein were not. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain HSG9T formed an independent lineage related to the family Flavobacteriaceae. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The respiratory quinone was identified as MK-6 and the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 37.1 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain HSG9T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Croceivirgaradicis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSG9T (=MCCC 1A06690T=KCTC 52589T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain L54-1-50(T), which was isolated from surface seawater of the South China Sea. Cells of strain L54-1-50(T) were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at salinities from 0 to 9% (optimum 2 %, w/v), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum 8.0-9.0) and at temperatures from 10 to 45 degrees C (optimum 25-37 degrees C), but not at 4 or 50 degrees C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain L54-1-50(T) was a member of the genus Oceanibaculum, related to Oceanibaculum indicum P24(T) (98.8 %) and Oceanibaculum pacificum MC2UP-L3(T) (97.7 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain L54-1-50(T) and the two type strains O. indicum P24(T) and O. pacificum MC2UP-L3(T) were 35.4 +/- 2.5 and 23.7 +/- 2.5 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between strain L54-1-50(T) and two type strains were 79.7 and 88.3 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C-18 : 1 omega 7c and/or C-18 : 1 omega 6c), C-16 : 0 and C-18 : 1 2-OH. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.1 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain L54-1-50(T) represents a novel species of the genus Oceanibaculum, for which the name Oceanibaculum nanhaiense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain L54-1-50(T) (=KCTC 52312(T)=MCCC 1A05150(T)).

Three Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, oval- to pear-shaped bacterial strains (T16B2T, T24B3, and C76AD) were isolated from petroleum-degrading microbial communities through an enrichment of sediments and seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis showed strains T16B2T, T24B3, and C76AD to form a robust clade together with Hyphomonas atlanticus 22II1-22F38T and Hyphomonas beringensis 25B14_1T (16S rRNA identity ≥99.6 %). Genomic average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNA hybridization estimate values between strain T16B2T and nine type strains of the genus Hyphomonas are in the range of 82.9–88.2 and 18.3–33.6 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids in strains T16B2T, T24B3, and C76AD are C16:0, C17:0, C18:1 ω7c-methyl, and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The DNA G+C content of strain T16B2T is 58.5 %. The predominant respiratory quinone of strain T16B2T is Q-11. Polar lipids comprise three unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phospholipid, and two polar lipids. Combined phenotypic and genotypic data show strains T16B2T, T24B3, and C76AD to represent a novel species of the genus Hyphomonas, for which the name Hyphomonas pacifica sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain T16B2T (=LMG 27911T = MCCC 1A04387T).

A taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach was carried out on strain PB8BT, which was isolated from the deep water of the Indian Ocean. Cells of the bacterium were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, curved rods and motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-15 % and at temperatures of 10-41°C. The isolate could reduce nitrate to nitrite and degrade Tween 80, but not degrade gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PB8BT belonged to the genus Thalassospira, with the highest sequence similarity to the closely related type strain Thalassospira tepidiphila 1-1BT (99.7 %), followed by Thalassospira profundimaris WP0211T (99.6 %). Multilocus sequence analysis demonstrated low similarities of 94.1 and 93.7 % between strain PB8BT and the two reference type strains. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain PB8BT and the two above-mentioned type strains were, respectively, 56.3 and 55.3 %. The principal fatty acids of strain PB8BT were C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 54.9 mol%. The quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and several unidentified phospholipids and lipids were present. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain PB8BT represents a novel species within the genus Thalassospira, for which the name Thalassospira indica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the novel species is PB8BT (=MCCC 1A01103T=LMG 29620T).

为研究污水厂/养殖池中好氧反硝化微生物的多样性及菌株反硝化能力,本研究采集了位于福建省厦门市和漳州市的污水处理厂、排污口、污水池、对虾养殖池的污水和污泥样品进行好氧反硝化微生物的富集、分离、鉴定和功能筛选.分别以NaNO3、NaNO2作为唯一氮源共分离纯化获得128株单菌.其中以NaNO3为唯一氮源分离得到63株,以NaNO2为唯一氮源分离得到65株.16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,128株单菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,58.6％)、芽胞杆菌纲(Bacilli,6.4％)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria,11.7％)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,8.6％)、纤维菌纲(Cytophagia,2.3％)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria,0.8％)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria,1.6％)7个纲中的38个属.其中盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,29.7％)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus,12.5％)为优势菌属,并且广泛存在于各个样品中.反硝化功能初筛结果表明,35株菌能在72 h内将20 mg·L-1 NO3--N/NO2--N完全去除;复筛结果表明,21株菌能在72 h内将100 mg· L-1 NO3--N/NO2--N完全去除,并且盐单胞菌属、卓贝尔氏菌属(Zobellella)、斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)及节杆菌属(Arthrobactor)反硝化效果较好,其中斯塔普氏属是首次报道具有好氧反硝化功能.本研究结果表明,污水场/养殖池等环境中可培养反硝化细菌多样性丰富,同时高效反硝化菌的获得也为含氮废水的生物处理提供了良好的菌种资源.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain R12BT, which was isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was observed to be rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and weakly positive for catalase. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5-15 % and at temperatures of 4-45 °C. The isolate was incapable of nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of gelatin, Tween 80 and aesculin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R12BT belonged to the genus Roseovarius, with highest sequence similarity to Roseovarius indicus B108T (97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), followed by Roseovarius halotolerans HJ50T (96.8 %); other species of genus Roseovarius shared 93.0-96.2 % sequence similarities. The DNA-DNA hybridization estimate value between strain R12BT and R. indicus B108T was 23.2 ± 2.4 %. The average nucleotide identity between strain R12BT and R. indicus B108T was 77.1 %. The principal fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 63.6 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminolipids, two phospholipids and some unidentified lipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain R12BT represents a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius atlanticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R12BT ( = MCCC 1A09786T = KCTC 42506T).

An aerobic Gram-negative, slightly curved rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, designated G5_TVMV8_7T, was isolated from the deep sea sediment sample of the North Atlantic Ocean. Strain G5_TVMV8_7T displayed growth at 4–45 °C (optimum, 25–35 °C), at pH 6.0–11.0 (optimum, 7.0–8.0) and in 1.0–15.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0–5.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain G5_TVMV8_7T belongs to the genus Idiomarina, sharing the highest similarity with Idiomarina salinarum ISL-52T (97.4 %) and I. homiensis PO-M2T (97.1 %) followed by other validly described species of the genus Idiomarina (96.9–93.5 %). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was found to be 50.2 mol %. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain G5_TVMV8_7T and I. salinarum ISL-52T was 17.70 ± 2.24 %. The average nucleotide identity values between strain G5_TVMV8_7T and I. salinarum ISL-52T was found to be 70.03 %. The major fatty acids were C16:0 (12.7 %), iso-C15:0 (11.5 %) and Sum In Feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c) (13.5 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as Q-8, and the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol including several unidentified polar lipids. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic results, a new species Idiomarina atlantica is proposed. The type strain is G5_TVMV8_7T (= MCCC 1A10513T = KCTC 42141T).

A new aerobic, Gram stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase- positive, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HTCJW17T, was isolated from a sediment collected from the South China Sea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The isolate forms small, creamy-white, opaque and circular colonies on agar plates. Growth occurs between 15 and 45 °C, 1–7 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 6–9. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HTCJW17T belongs to the family Kordiimonadaceae of the order Kordiimonadales, with highest sequence similarity to Kordiimonas gwangyangensis GW14-5T (91.1 %). The major fatty acids were identified to be summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c; 56.6 %), C14:0 (8.5 %), C14:0 2-OH (8.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 6.2 %), and C16:0 (5.2 %). The polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 56.3 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic distinctness, we propose a novel genus, Emcibacter gen. nov., with Emcibacter nanhaiensis sp. nov. as the type species. The type strain is HTCJW17T (=CGMCC 1.12471T = LMG 27419T = MCCC 1A06723T).

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a strain, designated FHC16T, which was isolated from surface seawater collected from the South China Sea. Cells of strain FHC16T are Gram stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and non-motile rods. Growth was observed at 15–37 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–5  % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain FHC16T is most closely related to Tamlana sedimentorum JCM 19808T (98.2 % sequence similarity). The ANI value between strain FHC16T and T. sedimentorum JCM 19808T was found to be 81.82–81.81 %. The DNA–DNA hybridization estimated value between strain FHC16T and T. sedimentorum JCM 19808T was determined to be 25.8 ± 2.41 %. The principal fatty acids (>5 % of the total) were found to be iso-C15:0, iso G-C15:1, iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c). The strain was found to have MK-6 as the major respiratory menaquinone, which is consistent with the other three recognized Tamlana species, T. sedimentorum, Tamlana crocina and Tamlana agarivorans. The polar lipids were found to comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and seven unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 34.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain FHC16T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tamlana, for which the name Tamlana nanhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FHC16T (\( = \)LMG 27420T = CGMCC 1.12469T = MCCC 1A06648T).

A novel strain, 22II-S11-z3T, was isolated from the deep-sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative, oval- to rod-shaped, and non-motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 1-9 % NaCl and temperatures of 10-45 °C. The isolate could hydrolyse aesculin and Tweens 20, 40 and 80, but not gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S11-z3T belonged to the genus Aestuariivita, with highest sequence similarity to Aestuariivita boseongensis KCTC 42052T (97.5 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 22II-S11-z3T and A. boseongensis KCTC 42052T were 71.5 % and 20.0 ± 2.3 %, respectively. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.5 mol%. The principal fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) (35.2 %), C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (20.9 %), C16 : 0 (11.8 %), 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c (11.4 %) and C12 : 1 3-OH (9.4 %). The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, nine unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S11-z3T represents a novel species of the genus Aestuariivita, for which the name Aestuariivita atlantica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S11-z3T ( = KCTC 42276T = MCCC 1A09432T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II1-22F33(T), which was isolated from deep seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and weakly catalase-positive, oval in shape without flagellum. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-12 % and at temperatures of 4-41 degrees C. The isolate was capable of hydrolysing aesculin and Tween 80 and reduction of nitrate to nitrite, but unable to hydrolyse gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II1-22F33(T) belongs to the family Rhodobacteraceae, with highest sequence similarity to Pseudooceanicola marinus AZO-C-T (96.5 %). The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (C-18 : 1 omega 7c/omega 6c) (73.8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.2 mol%. The respiratory quinone was Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), two unidentified aminolipids (ALs), six unidentified phospholipids (PLs) and one unidentified lipid (L) were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II1-22F33(T) represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Marinibacterium profundimaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marinibacterium profundimaris is 22II1-22F33(T) (=LMG 27151(T)=MCCC 1A09326(T)).

To explore the bacterial diversity of South Atlantic Ocean deep sea hydrothermal area,we used medium of 2216E to isolate bacteria by spread plate method,and identified strains by 16S rRNA genes.At the same time, we identified each strain the ability of producing amylase,protease,pectinase,xylanase,alginate lyase and lipase (tributyrin and tween 80).As result,71 different strains are obtained after removing duplications from 216 strains of bacteria by 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment.These 71 strains of 41 species in 27 genera can be divided into 4 categories of Proteobacteria (62 strains),Actinobacteria(high G +C gram positive bacteria)(3 strains),Bacilli (low G +C gram positive bacteria)(2 strains)and Bacteroidetes(4 strains).The results of enzyme activity test shows that the number of strains with amylase activity,protease activity,lipase (tributyrin)activity and lipase (tween 80)activity are 18,14,25 and 32,respectively and the pectinase,xylanase and alginate lyase activity are not detected in any strain.These deep-sea bacteria provide new microbial resources for the further exploitation.

A bacterial strain, YYQ-30(T), isolated from a mixed water-sand-sediment sample collected from a terrestrial spring located in Dunhuang, China, was characterized with respect to its morphology, physiology and taxonomy. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-flagellated, oval to rod-shaped (0.5-1.0 μm wide and 1.1-6.6 μm long) and divided by binary fission. Growth was observed in the presence of 0-10.0% (w/v) NaCl with optimal growth at 0-3.0%, at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.5) and at 10-45 °C (optimum 30-37 °C). The isolate could reduce nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyse aesculin and gelatin (weakly), but was unable to degrade Tween 80 or starch. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YYQ-30(T) belongs to the family Rhodobacteraceae and forms a distinct lineage with the type strain of Albimonas donghaensis and forms a branch within a cluster constituted by the type strains of species of the genera Albimonas, Rhodovulum, Albidovulum, Haematobacter and Tropicimonas; levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YYQ-30(T) and members of related genera ranged from 94.1 to 89.7%. Strain YYQ-30(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c; 70.0%), C18 : 0 (9.5%), summed feature 2 (one or more of C14  :  0 3-OH, iso-C16  :  1 I and C12  :  0 aldehyde; 6.9%) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c (6.0%) as the principal fatty acids. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified aminolipids and five unknown lipids. The pufLM gene was detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.7 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data obtained in this study, strain YYQ-30T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Halovulum dunhuangense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halovulum dunhuangense is YYQ-30(T) ( = LMG 27418(T) = MCCC 1A06483(T)).

The bacteria involved in organic pollutant degradation in pelagic deep-sea environments are largely unknown. In this report, the diversity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria was analyzed in deep-sea water on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). After enrichment with a PAH mixture (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene), nine bacterial consortia were obtained from depths of 3946-4746 m. While the consortia degraded all four PAHs when supplied in a mixture, when PAHs were tested individually, only phenanthrene supported growth. Thus, degradation of the PAH mixture reflected a cometabolism of anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene with phenanthrene. Further, both culture-dependent and independent methods revealed many new bacteria involved in PAH degradation. Specifically, the alpha and gamma subclasses of Proteobacteria were confirmed as the major groups within the communities. Additionally, Actinobacteria, the CFB group and Firmicutes were detected. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed that bacteria closely affiliated with Alcanivorax, Novosphingobium, and Rhodovulum occurred most frequently in different PAH-degrading consortia. By using general heterotrophic media, 51 bacteria were isolated from the consortia and of these 34 grew with the PAH mixture as a sole carbon source. Of these, isolates most closely related to Alterierythrobacter, Citricella, Erythrobacter, Idiomarina, Lutibacterium, Maricaulis, Marinobacter, Martelella, Pseudidiomarina, Rhodobacter, Roseovarius, Salipiger, Sphingopyxis, and Stappia were found to be PAH degraders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these bacteria have been identified in this context. In summary, this report revealed significant diversity among the PAH-degrading bacteria in the deep-sea water column. These bacteria may play a role in PAH removal in deep-sea environments.