Stormwater runoff from industries has negative effects on sewer systems, surface water bodies, and the water cycle. Many different treatment technologies are studied and applied to minimize these effects. Draining industrial stormwater to sewers leads also to the wasting of water that could otherwise be used in various processes within industries. This study aims to analyze the pollutants found in the stormwater collected from the warehouse of a logistics company and to evaluate its potential utilization for various on-site applications after proper treatment. For this purpose, samples were collected during various rain events and parameters including COD, pH, TDS, and TSS were measured. Effectiveness of coagulation, flocculation, settling, and filtration was tested at laboratory scale. Also, the effectiveness of additional treatment units such as activated carbon and reverse osmosis was tested by using a projection software. Stormwater yields in the facility were calculated and compared with the annual water demand. Stormwater could be brought to a final quality suitable for use in on-site applications. Further, with an alternative design, stormwater could be brought to a quality suitable for drinking in disaster cases such as the earthquakes occurring in Türkiye. Just the stormwater of this single facility could provide the annual potable water demand of 100 people. Thus, the results of this study highlight that further use of stormwater will have benefits for the society in addition to water/cost savings in an industry.

Abstract Activated carbon is a material finding wide use in the environmental, industrial, and other fields for removal, recovery, separation, and modification of a variety of species in liquid‐ and gas‐phase applications. First, the historical development of activated carbon is briefly delineated. Then, the basic production principles of activated carbon from different types of raw materials by carbonization, thermal, and chemical activation procedures are discussed. Information is provided on various forms of activated carbon (powdered activated carbon (PAC), granular activated carbon (GAC), etc.). The physicochemical structure of activated carbon is discussed with regard to porous structure, surface area, and functional groups. The adsorptive, reductive, and catalytic properties of activated carbon as well as its synergistic effects in biological systems are delineated. Information is presented about the basic physicochemical and adsorptive parameters used for the characterization of activated carbon. Examples of various standards are given for testing and evaluating activated carbon. The applications of activated carbon in the treatment of drinking water, groundwater, municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater; remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil, air and gas cleaning, solvent recovery, and industrial production are outlined. Some special applications such as biogas purification and natural gas storage are also included. Information is provided on the handling and reactivation of spent activated carbon. A brief information is given about the evaluation of activated carbon by life‐cycle assessment. Finally, information is provided about worldwide production and prospects.

In this study the experimental data on the biodegradation of 16 pharmaceuticals in activated sludge were reviewed and also the theoretical biodegradation of these pharmaceuticals was calculated using BIOWIN models. The main aim was to show the similarities or discrepancies between the two. Experimental data were critically reviewed considering biodegradation rates, biodegradation mechanisms and biosorption of pharmaceuticals. For some pharmaceuticals, theoretical BIOWIN estimations and experimental findings deviated from each other. For example, if only BIOWIN estimations are considered, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ofloxacin would be defined as refractory. However, in experimental studies, they appeared to be not completely refractory. One of the reasons is that in most cases pharmaceuticals could be used as secondary substrates in the presence of sufficient bulk organic matter. In addition, all experimental studies indicate that at long Solids Retention Times (SRTs), nitrification activity becomes enhanced and the enzyme AMO leads to the cometabolic elimination of many pharmaceuticals. BIOWIN models prove to be very helpful for having an initial idea about biodegradability of pharmaceuticals. However, in order to estimate the biodegradability under real conditions, the models can be extended to include the different removal mechanisms reported in this study.

This study investigates the response of activated sludge that is fed with proteinaceous feed to silver (Ag + ) and continuous nanosilver (AgNPs) input.Substrate removal (COD) and respiration of activated sludge were examined in two reactors fed with only peptone as an organic substrate and inorganics.Results showed that substrate removal was not affected by the high concentrations of Ag + and AgNP neither in short-nor in long-term.It was concluded that peptone in the feed formed complexes with silver and reduced its negative effects.Also, in long-term, AgNP lost its effectiveness upon continuous aeration.Moreover, in long-term, biomass protected itself from the inhibitory effect of AgNP by regulating the production of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS).Therefore, no negative impact of silver and nanosilver on substrate removal and change in sludge characteristics would be expected.

This study investigates the response of activated sludge to continuous nanosilver (AgNPs) input in a large concentration range. In addition to substrate removal, changes taking place in the different fractions of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), namely, very loosely bound-EPS (VLB-EPS), loosely bound-EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound-EPS (TB-EPS), as well as the protein and carbohydrate content of each fraction were examined. At relatively low AgNP concentrations (5 mg/L), production of loosely bound fractions became higher. At AgNP ≥ 12 mg/L, also TB-EPS production was promoted. Seemingly, bacteria were protected from inhibitory effects by regulation of EPS production. Moreover, new proteins emerged in EPS. Respiration tests indicated no effect on substrate removal even at high AgNP concentrations because the nanomaterial lost its effectiveness upon continuous aeration. In WWTPs, AgNP concentrations are normally below 0.8 mg/L. Therefore, no negative impact on substrate removal and no visible changes in EPS production would be expected.

Hazardous pollutants are a growing concern in treatment engineering. In the past, biological treatment was mainly used for the removal of bulk organic matter and the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. However, relatively recently the issue of hazardous pollutants, which are present at very low concentrations in wastewaters and waters but are very harmful to both ecosystems and humans, is becoming increasingly important. Today, treatment of hazardous pollutants in the water environment becomes a challenge as the water quality standards become stricter. Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment Systems focuses entirely on the hazardous pollutants present in wastewater and water and gives an elaborate insight into their fate and effects during biological treatment.Currently, in commercial and industrial products and processes, thousands of chemicals are used that reach water. Many of those chemicals are carcinogens, mutagens, endocrine disruptors and toxicants. Therefore, water containing hazardous pollutants should be treated before discharged to the environment or consumed by humans.This book first addresses the characteristics, occurrence and origin of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. Then, it concentrates on the fate and effects of these pollutants in biological wastewater and drinking water treatment units. It also provides details about analysis of hazardous pollutants, experimental methodologies, computational tools used to assist experiments, evaluation of experimental data and examination of microbial ecology by molecular microbiology and genetic tools.Hazardous Pollutants in Biological Treatment Systems is an essential resource to the researcher or the practitioner who is already involved with hazardous pollutants and biological processes or intending to do so. The text will also be useful for professionals working in the field of water and wastewater treatment.ISBN: 9781780407708 (Paperback)ISBN: 9781780407715 (eBook)ISBN: 9781780408903 (ePub)

BACKGROUNDSensitivity of activated sludge to heavy metals may depend on the strength and type of organics in the feed. However, literature data are usually derived from systems with an unknown or variable composition. To fill this gap, this study examined whether in activated sludge systems the inhibitory effect of Ag+ depended on the carbon to nitrogen (COD/TKN) ratio and the type of organic matter in the feed.RESULTSDifferent activated sludges reactors were operated at steady-state conditions. Regularly, sludge samples taken from reactors were contacted with Ag+ in a respirometer and the inhibitory effect was determined by the relative decreases in O-2 consumption and CO2 generation. The inhibitory property of Ag+ drastically increased as the COD/TKN ratio became lower. While sludges fed with acetate, glucose and peptone or glucose alone were equally inhibited when exposed to Ag+, the peptone-fed sludge proved to be much more resistant. It was also clarified whether indicated Ag+ doses had an effect on nitrification, organic carbon removal or both processes.CONCLUSIONTo date, comparative evaluations have rarely been made between different activated sludge systems in understanding the response to silver input. Overall, this study pointed to the need to consider the characteristics of the feed to explain the discrepancies between different activated sludge systems. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

The main aim of the study was to determine the inhibitory effects of Ag(+) and AgNP (commercial and synthesized) on activated sludge by using respirometry. Along with this aim, also the changes taking place in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were studied. Additionally, the binding of Ag(+) or AgNP to the different fractions in EPS was assessed using voltammetry. Synthesized AgNP led to an obvious inhibition whereas commercial AgNP had no effect on activated sludge. For Ag(+) and AgNP, IC50 values were found between 2.3-3.0mg/L and 3.2-11.1mg/L, respectively. Thus, AgNP was less inhibitory than silver ion, since the release of free silver from AgNP was very small. The protein and carbohydrate content of EPS generally increased when Ag(+) was added. Both tightly- and loosely bound fractions in EPS could bind Ag(+) and AgNP. Silver binding capacity of EPS was seen to depend on the molecular weight of proteins.

The study aims to clarify how the type of organic substrate in a wastewater affects the production and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and hydrophobicity and surface charge of activated sludges. For this purpose, three activated sludge reactors were operated in parallel with feeds composed of the organics (i) peptone, glucose, and acetate and (ii) peptone and (iii) glucose. EPS extracted from sludges were fractionated into very loosely bound, loosely bound, and tightly bound fractions and analyzed for protein and polysaccharide. Also, molecular weight distribution of proteins was determined by using high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Regardless of the type of organic substrate, in each sludge, tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) prevailed. The type of organic substrate affected the relative proportion of protein and polysaccharide and had an impact on hydrophobicity and surface charge. The sludge fed with peptone was distinctly more hydrophobic and had a lower negative surface charge than others. HPSEC fingerprints revealed that the variety and size of proteins were dependent on the type of feed. HPSEC also pointed to a shift of high molecular weight (MW) proteins from TB-EPS to others. In addition, results of a parallel study examining the inhibitory effect of Ag + on three sludges were interpreted along with feed composition, EPS, and surface measurements. The response of each sludge to toxic Ag + ion seemed to change with the type of feed.

The study examined the dynamics of EPS production in activated sludges. Semi-continuously fed batch activated sludge reactors were operated at different feeding conditions, namely at COD/TKN ratios of 10, 5 and 0, respectively. Parallel to this operation, EPS production and fractionation were evaluated. The study identified for the first time a very loosely bound fraction in EPS, the VLB-EPS. Bound EPS were divided into many fractions as Very Loosely Bound-EPS (VLB-EPS), Loosely Bound-EPS (LB-EPS) and Tightly Bound-EPS (TB-EPS) while the carbohydrate and protein content of each fraction was measured. Regardless of the COD/TKN ratio, tightly bound EPS and protein-EPS were dominant in all sludges. As determined by HPSEC analyses, in all EPS fractions, a great portion of protein-EPS had a molecular weight (MW) <= 12.5 kDa. Although all substrates were very effectively removed after start-up of reactors, a long operation time was required for stabilization of EPS. The only exception was the nitrifying sludge in which EPS were soon stabilized. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUNDThis study aimed to clarify how a variation in the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in influent wastewater affects the production and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge. In the literature such a comparative analysis is rarely presented, most studies on EPS focus on simultaneous organic carbon removal and nitrification whereas little attention is paid to the case of low organic load or separate-stage nitrification.RESULTSAmong the very loosely bound, loosely bound and tightly bound EPS fractions, tightly bound EPS prevailed in semi-continuously fed batch activated sludge reactors that were fed at a C/N ratio of 10, 5 and 0, respectively. The C/N ratio had no clear effect on total EPS production, however it changed the proportion of proteins and carbohydrates. In each sludge proteins constituted the dominant part of EPS, but the EPS of the nitrifying sludge (C/N=0), had a definitely higher protein content. As evidenced by HPSEC fingerprints, in all EPS fractions most proteins had MWs 16 kDa. Depending on the C/N ratio in a reactor, high MW proteins in EPS shifted from tightly bound fractions to others.CONCLUSIONThe study is among the few that highlight how the protein and carbohydrate content in EPS changes at different C/N ratios. Since wastewater composition in a treatment system affects the chemical composition of EPS, each sludge might have different responses to uptake of xenobiotics such as metals. Further, this difference in composition might affect sludge settling, dewatering and membrane fouling. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

This chapter contains sections titled: Modeling of GAC Adsorbers with Biological Activity Modeling of the PACT Process