Background: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health challenge, prompting the search for novel antimicrobial agents. Natural products, including quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller), are rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic properties. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of quince fruit against pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with laryngitis. Methods: Swab samples were collected from patients with laryngitis and cultured on selective media to isolate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Isolates were identified using the VITEK system. Quince fruit extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) were prepared at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL and tested for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Results: The predominant isolates included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, particularly against S. aureus (12 mm inhibition zone), followed by E. coli (9 mm) and P. aeruginosa (8 mm). The aqueous extract exhibited comparatively lower activity but followed the same sensitivity pattern. Conclusion: Quince fruit extracts exhibit notable antibacterial activity, with ethanolic extracts showing superior efficacy. These findings suggest potential applications in antimicrobial therapy and food preservation.

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) by using Lactobacillus reuteri. Characterized AgNps exhibited near-spherical morphology with an average size of 86.54 nm, as revealed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and AFM (atomic force microscopy) analyses. The nanoparticles displayed a slightly rough surface, with some particles exhibiting surface protrusions and sharp edges. The zeta potential measurement of -30.16 mV and electrophoretic mobility of -2.36 cm2/Vs that indicated the presence of negatively charged functional groups on the AgNps surface, suggesting stabilizing biomolecules that prevent nanoparticle aggregation in solution. The hydrodynamic size of the AgNps was determined to be 140.3 nm, and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed a crystallinity of 76.89% with an average crystal size of 8.35 nm and an interplanar distance of 0.233 nm. AgNps demonstrated crystallinity and potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (92.9% killing efficiency) and an ATCC reference strain (76.8%). Molecular docking revealed moderate interactions between an optimized Ag3 cluster and key amino acid residues (Arg277, Gln279, Trp280, Asp273, and Val276) in the P. aeruginosa protein. These interactions, with binding energies ranging from -1.89 to -3.68 kcal/mol, suggested a potential mechanism for the observed antibacterial activity. A charge transfer interaction involving Asp273, contributing a stabilization energy of 3.66 kcal/mol, was identified as a key factor in the Ag-protein complex formation.

The contact of lasers with biomaterials like tissues, blood, and skin is a central field of research. Invitro irradiation of human blood with laser beams has been studied for decades, to understand the biostimulatory effects on the different blood cells. Laser tissue associations are determined by employing spectroscopic and cutting-edge microscopic technicality. In this study, blood was extracted under standard laboratory settings from healthy human subjects. The samples were exposed to He - Ne laser (wavelength ʎ= 650nm, power p= 100mW) and green laser (wavelength ʎ= 530nm, power p= 500mW).Complete blood count (CBC) and FTIR spectra for non-irradiated samples were compared to CBC and FTIR spectra of irradiated samples.During exposure to green laser light MCH and PCT were not affected while under He-Ne laser exposure all CBC parameters were affected. FTIR spectrum of normal blood laser irradiation indicated that O-H, C=O, C-O, NH, N=O and C-H.As the duration of exposure to He-Ne laser irradiation on whole blood is decreased for 10, 20, and 30 minutes, the absorption for all groups, except NH and CO absent peaks for 10 and 20 minutes, yet it is present in 30 minutes.When blood is exposed to green laser, all of the functional groups OH,C=O,CH and N=O are present, however for control 2 only peaks of CO after irradiation for 30 minutes are absent. The findings prove that green laser light therapy has a lesser effect on the blood component than He-Ne lasers.

Background: The region that a magnetic force has an effect on is known as a magnetic field. Normally, two poles of this field are concentrated. Most magnetic objects are made up of a variety of tiny fields known as domains. There are many different techniques that have been published in the literature for using magnetic energy as a diagnostic tool and for treating illnesses in both humans and animals. Aims: To investigate the effects of different levels of static magnetic field on the ultra structure of Escherichia coli a bacterium as well as their antibiotics activities changes. Materials and Method: Locally created dipolar static magnetic field with strength 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 Gauss and used. Between July and October 2022, ten patients with urinary tract infections at Hawler Teaching Hospital and Raparren Hospital for Children in Erbil were isolated for E. coli and then identified by Vitek test. Bacterial culture medium in equal amounts of broth was subjected to the magnetic field for 24 hours. Additionally, treated E. coli culture media (Vitek test) was compared with untreated negative control samples in the bacterial growth subculture, which was checked for bacterial population using spectrophotometer and Vitek diagnosis kit depended on response to different types of antibiotics. Results: An recognized bacterial strain known as E. coli was subjected to magnetic field with two poles pressures of (400, 800, 1200, and 1600) Gausses while it was incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 37oC. Optical density (O.D.) measurements at 620 nm were used. The results showed that the microorganisms' exposure to the magnetic field produced noticeable alterations on response to different types of antibiotics (Ceftazidime, Azetroname, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Minocyclin, Azetroname, Ticarcillin/ Clavulanic acid, Azetroname, Piperacillin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Tobramycin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin, Nitrofurantin, Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole and Gentamycin) and significantly reduced the number of cells in the exposed bacteria as compared to the control. Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that due to bacterial mutation, the magnetic field could alter bacterial response to different types of antibiotics and bacterial population.

Background: The region that a magnetic force has an effect on is known as a magnetic field. Normally, two poles of this field are concentrated. Most magnetic objects are made up of a variety of tiny fields known as domains. There are many different techniques that have been published in the literature for using magnetic energy as a diagnostic tool and for treating illnesses in both humans and animals. Objective: To examine the influence of varying amounts of static magnetic field on the viability of bacteria and the fermentation of carbohydrates. Patients and Methods: Locally prepared dipolar static magnetic field of strength 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 Gauss were used in this study measured by Teslometer. Escherichia coli isolated from 75 isolates taken from the patient who had the UPE, 25 were identified as E. coli, and only (12) samples of identified E coli specifically detect changes numbers of bacteria and biochemical test, most of the sugars ferment that have be changed and the polymerase chain reaction was utilized to identify the 16SrRNA gene (PCR). Results: The inhibitory impact of SMF is attributable, according to transcriptomic analysis, to differentially expressed genes (DEGs) predominantly included in carbon source consumption. The bacterial phenotype in SMF is consistently effectively restored by adding To the cultivation conditions, add glycolate or glyoxylate, and mutants losing glycolate oxidase are no longer susceptible to static magnetic field. Conclusion: It was concluded that the magnetic field could notably obvious by exposing bacterial cells growth density will decrease and change bacterial biological activity on sugar fermentation and due to mutation.

Cassia angustifolia. Vahl (Sinameki) is one of the best-known medicinal herbs for the treatment of constipation in Iraq and many Arabic countries and it has long been used as a medicinal agent. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of Sinameki and its synergistic effect with antibiotics including tetracycline and amoxicillin were investigated at various concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/mL) against three pathogenic bacterial strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A dilution method was used to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the plant leaf extract against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The synergistic effect between the extract and antibiotics was evaluated using a diffusion method. Sinameki (methanol extract) showed a potent inhibitory activity against all the tested bacteria, while Sinameki (methanol extract) revealed lower inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria compared to the negative control. The highest inhibitory activity of Sinameki (methanol extract) was confirmed against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of 8, 5, and 4 mm, respectively. The combination of Sinameki extract with antibiotics including tetracycline and amoxicillin has resulted in increasing the antibacterial activity. The findings are very important for further study of the Sinameki as an alternative herbal medicine leading to cure diseases caused by microbial pathogens.

Orange is one of the world's most popular fruit crops, contains active constituents that can protect health. In this study orange obtained from Erbil farms and orange peel oil were extracted by using pressing machine-heating systems and hydro-distillation. Two methods have been used to extract orange peel oil including the use of diethyl ether solvent and pressing machine. The obtained results indicate that solvent mode was better (10ml) than pressing machine (1.5 ml) in the extraction of this flavonoid oil from 500 gm of orange peel. The fruit peel extract of orange peel oil showed potent activity against Gram-positive St. aureus but lower activity against Gram-negative E. coli and Pse. Aeruginosa, while showed no activity against Candida albicans compared to positive control of amoxicillin. As a result, citrus should be employed as an alternative to synthetic preservatives to minimize their ill effects as they are natural and protect human health.

Mentha spicata (M. spicata) is within family Lamiaceae that spreads mainly in the temperate and subtemperate zones of the world. It is considered as a good source of essential oils (EOs), which is widely used in food production and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of the current study is to evaluate antibacterial activities associated with the EO of M. spicata cultivated in Iraq-Erbil city. The aerial parts of M. spicata were subjected to hydro distillation to extract the oil. Antimicrobial potential was tested against many microorganisms, signifying Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. EO of M. spicata demonstrated antimicrobial activities with best susceptibility observed for Gram-negative bacteria toward the oil. The results suggest that EO of M. spicata may have potential value as antibacterial activities.

The current study has developed a proprietary system and a special device for the supply of oxygen-freenitrogen gas with a mixture of carbon dioxide and 80:20% according to the laboratory conditions required forthe growth of sulfur-reducing bacteria. To find the best medium that fits the bacteria in those environmentswith shortening incubation period, the new medium developed is available in the specification of plantingrich in energy sources, minerals and vitamins and high reduction ability promotes the early growth of sulfurreducing bacteria .

Samples of clove obtained from local baser in Erbil-Iraq to determine the potential antimicrobial, andapplicant as external physical potential analgesic action. The clove extracts were found to inhibit the growthof Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extract of Cloves oil gotten andmixed with Olive oil with deferent ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and2:1) volumes clove oil: olive oil, andhomogenized to preparing the formulas. The prepared formulas were tested for healing and checked for anyadverse effects on 30 donors who presented with muscle spasms and pain. The best formula concentration(I: 5) Clove: Olive oils, confirmed 40% of healing in the first day and 100% of healing within three days ofapplying the formula for the donors, and show no adverse effect. Then the best formula was used to treat120 donors who presented with muscle spasms and muscle pain. and the result was fantastic as 40% of themcured after the first day of applying this formula and all (100%) of them cured within three days of usingthis formula without any adverse effect; while there were side effects recorded such as weakness, sleepiness,delirium and confusion: the positive group (control group) who used analgesic medications to relieve musclespasm under the supervision of a professional nurse; whereas the negative group (healthy individual) whoused this formula showed no side effects. This indicates that using the new prepared formula is healthier thanusing medications like analgesics in managing muscle spasms.

To investigate the antimicrobial action, isolation of dried Quercus infectoria galls (QI) using extraction procedure were conducted with two different solvents methanol and acetone. The bioactive constituents in QI galls extracts have been identified by using HPLC and FT-IR technique. The antibacterial activity of QI was assessed using the agar-well distribution procedure, toward pathogens medically separated Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and E.coli, inhibition zone diameter amount was measured. Ten sharp peaks were noticed from the results of HPLC analysis, indicating the presence of bioactive compounds. Also the result demonstrated, rich sources of Gallic acids and Tannic acids in the Q. infectoria, act as a strong astringent. Moreover, by FT-IR technique the main important functional groups were reported. The FTIR spectrum was confirmed that the QI presence common functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, phenols, nitro compounds, aliphatic fluoro compounds, as well as hydrogen bonded alcohols. This research suggest that Q. infectoria galls-extract can could be used as complementary and alternate medicine in the in the therapy of infectious diseases, induced by the range of bacteria tested.

Chicken was found to be the most reservoirs of resistant Escherichia . coli bacteria. Moreover, the high dependence of antibiotics in animal farming is considered the most important factor of the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Therefore, the current paper aims to search antimicrobial resistance in isolated E. coli from chicken feces. The antibiotic disc diffusion technique was used in order to conclude the response of isolated E.coli against to antibiotics in sixty isolates collected from chicken’s feces. The isolates E.coli were more frequently resistant to Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Sulfamethoxazole, Neomycin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole respectively. While, Ceftriaxine was recorded lesser resistant in isolated E. coli from chicken feces. Both Amoxicillin and Gentamycin have been examined and happen to be similar result of both resistant and sensitivity test. From this work, we concluded that isolated E. coli from locally chicken’s intestines are generally resistant to multiple antibiotics thus, should watchful to the public health and veterinary authorities to limit and decrease antimicrobial.

The main glycoalkaloids (GAs) in the flesh of two varieties Iranian and Iraqi potatoes were extracted with 5% aqueous acetic acid. This study aimed to investigate the GAs content and antibacterial activity of flesh samples from turned green potatoes. In addition, the results showed that both types of potato contain high toxic GAs, solanidine, -solanine and -chaconine. The amount of glycoalkaloids in Iranian potato was higher than that of Iraqi potato. However, the main alkaloid was -solanine with concentrations of 931.333 and 923.16μg/ml for both Iranian and Iraqi potato, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of glycoalkaloids were successfully examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and E. coli by cup plate method. The GAs showed effective inhibition against three pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and E. coli while the highest effect was 9mm on E.col. The outcome suggests that large amounts of GAs could be used as antibacterial from both extracted samples. As well as GAs levels are detrimental to human health, these potatoes should be systematically set aside for safety consideration. Furthermore, the technology of herbal drugs has become very important because they are deemed to have very little or no side effects and toxic impacts.

Natural plant products are one of the important fields of research for the prevention of immunological complications. Recently, herbal medicine and plant extracts have been utilized as a substitute for commercially accessible chemical drugs for control of infection diseases. Because of chemical drugs have unpleasant side effects and caused rug-resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect herbal mixture of Rhuscoriaria L. and peppermint water extract on five common oral bacteria. The well-plate system in BHIA (Brain Heart Infusion Agar) medium was used for primary assessment of the antibacterial properties of water extract plants. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined against each microorganism using macrodilution method. Diameter of the zone of growth inhibition was proportional to the concentration of the extract tested. This study found that the largest MIC was observed to be against Staph. aureus . Despite the usage of herbal combination of Rhuscoriaria L. and peppermint water extract has been recorded in prevention of mouth thrush for 10 donor patients. Therefore, both materials have a great potential to be developed as a safe and strong antibacterial activity against pathogens concerned with oral infections.

Background: A magnetic field is the area of influence exerted by a magnetic force. This field is normally focused along two poles. Most magnetic objects are composed of many small fields called domains. A wide variety of methods have been reported in the literatures which are directed to the use of magnetic energy as a diagnostic technique and also for the treatment of diseases in humans and animals. Aims: To investigate the effects of different levels of static magnetic field on the ultra structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium as well as their colony morphological changes. Materials and Method: Locally prepared dipolar static magnetic field of strength 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 Gauss were used in this study measured by Teslameter. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ten urinary tract infected patients. The samples collected from Rizgary hospital in Erbil during period from January to June 2013, then identified by using API (Analytical Profile Index) 20 E test systems in Hawler Medical Research Center. Equal volumes of broth nutrient culture media of bacteria were exposed to the magnetic field for 24 hour. Furthermore, the bacterial growth subculture tested for morphological and biological activity after API 20 E test of treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture media compared with untreated negative control samples. Results: Results indicated that exposure of the microorganisms to demonstrated magnetic field caused pronounced changes in biological activity of enzymes TDA( Tryptophane deaminase), GLU( Glucose fermentation/oxidation), ARA(Arabinose fermentation/oxidation) were observed on the cell growth. On the other hand, changes in morphology of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies were observed on MacConkey agar and became smaller in size with elastic phenomena. Conclusions: We concluded that the magnetic field could change bacterial biological

Background: Numerous studies have shown that hospital surfaces and frequently used medical equipment become contaminated by a variety of pathogenic organisms and then spread infection to others. The hypothesis that environmental microorganism cause human diseases arises from two facts, firstly, our interaction with the inanimate environment is constant and close, secondly environmental objects are usually contaminated often with important human pathogens. Objective: To investigate the hygienic conditions of delivery room and vaginal contamination with pathogenic bacteria of referred pregnant women to the Erbil Maternity Hospitals. Material and Methods: Fourty three vaginal swab were collected from pregnant women who attending to Erbil Maternity Hospital randomly and 13 swab samples from 6 delivery room during the period from January till July 2014. The swabs sticks for bacterial culture were inoculated on MacConkey, Mannitol salt and blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hrs. Later bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques and antibiotic susceptibility tests were done according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Instituted (CLSI) [13]. Bacterial growth had been observed in 47 cultures (83.9%).The most dominants bacteria isolated from birth space were E.coli and Staph. aureus, while from vaginal swab isolate in addition to those genera other bacterial genera were isolated including Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staph. albus. The delivery room isolated bacteria showed clear resistance toward the antibiotics Cefexime, Amoxicillin, Methicillin, Clindamycine, Norfloxacin, Amikacin, Trimetheprime,Cefotaxime, Ampicillin and Tobramycin but sisnsitive to Vancomycine, Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The finding of established bacterial pathogens from delivery room and showing a high resistance to commonly used antibiotics portends danger for surgical patients. This problem could be controlled to some extent by restriction of purposeless uses of antibiotics and by eliminating contamination in the environment of hospitals by applying strict quality standards concerned with the hygienic manners both of patients and health staff, and the performance of invasive procedures using aseptic technique.

Objectives: The aim of this research is to definethe X-rayeffect on oral bacteria found inpatients’ mouth. Methods: The mutation of bacterial cells was being determined through samples taken from the patient's teeth before and after exposure to dental diagnostic X-ray. Results: Microbial growth cells when sticks to each other define as a biofilm and often on a surface. The cells within the biofilm are composed of polymeric substances and embedded in a slimy extracellular matrix. These extracellular polymeric substances produced by the cells are typically a polymeric conglomeration of polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, and DNA. Our results of prescreening the referenced patients included Staphylococcus species, Gram-positive Streptococcus, and Gram Negative E. coli were isolated from contaminated dental in Erbil (16, 16 and 6 respectively). While, fifty percent isolated staphylococcus was resistant to all of the tested antibiotic (Vancomycin (VA), Carbencillin(C), CIP (Ciprodar), Amoxicillin(AX) and Tetracycline(Te), but converted to sensitive after using X-ray dental diagnoses (100%). Further results suggested flexibility of nuclear mutation of cultivated bacteria. The other half of Staph. remained sensitive after exposure to radiation. Similar, results got in isolated Strep. species excess (25%) when exposed to radiation. Respectively, isolated E. coli had a lower positive response (33.3%) to radiation exposure. It was higher in the case of CIP and C antibiotics, later AX and Te followed with VA antibiotic. It's investigated the cell suspensions density did not lower, while a significant reduction in the viable counts (from 8x108 to 6x108 CFU/ml). That means using diagnosis X-ray exposure may be affected the viability of total oral bacterial and the Gram-positive bacteria seem to imply higher mutant than gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Results of the examination reasoned that the dental diagnoses utilizing X-Ray display ought to influence viability entire oral bacterial and Gram-positive bacteria show to infer more mutant than Gram-negative bacteria.

Anewmethod developed for in vitrosusceptibility test in medicall aboratoriesconsistofmicrotubesorglovescontainingdehydratedtrypticsoyabroth,5%glucose,0.1%bromothymolblueandonetypeofantibiotics(ampicillin,tetracyclineandchloramphenicol)withcriticalconcentrationMIC(minimuminhibitoryconcentration)forsusceptibility.Standardqualitycontrolstrainsofbacterial(Escherichiacoli,StaphylococcusaureusandPseudomonasaeruginosa)suspensionwereadjustedto0.5McFarlandturbiditystandard(1×106cell/mL)wereusedininoculationthemediaandincubatedtwohoursat37°C.TheMICofampicillinagainstE.coli,S.aureus,andP.aeruginosawere4,32,and256µg/mLofthemediaforthebacteriarespectively,whiletheMICoftetracyclineagainstbacteriawere512,512and32µg/mLrespectively,theMICofchloramphenicolwere512,32and512µg/mL,respectively.Where,theresistantbacteriatotheantibioticscouldgrowandfermentglucosesugarproducingacolorchangeofthemediafrombluetoyellow,whilethesensitivebacteriadonotgroworshownochangeincolor.Ourstudyresultcomparedwithcommonusedantibioticdiskmethodobtainingsimilarresults.Thisdevelopedmethodcharacterizedbyfast(onlytwohours)andlesscostincomparisontoconventionaltechnique.Thenewmicrotubestripishighlystable(morethanoneyear)withmoresensitiveindetectionofvariablepathogenicbacteriaincludingstandardbacteriastrainscomparedwithconventionaltechnique.

A new method developed for in-vitro susceptibility test in medical laboratories consist of micro tubes or gloves containing dehydrated tryptic soya broth, 5% glucose, 0.1% bromothymol blue and one type of antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol) with critical concentration MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for susceptibility. Standard quality control strains of bacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) suspension were adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard (1 × 106 cell/mL) were used in inoculation the media and incubated two hours at 37 °C. The MIC of ampicillin against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were 4, 32, and 256 µg/mL of the media for the bacteria respectively, while the MIC of tetracycline against bacteria were 512, 512 and 32 µg/mL respectively, the MIC of chloramphenicol were 512, 32 and 512 µg/mL, respectively. Where, the resistant bacteria to the antibiotics could grow and ferment glucose sugar producing a color change of the media from blue to yellow, while the sensitive bacteria do not grow or show no change in color. Our study result compared with common used antibiotic disk method obtaining similar results. This developed method characterized by fast (only two hours) and less cost in comparison to conventional technique. The new micro tube strip is highly stable (more than one year) with more sensitive in detection of variable pathogenic bacteria including standard bacteria strains compared with conventional technique..