FisheriesVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 110-110 Book Review Review of The Rockfish's Warning Fred Utter, Fred Utter School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195Search for more papers by this author Fred Utter, Fred Utter School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195Search for more papers by this author First published: 25 March 2015 https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2014.947202Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue3March 2015Pages 110-110 RelatedInformation

Information on spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity is a prerequisite to understanding the demography of populations, and is fundamental to successful management and conservation of species. In the sea, it has been observed that oceanographic and other physical forces can constitute barriers to gene flow that may result in similar population genetic structures in different species. Such similarities among species would greatly simplify management of genetic biodiversity. Here, we tested for shared genetic patterns in a complex marine area, the Baltic Sea. We assessed spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity and differentiation in seven ecologically important species of the Baltic ecosystem—Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), northern pike (Esox lucius), European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), blue mussel (Mytilus spp.), and bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus). We used nuclear genetic data of putatively neutral microsatellite and SNP loci from samples collected from seven regions throughout the Baltic Sea, and reference samples from North Atlantic areas. Overall, patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation among sampling regions were unique for each species, although all six species with Atlantic samples indicated strong resistence to Atlantic-Baltic gene-flow. Major genetic barriers were not shared among species within the Baltic Sea; most species show genetic heterogeneity, but significant isolation by distance was only detected in pike and whitefish. These species-specific patterns of genetic structure preclude generalizations and emphasize the need to undertake genetic surveys for species separately, and to design management plans taking into consideration the specific structures of each species.

We genotyped Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean for 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate seasonal distribution and migration patterns. We analyzed 3563 immature fish from 22 spatiotemporal strata; composition analyses were performed using genotype data from spawning stocks spanning the species range. Substantial variation in stock composition existed among spatial and seasonal strata. We inferred patterns of seasonal migration based upon these data along with data from previous tag, scale, and parasite studies. We found that stocks from western Alaska and Yukon River overwinter on the Alaska continental shelf then travel to the middle and western Bering Sea during spring–fall. Stocks from California to Southeast Alaska were distributed in Gulf of Alaska year-round, with a substantial portion of this group migrating northward to the eastern Bering Sea during spring–fall. Proportions of Russian stocks increase when moving east to west in both the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. These data can be used to better understand the impacts of fisheries and climate change on this valuable resource.

Recent advances in molecular interrogation techniques now allow unprecedented genomic inference about the role of adaptive genetic divergence in wild populations. We used high-throughput genotyping to screen a genome-wide panel of 276 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the economically and culturally important salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss. Samples included 805 individuals from 11 anadromous and resident populations from the northwestern United States and British Columbia, and represented two major lineages including paired populations of each life history within single drainages of each lineage. Overall patterns of variation affirmed clear distinctions between lineages and in most instances, isolation by distance within them. Evidence for divergent selection at eight candidate loci included significant landscape correlations, particularly with temperature. High diversity of two nonsynonymous mutations within the peptide-binding region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (DAB) gene provided signatures of balancing selection. Weak signals for potential selection between sympatric resident and anadromous populations were revealed from genome scans and allele frequency comparisons. Our results suggest an important adaptive role for immune-related functions and present a large genomic resource for future studies.

Six transferrin phenotypes observed in sera of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were interpreted as a reflection of three alleles — TfA, TfB, and TfC— at a single locus. The distribution of these alleles differed significantly among samples collected from streams entering Puget Sound and tributaries of the Columbia River, suggesting a potential usefulness of this system for stock identification.

We estimate patterns of nearshore migration in the eastern Bering Sea for out-migrating Bristol Bay sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in their first year at sea. Over 3,000 juveniles were collected during the late summer of 2005-2007 as part of the Bering-Aleutian Salmon International Survey and tested with a regional genetic baseline of 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Population-specific and westward migrations from natal rivers were evident. Populations from Wood River and northwestward predominated in the northern latitudes of Bristol Bay and the eastern Bering Sea and populations from the Egegik River and southwestward in the southern latitudes, while the populations spawning at the head of Bristol Bay had the highest proportions in the middle latitudes. These patterns were stable across years, apparently unaffected by marine productivity and temperature. This continuum of marine migratory patterns most likely reflects stable and population-specific adaptations to buffer the distribution of dynamically shifting marine resources. As monitoring continues, these juvenile surveys will accumulate information to refine predictions of the magnitude of adult returns to their respective rivers of origin and thereby assist in the management of this valuable resource.

Transactions of the American Fisheries SocietyVolume 140, Issue 3 p. 659-664 Special Section: Genetic Adaptation of Natural Salmonid Populations Introduction to a Special Section: Genetic Adaptation of Natural Salmonid Populations David J. Teel, David J. Teel Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Manchester Research Laboratory, Post Office Box 130, Manchester, Washington, 98353 USASearch for more papers by this authorShawn R. Narum, Shawn R. Narum Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, Idaho, 83332 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey B. Olsen, Jeffrey B. Olsen U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503 USASearch for more papers by this authorFred M. Utter, Fred M. Utter School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Post Office Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USASearch for more papers by this author David J. Teel, David J. Teel Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Manchester Research Laboratory, Post Office Box 130, Manchester, Washington, 98353 USASearch for more papers by this authorShawn R. Narum, Shawn R. Narum Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, Idaho, 83332 USASearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey B. Olsen, Jeffrey B. Olsen U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503 USASearch for more papers by this authorFred M. Utter, Fred M. Utter School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Post Office Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 June 2011 https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.583537Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume140, Issue3May 2011Pages 659-664 RelatedInformation

Captive-bred animals derived from native, alien, or hybrid stocks are often released in large numbers in natural settings with the intention of augmenting harvests. In brown trout (Salmo trutta), stocking with hatchery-reared non-native fish has been the main management strategy used to maintain or improve depleted wild brown trout populations in Iberian and other Mediterranean regions. This measure has become a serious threat to the conservation of native genetic diversity, mainly due to introgressive hybridization. Aware of this risk, the agency responsible for management of brown trout in the eastern Pyrenees (Spain) created "brown trout genetic refuges" to preserve the integrity of brown trout gene pools in this region. Within refuge areas, the prerefuge status with respect to fishing activities has been maintained, but hatchery releases have been banned completely. We evaluated this management strategy through a comparison of the stocking impact on native populations that accounted for stocking histories before and after refuge designations and fishing activities. In particular we examined the relevant scientific, cultural, and political challenges encountered. Despite agency willingness to change fishery policies to balance exploitation and conservation, acceptance of these new policies by anglers and genetic monitoring of refuge populations should also be considered. To improve management supported by genetic refuges, we suggest focusing on areas where the public is more receptive, considering the situation of local native diversity, and monitoring of adjacent introgressed populations. We recommend the use of directional supportive breeding only when a population really needs to be enhanced. In any case, management strategies should be developed to allow for protection within the context of human use.

Pandalid shrimp from o~ Alaska, Washington, and Oregon were investigated using starch-gel elect~ophores,s.Each speCies was found to be polymorphic for phosphoglucomutase, and the general protem patterns ~eparated them into two group~-~:me consisting only of Pandalus hypsinotus and the other contammg P. bor~alis, P. goniurus, P. jordani, and Pandalopsis dispar. A key base~ on bIOchemIcal characters was developed which could separate the five pandalid speCIes mvestIgated. The increase of commercial fishing for shrimp along the Pacific coast of North America in recent years has stimulated interest in the biology and identification of species and population units. Ronholt (1963) reported on the distribution and relative abundance of five species of pandalid shrimp from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Butler (1965) presented a comprehensive report on the growth, reproduction, and distribution of pandalid shrimp in British Columbia waters, demonstrating the importance of inlets and bays to this group of crustaceans. Several reports on sampling techniques, diel vertical migration, and population movements have occurred which emphasize the need for additional information on the biology of pandalid shrimp for optimal utilization of this resource (Barr and McBride, 1967; Barr, 1970, 1971; Gotshall, 1972). One of the more promising techniques for the detection of population units is the biochemical genetic approach, utilizing starch-gel electrophoretic separation ofproteins coupled with histochemical staining procedures (Hunter and Markert, 1957). This method has been widely used and successfully applied to fisheries problems (reviewed by de Ligny, 1969, 1972). This paper reports our application of starchgel electrophoresis to separation of species and populations of five species of shrimp which occur along the coast of the northeastern Pacific ocean. 'Northwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, WA 98112. ' Manuscript accepted November 1973. FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 72, NO.3, 1974. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five species of adult pandalid shrimp from two genera were investigated; Pandalopsis dispar,Pandalus borealis, P. goniurus,P. hypsinotus, and P. jordani. All samples except those of P. jordani and one collection of P. hypsinotus were obtained from Marmot and Kazakof Bays of Kodiak Island, Alaska, during May 1972, and identified by personnel of the National Marine Fisheries Service at Kodiak, Alaska. These samples were shipped frozen to our laboratory where they were kept at -15°C until tested. Two collections of P. jordani were obtained off Coos Bay and Astoria, Oreg., in 1971 and identified by personnel of the Fish Commission of Oregon, shipped to us frozen and kept at -15°C until tested. Additional samples of P. jordani and P. hypsinotus were obtained during December 1972 from Bellingham Bay, Wash. Extracts of muscle tissue were prepared by mixing equal volumes of tissue and 2% phenoxyethanol in distilled water into uniform pastes with glass rods. The starch-gel electrophoretic procedure followed the methods reported by Johnson, Utter, and Hodgins (1972). The buffer system used was described by Ridgway, Sherburne, and Lewis (1970). After electrophoresis the gels were sliced into four horizontal slices and stained for phosphoglucomutase (PGM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tetrazolium oxidase (TO), peptidase (Johnson et al., 1972), malate dehydrogenase NAD and NADP (MDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Shaw

Effective conservation requires that arguments for identifying units for preservation and management are based on scientifically sound information. There is a strong conservation concern for the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena of the Baltic Sea. This concern rests on the assumption that these porpoises represent a genetically distinct population reproductively separated from adjacent populations to .the west. We argue that current scientific support for this claim is weak and to a large degree speculative. Current management of Baltic harbour porpoises as a genetically separate conservation unit is premature and we urge that high priority be given towards resolving this issue.

The genetic structure of harbour porpoise in the Baltic Sea relative to adjacent waters remains to be clarified: a reply to Berggren & Wang

Most hatchery programs for anadromous salmonids have been initiated to increase the numbers of fish for harvest, to mitigate for habitat losses, or to increase abundance in populations at low abundance. However, the manner in which these programs are implemented can have significant impacts on the evolutionary trajectory and long-term viability of populations. In this paper, we review the potential benefits and risks of hatchery programs relative to the conservation of species listed under the US Endangered Species Act. To illustrate, we present the range of potential effects within a population as well as among populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) where changes to major hatchery programs are being considered. We apply evolutionary considerations emerging from these examples to suggest broader principles for hatchery uses that are consistent with conservation goals. We conclude that because of the evolutionary risks posed by artificial propagation programs, they should not be viewed as a substitute for addressing other limiting factors that prevent achieving viability. At the population level, artificial propagation programs that are implemented as a short-term approach to avoid imminent extinction are more likely to achieve long-term population viability than approaches that rely on long-term supplementation. In addition, artificial propagation programs can have out-of-population impacts that should be considered in conservation planning.

Since it was first described as a biological species by Jordan and Gilbert in 1880, Inopsetta ischyra has been a disputed taxonomic unit, generally regarded in recent decades as an intergeneric hybrid between English sole Parophrys vetulus and starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, both of which are common in coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific. Here, we investigate this suspected hybridization with molecular genetic and morphological data. Genotyping at four diagnostic allozyme loci clearly demonstrates that I. ischyra is an intergeneric hybrid between English sole and starry flounder; one individual was homozygous at one locus and may have been a backcross with starry flounder. Diagnostic restriction fragment length polymorphisms of a 464-base-pair region of the cytochrome b gene revealed symmetric, two-way directionality of hybridization in which 50% of maternities are assigned to each of the parental species. Principal components analysis of meristic characters demonstrated that I. ischyra is, an intermediate between the parental species. Based on the low frequency of hybrids and the rarity of backcrosses, these natural hybridization events do not appear to be ecologically or evolutionarily significant.

Conservation of life-history diversity found in Oncorhynchus mykiss requires knowledge of the underlying population structure and genetic basis of this variability. We analysed variation at 10 microsatellite loci from seven rivers across Kamchatka to identify population structure and to test for divergence between life-history forms. We found lower heterozygosity in Kamchatkan populations compared with North American populations, but population structure was substantial (region-wide F-ST = 0.11) and followed an isolation-by-distance pattern similar to that reported for older North American populations. We found no evidence for genetic divergence between resident and anadromous individuals in the Sopochnaya River or between typically anadromous individuals and 'half-pounders' in the Utkholok River. A review of other studies of reproductive isolation, in combination with our results, suggests: (1) that pristine populations of steelhead should be expected to exhibit partial anadromy; and (2) that managing anadromous and resident individuals separately without demonstrating reproductive isolation is biologically unsound.

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Introduction of alien species is a major threat to biological diversity. Although public attention typically focuses on the species level, guidelines from the Convention of Biological Diversity define alien species to include entities below species level. This inclusion recognizes that release of nonlocal populations of native species may also result in negative effects on biodiversity. In practice, little is known about the extent, degree of establishment, or the effects on natural gene pools of such releases. Existing information on the releases in Sweden shows that alien populations are spread to a great extent. The most commonly released species include brown trout, Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, common whitefish, Scots pine, Norway spruce, mallard duck, gray partridge, and pheasant. Although millions of forest trees, fish, and birds are released annually, poor documentation makes the geographic and genetic origin of these populations, as well as the sites where they have been released, largely unclear. We provide recommendations for urgently needed first steps relating to the risks and problems associated with release of alien populations.