Intraoral scanning of a severely atrophic mandible remains challenging because of limited crestal landmarks, mobile soft tissues, and restricted scanner access. This dental technique describes a workflow that combines a patient-specific 3-dimensionally printed retractor, temporary parasymphyseal miniscrews as fiducial markers, and implant scan bodies (ISBs) splinted with an orthodontic elastomeric chain and flowable resin for a severely atrophic mandibular arch. The retractor improves exposure of the peri-implant mucosa, the miniscrews provide detectable landmarks for alignment, and the splinted ISBs help record interimplant relationships.

OBJECTIVE:To describe a technical proof-of-concept workflow using a patient-specific digital index as a physical intraoperative reference for positioning a porcine acellular dermal matrix and limited peripheral application of an n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-methacryloxy sulfolane surgical adhesive (Glubran 2; GEM Srl, Viareggio, Italy) to maintain the clinically selected matrix position during root coverage surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Standardized photographs and an intraoral scan were used for virtual planning. A tooth-supported matrix-positioning index was designed and fabricated by vat photopolymerization and used as a physical reference for extraoral matrix trimming and intraoperative positioning. The fully hydrated matrix was adapted within the indexed boundaries and stabilized with discrete peripheral adhesive microdroplets while the central matrix-to-bed interface was kept free of adhesive. RESULTS:The index seated passively and provided a physical reference for the planned matrix boundaries. The matrix remained clinically stable during index removal, flap advancement, and suturing. Baseline and 1-year clinical measurements are reported for descriptive context; no quantitative index-transfer accuracy assessment was performed. CONCLUSIONS:This single-patient technical proof of concept showed that a patient-specific index could be used as an intraoperative reference for matrix positioning, with limited peripheral cyanoacrylate stabilization before flap closure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:A patient-specific index may provide a physical reference for planned matrix positioning, while limited peripheral cyanoacrylate may help maintain matrix stability before flap closure.

Objective In aesthetic dentistry, it is rare to approach clinical cases with a truly comprehensive perspective. The advent of digital dentistry has opened new horizons in managing complex cases where aesthetics are the main concern for patients. However, these situations require advanced prosthetic and occlusal knowledge. Methods A patient presented severely compromised oral function, characterized by noncarious lesions, loss of vertical dimension, deep bite, and inadequate restorations in all four posterior quadrants. The treatment plan was divided into several phases. Initially, orthodontic therapy was performed to open the bite and intrude the anterior sextant. This was followed by an increase in the vertical dimension of occlusion, digitally planned using removable mock-ups. After using resin bite raisers, provisional anterior restorations were placed, and the new occlusal plane was managed digitally. Posterior restorations were then fabricated in monolithic zirconia, utilizing customized CAD design and dynamic control based on data registered from the patient. Results The anterior group was finalized with monolithic zirconia as well, employing a cut-back and layering technique with liquid ceramics to achieve optimal aesthetics. Two weeks after completing the treatment, occlusal control was performed using BruxChecker to evaluate the quality of the new occlusion. Conclusions Managing the increase of vertical dimension of occlusion is one of the most fascinating challenges in 21st century dentistry. Traditionally considered complex due to the many clinical and laboratory steps involved, this procedure has been greatly simplified by digital workflows, which have improved efficiency, performance, and clinical outcomes by standardizing both protocols and results.

Objective To present a fully digital workflow for fabricating diagnostic occlusal devices using intraoral scanning and digital mandibular motion tracking. Methods A clinical method was applied involving intraoral scanning of dental arches in maximum intercuspation. A second maxillary scan, using a rebased fork, was imported into a software for digital facebow transfer. The prosthetic plane was recorded in natural head posture using a central marker. Lateral markers were placed on canines, and mandibular movements were recorded with an optical axiograph. Functional motions, including opening, closing, excursions, and mastication, were analyzed to determine the utility position. This position was exported into CAD software for articulator configuration and splint design. The final device was milled in PMMA and assessed clinically. Results The digital workflow provided stable, reproducible mandibular recordings. The diagnostic position differed from maximum intercuspation by 3.8_mm anteriorly and 9_mm vertically. The digitally fabricated splint showed excellent fit without the need for occlusal adjustments. Follow-up motion tracking confirmed functional alignment. The patient reported no discomfort or occlusal interferences. Conclusions This technique allows for the accurate fabrication of diagnostic occlusal devices by integrating dynamic mandibular data into the design process, improving clinical precision. Clinical significance By capturing functional mandibular movements digitally, this workflow enhances diagnostic reliability, minimizes chairside adjustments, and supports prosthetic planning based on real jaw dynamics.

PURPOSE:Open-source environments offer interesting opportunities to democratize digital workflows in dentistry, thereby reducing dependency on costly proprietary systems. This proof of concept aimed to demonstrate a method for creating a semi-adjustable virtual articulator by integrating intraoral, facial, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans into freeware software. METHODS:CBCT-derived mandibular segmentation was combined with intraoral and facial scans within Meshmixer (v. 3.5; Autodesk Inc, San Francisco, USA), with anatomical condylar pivots defining the hinge axis. Alignment was achieved using dental surfaces as common references. The workflow enabled simulation of mandibular opening, closure, protrusion, and lateral excursions based on patient-specific anatomy in a virtual semi-adjustable articulator. CONCLUSIONS:This proof of concept demonstrated how freeware environments can democratize access to virtual patient simulation, serving as a stepping-stone toward validated, cost-effective clinical workflows, fostering innovation beyond proprietary constraints and traditional facebows.

OBJECTIVES:To assess the in vitro metrological performance of a centripetally rotating implant scan body (ISB) system (GeoXact®), designed to standardize scan-body orientation and create a compact concentric reference geometry to mitigate cumulative stitching drift during complete-arch implant scanning on multi-unit abutments (MUAs), and to investigate site-related effects. METHODS:A maxillary resin cast with four implant sites restored with MUAs was digitized with an industrial optical scanner to generate the reference STL. GeoXact® ISBs were rotated into a centripetal contact configuration to standardize orientation and reduce inter-ISB spacing. Twenty complete-arch scans were acquired with an intraoral scanner (Primescan 2; Dentsply Sirona) by capturing only a partial portion of each ISB head (≥3 planar faces) along the contact chain. Experimental datasets were generated by CAD library replacement. Each dataset was rigidly aligned to the reference using ICP in CloudCompare (global registration). Global mean deviation was computed after global alignment; site-level mean deviations were computed under the same global transformation (no additional per-MUA best-fit), whereas per-MUA rigid alignment was used only to extract translational and angular parameters. Outcomes were global mean deviation, mean deviation per MUA, translational magnitude, angular deviation, Δ interimplant distance, and scanning time. RESULTS:Global mean deviation was 0.009 ±0.005 mm (n = 20). Mean deviation per MUA was 0.010 ±0.011 mm (n = 80). Translational magnitude and angular deviation averaged 0.064 ±0.092 mm and 0.203 ±0.165°, respectively. Mean Δ interimplant distance was 0.003 ±0.007 mm overall; the distal site showed the largest mean (0.008 ±0.011 mm). Mean scanning time was approximately 9 seconds. CONCLUSIONS:Under controlled in vitro conditions, the tested ISB workflow enabled rapid complete-arch acquisition with small 3D pose deviations on MUAs and limited site-related effects mainly at the distal implant position. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:In this in vitro model, the GeoXact® centripetal configuration enabled a compact reference geometry and rapid complete-arch acquisition with small metrological deviations.

Stepwise functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) into polymerizable derivatives requires analytical evidence able to distinguish chemical modification from the spectral overlap typical of oxidized carbon frameworks. Here, pristine GO, amine-functionalized GO (GO-ED), and the methacrylamide-modified derivative GRAPHYMERE® were compared by elemental analysis and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Carbon content increased progressively from GO to GRAPHYMERE®, while nitrogen was reproducibly incorporated after amination and retained after methacrylamide modification. The materials also showed a monotonic δ13C shift and distinct δ15N signatures for the nitrogen-containing derivatives, consistent with progressive bulk chemical modification. These elemental-isotopic trends provide complementary support for the proposed functionalization pathway and for the analytical distinction among the starting material, intermediate, and final derivative. EA-IRMS is therefore proposed as an additional batch-screening tool for chemically complex GO-based precursors intended for future polymeric and dental-material applications, without replacing bond-specific structural techniques.

OBJECTIVES:To propose a metrological reporting framework for complete-arch implant scanning studies, with the aim of improving cross-study comparability and prosthetically relevant interpretation. METHODS:Commonly reported accuracy endpoints in complete-arch implant scanning studies were critically examined and interpreted in relation to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) metrology terminology and the prosthetic requirement for rigid multi-implant seating. RESULTS:Four complementary reporting domains are proposed. First, global surface deviation should be reported after a clearly declared rigid registration, specifying both the alignment surface and the comparison surface. Second, site-specific deviation should be reported for each implant, scan body, or multi-unit abutment (MUA) region without repeating a local best-fit alignment at each site. Third, implant pose error should be reported as translational and angular deviation, preferably at the implant platform or MUA level when this information is available. Fourth, fit-related or region-of-interest descriptors should be used to describe clinically relevant local discrepancy, with preference for robust upper-tail and dispersion metrics such as the 95th percentile absolute deviation and standard deviation. Transparent reporting of reference data, preprocessing, registration strategy, measurement region, color-map settings, and statistical unit is also recommended. CONCLUSIONS:Complete-arch implant scanning accuracy cannot be fully described by a single numerical endpoint. A structured metrological framework may help distinguish global surface agreement, implant-level positional error, and clinically relevant fit-related discrepancy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Clearer reporting of alignment strategy, measurement region, pose error, and fit-related descriptors may reduce confusion caused by non-equivalent outcomes and support more clinically meaningful interpretation of complete-arch implant scanning studies.

A fully digital workflow for fabricating a 3-dimensionally (3D) printed index to guide and stabilize multiple porcelain laminate veneers during adhesive cementation is described. The guide is based on the scanning data of a validated clinical evaluation or the definitive restorations seated onto the cast and features flexible belts with vertical buttresses.

Background Robotics is increasingly integrated into digital dentistry and offers potential gains in accuracy, repeatability, and ergonomics across prosthodontic rehabilitation.This narrative review synthesizes current robotic applications relevant to prosthodontics and identifies key barriers and research priorities. Methods A narrative review was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science and supplementary source searching (including Embase, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, DynaMed, OpenGrey, and snowballing/citation tracking) for publications from 1987 to August 2025. Three calibrated reviewers screened the records and synthesized the evidence narratively. This study was designed as a structured narrative review; no formal systematic review protocol, risk-of-bias assessment, or evidence-certainty grading framework was applied. Forty-nine publications were included in the final narrative synthesis. Results Reported applications clustered into (i) laboratory automation (robot-assisted milling, polishing, and handling within CAD/CAM and hybrid manufacturing), (ii) digital data acquisition (intraoral scanning support and quality control), (iii) functional analysis and simulation (robotic articulators and chewing/wear simulators), and (iv) clinical assistance, mainly robot-guided implant osteotomy/placement. Emerging work couples robotics with AI for automated segmentation, finish-line detection, and prosthesis design, and with AR/VR for training and intraoperative guidance. Evidence is predominantly in vitro or early clinical series, with limited multicenter outcomes and cost-effectiveness data. Conclusion Robotics is moving from proof-of-concept and laboratory automation toward clinically integrated, human-supervised systems in prosthodontics. Wider adoption will depend on robust clinical validation with standardized safety/accuracy metrics, interoperable and secure digital workflows, and structured training and governance to ensure patient-centered, cost-effective care. Clinical significance Robot-enabled workflows can improve the repeatability of prostheses and the accuracy of digitally planned procedures (e.g., implant placement), potentially reducing chairside adjustments and complications. Real-world impact will depend on evidence quality, training, and equitable access.

Objectives With rapid technological advancements, numerous intraoral scanners (IOS) are available. This study evaluates and compares the trueness and precision of five IOS across four clinical scenarios to provide benchmark comparative data. Resin models included a completely edentulous maxilla, a dentulous maxilla, a lower jaw with 10 prepared teeth, and an edentulous mandible with six implant scanbodies. Methods Reference scans were obtained using a high-resolution extraoral scanner. Each model was scanned 10 times with five IOS (Aoralscan 3, CS 3600, iTero Element 5D, TRIOS3, Virtuo Vivo). 3D stereolithography files were created, and IOS scans were compared to reference scans using reverse engineering software. NURBS/NURBS scanbody library file comparison was performed on implant models. Statistical analysis (SPSS 26) assessed trueness and precision (root mean square values), using ANOVA and post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results TRIOS3 had the best trueness in all groups except group D (iTero: 22.6 ± 2.4 μm). TRIOS3 also showed the best precision across all groups (e.g., group D: 14.5 ± 7.6 μm). Significant differences were found between IOS and between groups using the same IOS (p < 0.05). ICC tests indicated excellent correlation, and Dahlberg's formula confirmed minimal method error. Conclusions Within the limitations of this in vitro study, TRIOS3 and iTero Element 5D demonstrated higher trueness and precision among the tested devices. These findings should be regarded as reference benchmarks, and future studies should validate them in vivo while assessing next-generation IOS. Clinical significance This study provides methodological benchmark data on older-generation IOS models. While TRIOS3 and iTero Element 5D performed better than other devices tested, clinical translation requires caution, and newer scanners must be evaluated in future studies.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical performance of a proposed technique using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape for gingival displacement in digital prosthodontics, and its ability to enable effective intraoral scanning without removal. METHODS:Twenty teeth with subgingival margins were treated using 0.076 mm PTFE tape, inserted circumferentially into the sulcus, and retained during scanning. Displacement and scan quality were assessed through seven parameters: finish line visibility, PTFE indentation, gingival artifacts, epigingival contour, sulcular expansion, tissue trauma, and scan reproducibility. Two independent prosthodontists used a standardized 5-point Likert scale for scoring. Inter-examiner reliability was evaluated with Cohen's kappa and Gwet's AC1. RESULTS:Finish lines were fully visible in 90 % of scans, while complete epigingival contour capture was obtained in 80 %. Sulcular expansion of at least 0.2 mm was achieved in 90 % of teeth. All scans were free from gingival artifacts, and PTFE indentations indicated consistent tissue compression. No bleeding or lacerations were observed, with 90 % of sites rated as atraumatic. Inter-examiner agreement was high across all parameters, with Cohen's κ ranging from 0.89 to 1.00 and Gwet's AC1 between 0.92 and 1.00, confirming robust reproducibility of the evaluations. CONCLUSIONS:This pilot study suggests that PTFE tape may provide a well-tolerated and reproducible method for gingival displacement during intraoral scanning. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:PTFE tape may represent a feasible and effective option for gingival displacement during intraoral scanning. It was well tolerated and allowed clinically acceptable margin visibility without removal.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the marginal fit of crowns fabricated using a 3D-printer with either horizontal or vertical tooth preparation geometries. Methods Two abutments representing a standard maxillary first premolar were designed using CAD software, featuring either a horizontal (Ho) or vertical (Ve) tooth preparation. These abutments were milled in resin and positioned on a reference typodont. For each preparation design, ten crowns were 3D printed using a resin nanocomposite. Cementation was simulated for each crown on its corresponding tooth preparation geometry. The samples were then scanned using an industrial metrological machine, and the scans were analyzed with specialized software to assess marginal fit in micrometers (μm). Descriptive statistics, including a 95 ​% confidence interval, were calculated, and an independent sample test (α ​= ​.05) was performed to compare the two groups. Results The mean marginal fit values for both preparation geometries were below the clinically acceptable threshold of 120 ​μm: Ho ​= ​76.83 ​μm, Ve ​= ​84.37 ​μm. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (Ho: p ​= ​.58; Ve: p ​= ​.83). Conclusions The tested nanocomposite crowns exhibited similar mean marginal discrepancies for both vertical and horizontal preparation designs. Additionally, the marginal discrepancies observed in both cases were within clinically acceptable limits. Clinical significance The nanocomposite crowns achieve a clinically accepted marginal fit for both vertical and horizontal tooth preparation geometries.

Statement of problem. Manufacturers of several intraoral scanners have recommended a 2-step strategy for scanning the edentulous mandible. The 2-step technique requires scanning one side first and then moving to the other side. However, whether inconsistency in stitching occurs that results in loss of accuracy or distortion is unclear. Purpose. The purpose of this clinical study was to measure the potential distortion of intraoral scans of edentulous mandibular arches made with a 2-step scanning strategy and to assess their differences with conventional impressions. Material and methods. Twenty mandibular edentulous arches were scanned by 1 investigator with an intraoral scanner using a 2-step scanning strategy, and a corresponding polysulfide conventional impression was obtained. The conventional impression was then immediately scanned with the same intraoral scanner. The obtained standard tessellation language (STL) files were superimposed with a surface-matching software program. After a preliminary alignment, the STL meshes were trimmed and reoriented; then, the final alignment was carried out and meshes moved to a metrology software program where their mean distance was measured. In addition, a surface curve (SIOS) was traced on the intraoral scan from the right to left retromolar pad along the residual ridge and automatically projected onto to the conventional impression scan to obtain a new curve (SC). The mean distance between SIOS and SC was measured and recorded as an indicator of the distortion by considering the X-, Y-, and Z-axes and the overall 3-dimensional (3D) deviation. The analysis was performed for the full curve length and after dividing it into 6 regions of interest. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to investigate the significance of the extent of the mean 3D distance, as well as the effects of measurement positions (side and region) between and within patients on differences along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (alpha=.05). Results. The mean (-0.08 mm; standard error: 0.025) 3D distance between the intraoral scan and conventional impression was significantly different from zero (P=.003). No significant effect of the factor "side" was found by using generalized estimated equation models for the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, and global 3D deviations between SIOS and SC (P>.05), which appeared to exclude distortion. Conversely, a significant effect was found for the factor "region" (P<.05), with no significant differences (P>.05) between corresponding regions on the 2 sides. Conclusions. Intraoral scans of the edentulous mandibular arch made in a 2-step procedure did not exhibit significant distortion in comparison with conventional impressions.

Background: Graphene oxide (GO) is widely explored as a functional additive in polymer composites; however, its simple physical dispersion in dental resins often leads to poor interfacial stability and limited long-term performance. Covalent functionalization may overcome these limitations by enabling chemical integration into the polymer matrix. This study presents the synthesis and FT-IR/Raman characterization of GRAPHYMERE®, a novel graphene oxide-based monomer obtained through exfoliation, amine functionalization with 1,6-hexanediamine, and transamidation with methyl methacrylate. Methods: A novel GO-based monomer, GRAPHYMERE®, was synthesized through a three-step process involving GO exfoliation, amine functionalization with 1,6-hexanediamine, and transamidation with methyl methacrylate to introduce polymerizable acrylic groups. The resulting product was characterized using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Results: Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the presence of aliphatic chains and amine functionalities on the GO surface. Although some expected signals were overlapped, the data suggest successful surface modification and partial insertion of methacrylamide groups. The process is straightforward, uses low-toxicity reagents, and avoids complex reaction steps. Conclusions: GRAPHYMERE® represents a chemically modified GO monomer potentially suitable for copolymerization within dental resin matrices. While its structural features support compatibility with radical polymerization systems, further studies are required to assess its mechanical performance and functional properties in dental resin applications.

This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcomes of lithium disilicate prostheses on teeth and implants. A total of 860 restorations, including crowns, veneers, and onlays, were delivered to 312 patients. Patients with uncontrolled gingival inflammation and/or periodontitis were excluded, while patients with occlusal parafunctions were included. The retrospective observational period ranged between 13 and 17 years. The mechanical and esthetic performance of the restorations were rated according to the modified California Dental Association (CDA) criteria. The recorded data were analyzed statistically. In total, 26 mechanical complications were noticed: 17 ceramic chippings, 5 core fractures, and 4 losses of retention. Mechanical complications occurred predominantly in posterior areas; monolithic prostheses showed the lowest percentage of structural problems. The clinical scores of layered and monolithic restorations were fully satisfactory according to the modified CDA rating. The cumulative survival and success rates ranged from 95.46% to 100% and 93.75% to 100%, respectively, up to the 17-year follow-up. Although patient selection and the rigorous application of validated clinical protocols were considered paramount, the use of lithium disilicate prostheses on teeth and implants was reported to be a viable and reliable treatment option in the long term.

Objectives This review focused on key outcome variables, including materials used with milling machines, accuracy, machine specifications, efficiency, automation and workflow integration, as well as maintenance and reliability. Data/sources A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, Dynamed, and Open Grey. To expand the search, the "snowballing" technique was also applied, identifying additional studies from the reference lists of relevant papers. The review focused on key outcome variables, including materials used with milling machines, accuracy, machine specifications, efficiency, automation and workflow integration, as well as maintenance and reliability. Study selection The search strategy yielded 2811 records. After removing duplicates and excluding papers that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 94 papers were selected for inclusion. Conclusions The properties of dental materials significantly influence the requirements of milling machines in prosthodontics, impacting the milling process and performance in fabricating dental restorations. CAD-CAM technology achieves satisfactory marginal fit values, though its superiority over conventional methods remains unclear. Regular calibration and quality assurance are crucial for maintaining accuracy, with specifications like spindle speed and toolpath accuracy affecting efficiency and quality. Software and connectivity improvements in dental milling expand customization options. Regular maintenance ensures consistent performance, reducing noise, predicting tool wear, and minimizing downtime. Addressing challenges and future directions will further enhance CAD-CAM milling machines in dentistry. Clinical significance By comprehending the characteristics of materials, accuracy factors, maintenance requirements, and operational parameters, dental practitioners can optimize the utilization of milling machines, thereby achieving superior outcomes.

A method is described for the cost-effective tracking of mandibular movements using an open-source software program (Blender v. 4.3; Blender Foundation) in combination with video recordings and intraoral scans. Semispherical resin markers serve as reference points, synchronizing virtual cast movements from intraoral scanning. These data can be integrated into a CAD software program with facial scanning and cone beam computed tomography.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of an intraoral scanner (IOS - Medit i700) on tooth abutments with vertical preparations at 2 depths below the free gingival margin, and to determine if the IOS can reproduce the area beyond the finish surface of the tested preparation geometry. Methods: Two abutments for a maxillary first molar were designed by means of CAD software, with vertical preparations set at 1 and 2 mm below the gingiva. These abutments were subsequently printed in resin and placed on a reference model. The reference files consisted of scans made using a metrological machine on these abutments. Ten scans were made with the tested IOS on each sample, resulting in two study groups. The scans from the experimental groups were labeled "V-1 '' for vertical preparation at 1 mm below the gingival margin and "V-2 '' for 2 mm below. The analysis of these scans was performed using Geomagic Control X (3D SYSTEMS) to assess their trueness and precision in mu m. Descriptive statistics with a 95 % confidence interval were employed, alongside independent sample tests, to ascertain any differences between the groups (alpha =0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were not found both for trueness ( p =.104) and precision ( p =.409), between the tested geometries. The mean values for trueness were V-1 = 37.5[31.4-43.6]; V-2 = 32.6 [30.6-34.6]. About the precision, the mean values were V-1 = 20.5[8.4-32.5]; V-2 = 18.4[8.2-28.5]. In both the study groups, it was possible to detect the surface beyond the finish area. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, vertical preparation design allows for registration of the tooth anatomy beyond the finish area with IOS. Moreover, the mean accuracy values were clinically acceptable at both 1 and 2 mm below the gingival margin.

OBJECTIVES:This study evaluated the accuracy of the Medit i700 intraoral scanner (IOS) in capturing horizontal tooth preparations at different depths below the gingival margin and assessed its ability to detect surfaces beyond the finish line. METHODS:Using CAD software, two abutments of a standard maxillary first molar were designed with horizontal preparation and 0.8 mm chamfer at 1 mm and 2 mm depths below the gingival margin. The abutment designs, created in DentalCAD 3.0 Galway (Exocad), were 3D printed and mounted on a typodont with simulated pink gum. An experienced operator conducted 20 scans, with each scan taking between 1 and 2 min. The scanning process began at the occlusal surface of the right third molar and proceeded longitudinally to the contralateral molar, then extended buccally and palatally, resulting in two experimental groups: H-1 (1 mm depth) and H-2 (2 mm depth). Accuracy was assessed using Geomagic Control X software, with descriptive statistics and independent sample tests (α = 0.05) employed for group comparisons. RESULTS:No statistically significant difference was found in trueness between H-1 and H-2 (p=.053). However, precision differed significantly (p<.001). The IOS could not capture surfaces beyond the finish line in horizontal preparations. CONCLUSIONS:Within study limitations, the horizontal preparation design hindered the IOS's ability to capture tooth anatomy beyond the finish line. Nonetheless, accuracy values at both 1 mm and 2 mm depths were clinically acceptable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE,:The present study shows that the tested intraoral scanner is accurate enough to scan abutments with horizontal margins placed 1 and 2 mm below the gingiva.