The aim of this research is to study the impact of coopetition on the market performance of product innovation. Previous research suggests, on the one hand, that coopetition is a powerful strategy for innovation but, on the other hand, that coopetition creates opportunism risk. Therefore, the impact of coopetition on innovation depends on external and internal conditions. This impact also differs according to the radicalness of the focal innovation. Past studies have identified many different factors that influence the impact of coopetition on innovation. However, they have not taken into account the different types of coopetition. To fill this gap, here, 1) we introduce a key distinction between the two main types of coopetition, i.e., vertical vs horizontal coopetition and 2) we distinguish between the impacts of these two types of coopetition on the market performance of two types of innovation, i.e., incremental vs radical innovation. We build a set of four hypotheses and test them on a sample of 763 new products in the video game industry. The results show that 1) horizontal coopetition has a positive impact on the market performance of radical and incremental innovation, 2) horizontal coopetition has a greater impact on the market performance of radical innovation 3) vertical coopetition has no impact on the market performance of innovation, and 4) the null impact of vertical coopetition is true for both radical and incremental innovation.

À partir de l’approche fondée sur les ressources, l’article analyse la question de la longévité de la coopétition et montre que la symétrie des partenaires joue un rôle favorable sur la longévité d’une alliance entre concurrents. La méthode employée est l’étude de cas approfondie de SEVEL, alliance entre PSA et Fiat exceptionnelle par sa durée. Une revue de 150 documents originaux issus des archives des sites français et italien et 22 entretiens permettent de proposer une conception élargie de la symétrie qui stabilise l’alliance et assure ainsi sa longévité.

Focusing on entrepreneurship entry modes, we investigate two research questions regarding firm survival: how does the survival probability differ between business takeovers and new venture start-ups? And how do the determinants of survival differ between the two entry modes? Using a large French dataset, we find that business takeovers have a higher survival chance than new venture start-ups. Yet, the differences between two entry modes partially disappear when controlling for differences in founder and firm characteristics. Moreover, we identify differences in the determinants of survival between the two groups, highlighting the distinction between the two forms of entrepreneurship.

Many entrepreneurs start their ventures while retaining jobs in wage employment; this phenomenon is called hybrid entrepreneurship. Little is known about the entry modes (new venture start-up vs. business takeover) of hybrid entrepreneurs. Our study aims to close this gap by investigating the path to hybrid entrepreneurship. Using a large sample of French hybrid entrepreneurs, we show that educational attainment and management experience are associated with new venture start-up, whereas being female, having worker experience, and having received social benefits are linked to business takeover. With these results, our study contributes to research on hybrid entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship entry modes. Moreover, it informs policy makers about the nature of hybrid entrepreneurship and contributes to the design of effective policies to promote business takeover, which is of high interest, given the growing number of businesses seeking outside successors.

Alors que le logiciel libre a particulièrement retenu l’attention et l’intérêt du monde académique et managérial, beaucoup de recherches ont cherché à comprendre les facteurs de succès de ces logiciels OSS. Cependant, ces recherches se sont principalement concentrées sur des projets reconnus et de grande envergure, tels que Linux ou Apache. Une investigation des projets moins connus permettrait une compréhension plus complète et d’éviter un taux d’échec important des projets OSS. Cette étude investigue donc la combinaison de trois facteurs : les interactions des utilisateurs et développeurs, la pénétration du marché et le stade de développement, afin d’observer leur impact sur la popularité des projets OSS peu connus. Nous avons pour cela développé un modèle empirique de la popularité des OSS, et avons testé nos hypothèses sur 657 projets de logiciel libre. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que la combinaison des trois facteurs a un impact positif sur la popularité des OSS. De plus, contrairement aux études précédentes, nos résultats révèlent également que les interactions entre utilisateurs et développeurs ont un rôle plus important que les activités reliées à la résolution de bugs dans la réussite des projets. Cette recherche propose une nouvelle manière de mesurer la popularité d’un projet OSS et offrant ainsi aux organisations une meilleure compréhension.

We focus on the information and communication technology sector to verify links between founder profiles and outcomes. Using logistic regressions, this paper aims to detect differences among a pre-identified four-group typology of entrepreneurs. We find that these profiles differ strongly in terms of survival and observe unexpected human capital effects on firm survival. Findings reveal negative effects of opportunity costs, negative or not significant results of industry and management experience, and no effects of entrepreneurship capital and preparation. We find that a critical firm size is required to enable entrepreneurial learning in organisations. In addition, we confirm that commonly observed effects do not automatically hold in specific contexts. We observe primarily positive moderating effects of factors, compensating a lack of assets attributed to successful new firm performance in the literature. Our results are relevant for entrepreneurship policy to pick winners and to identify risk takers.

Our paper investigates how the type of work experience gained from prior paid employment influences the path to entrepreneurship. We distinguish between two distinct entrepreneurship entry modes: business takeover and new venture start-up. Using a large and rich French data set, we find that small firm experience increases the likelihood for business takeover, whereas management and same sector experience both increase the likelihood for new ventures. Our findings are relevant for policymakers aiming to improve the business transfer process.

This research aims to study the impact of individual strategies, vertical coopetition strategies, and cooperation strategies on product innovation. The empirical study focuses on the video game industry and, more particularly, on the strategies adopted by publishers to develop innovative products. This research is presented in the form of a mixed study: a qualitative review complemented by a quantitative study using a regression model PLS 2 (Partial Least Squares). The findings show 1) that the individual strategy has a positive impact on radical and incremental product innovation, 2) that vertical cooperation has a positive impact on incremental product innovation, and 3) that the coopetition strategy has appositive impact on radical product innovation.

Cette recherche se propose d’étudier l’impact des stratégies individuelles, des stratégies de coopération verticale et des stratégies de coopétition sur l’innovation produit. L’étude empirique porte sur l’industrie des jeux vidéo et plus particulièrement sur les stratégies adoptées par les éditeurs pour développer des produits innovants. Cette recherche est présentée sous forme d’une étude mixte : une étude qualitative complétée par une approche quantitative utilisant un modèle de régression PLS 2 (Partial Least Squares) . Les résultats montrent 1) que la stratégie individuelle a un impact positif sur l’innovation produit radicale et incrémentale, 2) que la coopération verticale a un impact positif sur l’innovation produit incrémentale et 3) que la stratégie de coopétition a un impact positif sur l’innovation produit radicale.

An important stream of literature in the past 20 years focuses on the impact of new firm formation, i.e., entrepreneurship, for the economic development of regions and nations. Addressing the importance of small business and new firm formation for economic growth (Audretsch 1995), a considerable outpouring of literature presented empirical evidence criticizing (Robson 1996) or confirming the “job generation process” theory and resulted in putting entrepreneurship at the forefront of research in an so-called “entrepreneurial” economy (Audretsch and Thurik 2000). The phenomenon of entrepreneurship is examined at various levels of analysis, such as individuals, firms, regions, or nations (Wennekers and Thurik 1999). Davidson and Wiklund (2001) argue that entrepreneurship research is dominated by micro-level analysis, mainly using the firm or the individual level of analysis. Reviewing nine peer-reviewed entrepreneurship journals, Chandler and Lyon (2001) find that only a small part of research designs focuses on the industry or macro-environment level. Davidson and Wiklund (2001) observe that the micro-level dominance increased over time, while the share of the aggregate level declined. Ucbasaran et al. (2001) call for more research on the existence of different and contrasting environmental conditions for entrepreneurship (see also Thurik 2009). But while the challenge of explaining how and why new firms emerge in regions or socioeconomic contexts raised much debate and resulted in an increasing body of literature, a certain number of gaps prevail.

The role of regional determinants in new entrepreneurs’ location decisions is analyzed in the French information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. As we focus on the emergence of this industry, our dataset includes every new ICT firm in France in the period 1993–2001. We find evidence for the positive effect of co-location with incumbent ICT firms and some effect of knowledge spillovers. The effects of agglomeration, entrepreneurial capital and human capital are mixed.

Malgré la forte croissance du secteur des TIC, les recherches concernant ses spécificités entrepreneuriales sont peu nombreuses. Or, les entrepreneurs ne constituent pas une entité homogène et il est nécessaire d’élaborer des typologies pour montrer leurs différentes caractéristiques. Nous cherchons donc à déterminer si les entrepreneurs TIC sont similaires à ceux des autres secteurs et si ces derniers possèdent des profils différenciés. Un échantillon composé de 469 entreprises nous a permis de relever quatre profils d’entrepreneurs TIC dénommés respectivement « cadres d’expérience », « jeunes diplômés », « prévoyants » et « risque-tout ».

Despite the recognized importance of non‐photosynthetic plastids in a wide array of plant processes, the root plastid proteome of soil‐grown plants still remains to be explored. In this study, we used a protocol allowing the isolation of Medicago truncatula root plastids with sufficient protein recovery and purity for their subsequent in‐depth analysis by nanoscale capillary LC‐MS/MS. Besides providing the first picture of a root plastid proteome, the results obtained highlighted the identification of 266 protein candidates whose functional distribution mainly resembled that of wheat endosperm amyloplasts and tobacco proplastids together with displaying major differences to those reported for chloroplasts. Most of the identified proteins have a role in nucleic acid‐related processes (16%), carbohydrate (15%) and nitrogen/sulphur (12%) metabolisms together with stress response mechanisms (10%). It is noteworthy that BLAST searches performed against the proteins reported in different plastidomes allowed detecting 30 putative root plastid proteins for which homologues were previously unsuspected as plastid‐located, most of them displaying a common putative role in participating in the plant cell responses against abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Taken together, the data obtained provide new insights into the functioning of root plastids and reinforce the emerging idea for an important role of these organelles in sustaining plant defence reactions.

Despite extensive research, results on the sources, components and mechanisms to create or sustain information systems (IS) alignment are still lacking. The quest for an IS alignment remains a critical unsolved problem. In an attempt to address this situation, we present and test a comprehensive theoretical model in an OSS context. We explain how IS alignment at the individual level between the Open source system (OSS) project performance and open source developer's activity level is improved. We integrate the co-evolutionary theory (adaptive tension, change rate and modular design) to understand how IS alignment is improved. This study is based on data gathered from over 750 open source projects developing enterprise applications on sourceforge.net over one year. The results support all the hypotheses and we conclude that use of the co-evolutionary theory will better help IS alignment in an OSS context.

Coopetition is an alternative to the two main paradigms of strategic management: competition and cooperation. We can study the possibilities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to cooperate and compete simultaneously in light of the existing literature on the new forms of rivalry and cooperation. However, this recent paradox must be tested in various sectors and between the SMEs. We will analyse the existence of coopetition within French professional football, characterised by a high number of SMEs. We will use factor analysis and cluster analysis based on the economic and competitive variables of the organisations that participated in the French Leagues 1 and 2 during the 2005?2006 season. First, we reveal the existence of coopetition within the sector. We observe that some clubs mix strategies of cooperation and competition simultaneously and that the clubs' leaders within the professional governing bodies can optimise crucial resources such as broadcasting rights. Then, we will discuss the existence of a relationship between the behaviour of coopetition of some clubs regarding player movements and their economic-on-field competitive behaviour (the link between budget and sports classification), as well as their financial success. Finally, we propose a cluster analysis and identify three types of clubs.

This study addresses a paradox: stakeholders agree upon the strategic importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) entrepreneurship, but little research provides empirical results to understand the ICT sector/entrepreneur. Analysing 469 entrepreneurs, the following specificities of ICT entrepreneurship in France were revealed: subsector differences, regional disparities, underrepresentation of female entrepreneurs, high qualification as prerequirement, insufficient preparation activities, a low level of entrepreneurship training and a surprisingly high proportion of necessity entrepreneurship. At the subsector level, four groups of entrepreneurs were identified: experienced cadre, 'freshman', well-prepared 'provident' and 'kamikaze'. The 'expert' with industry experience contrasts with the inexperienced 'freshman'. The careful preparer ('provident') displays a more technical profile, little management experience but the highest level of preparation of all four types. The opposite is the kamikaze: lack of specific knowledge, low educational level and little preparation. Implications for stakeholders (entrepreneurship support, venture capital) are suggested to assess and adjust measures for each type of entrepreneur.