Background. X e growing interest in the historical development of social systems requires an assessment of the possibilities for a quantitative comparison of psychological characteristics in a person and society of diY erent eras. Objective.X e study aims to reveal the structure of social values and features of contemporary images according to verbal and visual texts of the cultures in the past.Methods. Behavior characteristics describing G. Hofstede’s basic cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) were used to encode texts. Psychosemantic assessment of the works of art perception was carried out with the use of a scale based on the multifaceted Five Factor Model of personality by P. Costa, R. McCrae (FFM; NEO-PI-R questionnaire adapted by V.E. Orel et al.) and the scale of individual image perception in media communication by L.V. Matveeva et al. Sample. A) Ancient Greek and Roman texts of 7th c. BC — 4th c. AD, Old Russian texts of 11th–17th centuries, Byzantine texts of 5th–15th centuries and texts of medieval European culture according to the 17th c.— a total of 205 separate texts. B) Visual stimulus material on cultures: Ancient Greece (7th–1th c. BC); Ancient Rome (7th c. BC — 4th c. AD); Byzantium (5th–15th cc.); Russia (11–19 cc.); Europe (9th, 11th–17th cc.) was assessed by respondents of diY erent ages from 14 to 70 (N = 68). Results. Reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis generally supported the structure of the W ve-factor model of personality and the basic dimensions of culture by G. Hofstede on the material of historical texts and works of art. X e least stable dimensions are Hofstede’s Masculinity and Openness to Experience factors of the personality model. An exploratory factorial analysis of data on historical texts yielded a factor structure reZ ecting speciW c aspects of Hofstede’s dimensions. In general, the correlations between personality traits and basic cultural dimensions described by G. Hofstede and R. McCraе (Хофстеде, МакКрэй, 2010) are reproduced. X e diY erences mainly relate to the FFM factor “Extraversion”. X e features of social situations described in historical narratives that are not W xed by the characteristics of behavior that describe the basic dimensions of culture according to Hofstede are discussed. Conclusion. X e subdimensions of modern models of personality and cultural values make it possible to obtain a fairly adequate quantitative assessment of the cultures of the past.

Введение. Интерлейкин-1бета (ИЛ-1β) играет ведущую роль в индуцировании цитокинового шторма, являясь ключевым цитокином управляющим развитием провоспалительной активности при повреждении легких. Цель исследования – изучение механизмов влияния ИЛ-1β на хеморецепторный контроль дыхания. Методика. Исследование проведено на 32 наркотизированных трахеостомированных спонтанно дышащих крысах. Регистрация параметров внешнего дыхания производилась пневмотахографическим методом. Для оценки вентиляционной реакции на гипоксию использовался метод возвратного дыхания. Для оценки влияния ИЛ-1β на хеморецепторный контроль дыхания производилось сравнительное исследование вентиляционного ответа на гипоксию при повышении содержания ИЛ-1β в циркуляторном русле и при сочетанном действии ИЛ-1β и диклофенака – ингибитора циклооксигеназной активности. Результаты. Показано, что внутривенное введение ИЛ-1β вызывает статистически значимое снижение вентиляционного ответа на гипоксическую стимуляцию, ослабляя тем самым компенсаторные возможности системы внешнего дыхания. Ингибирование циклооксигеназной активности устраняет влияние ИЛ-1β на гипоксический вентиляционный ответ. Заключение. Полученные данные позволяют предполагать, что активация циклооксигеназных путей может быть одним из основных механизмов влияния провоспалительных цитокинов на рефлекторный контроль дыхания. Background. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) plays a leading role in inducing cytokine storm, since it is the key cytokine that is responsible for the development of the proinflammatory activity in lung injury. Aim. To study the mechanisms of the effect of IL-1β on the chemoreceptor control of respiration. To achieve that, the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the presence of increased blood concentration of IL-1β was compared with the hypoxic response in the presence of a combination of IL-1β and diclofenac, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase activity. Methods. The study was performed on 32 anesthetized and tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing rats. Respiratory parameters were recorded with a pneumotachograph. To assess the hypoxic ventilatory response, the rebreathing technique was used. Results. The intravenous administration of IL-1β induced a significant decrease in the ventilatory response to hypoxic stimulation, thereby weakening the compensatory capabilities of the respiratory system. The inhibition of the cyclooxygenase activity abolished the effect of IL-1β on the hypoxic ventilatory response. Conclusion. The study suggests that the activation of the cyclooxygenase pathways is one of the main mechanisms of the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the reflex control of breathing.

At the present time very little is known about interactions between systemic inflammation and control of respiration. The aim of this study was to compare the respiratory effects of the main inflammatory cytokine TNF - α before and after pretreatment with diclofenac, a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. In experiments on anesthetized, tracheostomized rats, pneumotachometry method was used to measure peak airflow and respiratory rate. The ventilatory response to hypoxia was investigated by the rebreathing method. It is shown that an increase in the systemic level of TNF – α causes a significant increase in the minute volume of respiration, tidal volume, the average speed of the inspiratory flow. In contrast the slope of the hypoxic ventilatory response decreased after administration of TNF-α. Diclofenac pretreatment eliminated these respiratory effects of TNF - α. The data indicate that the ability of TNF - α to enhance basal ventilation and to reduce the ventilatory hypoxic response is mediated by the cyclooxygenase pathway. Key words: tumor necrosis factor – α, hypoxia, prostaglandins, peripheral chemoreception, respiration.

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are the major proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokine receptors are expressed in the brainstem areas involved in respiratory control, as well as in the carotid bodies that control the O 2 balance in arterial blood. We hypothesized that circulating proinflammatory cytokines are able to affect lung ventilation and modulate the respiratory response to hypoxia by activating NO-dependent pathways. The aim of our study was to compare the respiratory effects of IL-1β and TNF-α before and after pretreatment with L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS). The ventilatory response to hypoxia was measured in anesthetized Wistar rats using the rebreathing method before and after intravenous administration of IL-1β (2 µg/kg) and TNF-α (40 µg/kg). It was found that an increase in the systemic level of proinflammatory cytokines increases lung ventilation under normoxia, while reducing respiratory sensitivity to hypoxia. Pretreatment with L-NAME (intraperitoneal administration) reduced these respiratory effects of both IL-1β and TNF-α. We believe that the activation of NOS pathways and an increase in NO synthesis, when cytokines interact with the corresponding receptors, mediate the respiratory effects of proinflammatory cytokines and underlies the effect of inflammation on respiratory function.

Objectives. To discuss the possibilities of applying concepts and methods of transactional analysis in studying of behavior descriptions presented in historical narratives. Background. The modern research corps of historical and psychological research is composed of works performed from the standpoint of various methodological approaches. The actual necessity is the terminological coordination of concepts used in paradigms of different scientific approaches is noted. Мethodology. The phenomenon of social play is considered as an example of an interdisciplinary field of research. A comparison of the psychotherapeutic concept of the game by E. Bernе and the cultural concept of the game by Y. Huizinga is made. The key elements of game behavior that are highlighted in each approach are compared. The terminological structure of both approaches is compared. The article considers the interpretation of the concepts of “game” and “ritual” in both authors, their approaches to the analysis of scenario planning and intergenerational transmission of behavior patterns. The possibility of using the concepts of both approaches in the framework of historical and psychological problems as part of a consistent term system is revealed. Taking into account the intergenerational mechanism of games broadcasting and life scenarios based on them, the prospects for applying the analysis of social games in historical psychology are discussed. This consideration is illustrated by an example of cross-cultural transmission of social game and associated values’ dynamics, based on data from historical and literary studies. Сonclusions. It is possible to use the concepts and principles of transactional analysis in research of the behavior of people of the past. The use of several levels of analysis covering different scopes of relationships (interpersonal, group, intergroup/macrogroup) will allow us to trace the general behavior (structure of interactions) and specific features (context, social environment, transmission features). The study is preliminary in nature.

Introduction. It is known that the systemic level of the major pro-inflammatory cytokine increases in many respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD and sleep apnea [1, 2]. The lung ventilation changes and the pathological types of breathing are typical in these diseases. By the reason, the research of the respiratory effects of cytokine is actual. The aim of this study was to compare the respiratory effects of tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α) before and after pretreatment with diclofenac, a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Materials and methods. Тhe experiments were performed in tracheostomized anaesthetized with urethane rats. A respiratory flow head connected to a pneumotachometer (AD Instruments ML141 Spirometer, Dunedin, New Zealand) was used to measure peak airflow and respiratory rate. The hypoxic ventilatory response was measured by using rebreathing with hypoxic gas mixture before and after the tail vein injection of TNF-α (10 μg/rat). In order to determine the role of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the ventilatory effects of TNF-α, introperitoneal administration of diclofenac, a nonspecific COX inhibitor, was used (0.5 mg/rat). Results and discussion. We have shown that the increase in level of TNF-α in blood increased the parameters of respiration such as minute ventilation (by 40%), tidal volume (by 18%), and the mean inspiratory flow (by 33%). The slope of the hypoxic ventilatory response decreased from 6.06 ± 0.91 to 3.48 ± 0.38 ml/min-1 mmHg-1 (by 40%) 40 min after administration of TNF-α (p < 0.05), the slope of tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow also decreased (by 27%) (p < 0.05). After pretreatment with diclofenac, the influence of TNF-α on breathing was dampened, as no significant changes were observed. Conclusion. We concluded that the elevation of inflammatory cytokine level in blood intensifies ventilation during the resting breathing that may be associated with increased central inspiratory activity. At the same time TNF-α reduces the chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia, thereby worsening the compensatory capabilities of the respiratory system. Thus, the results of our study suggest participation of inflammatory cytokines in mechanisms of central breathing control and chemoreception. Diclofenac pretreatment eliminated the respiratory effects of TNF-α. The data indicate that the ability of TNF-α to enhance basal ventilation and to reduce the ventilatory hypoxic response is mediated by the COX pathway.

The purpose of the study is to identify the role of nitrergic mechanisms in the ability of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β to influence the respiration pattern and hypoxic ventilation response. Materials and Methods. The experiments were performed on 42 anesthetized rats. To conduct an inhibitory analysis of the nitric oxide role in the manifestation of IL-1β respiratory effects, the authors used a non-selective inhibitor of NO-synthases of Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ether (L-NAME), and a highly specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, aminoguanidine bicarbonate. The hypoxic ventilation response was evaluated by a rebreathing method with a hypoxic gas mixture before and after intravenous administration of human recombinant IL-1β. Pneumatic tachometry was used to register the parameters of external respiration. Results. Intravenous administration of IL-1β has an activating effect on respiration and causes an increase in tidal volume by 36±5.2 %, minute respiration volume by 23±3.8 % and average inspiratory flow rate by 20±3.0 %. However, an increase in IL-1β systemic level decreases the ventilation response to hypoxia. Inhibition of NO-synthase activity with both L-NAME and aminoguanidine reduces IL-1β respiratory effects. Conclusion. One of the mechanisms to implement the respiratory effects of the key pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in case of increase in its circulating level is an increase in the synthesis of nitric oxide with vascular endothelium cells. Keywords: cytokines, interleukin-1β, ventilation, ventilation response to hypoxia, hypoxic chemoreflex, nitric oxide. Цель исследования. Выявление роли нитрергических механизмов в способности провоспалительного цитокина ИЛ-1β оказывать влияние на паттерн дыхания и гипоксический вентиляционный ответ. Материалы и методы. Эксперименты выполнены на 42 наркотизированных крысах. Для проведения ингибиторного анализа роли оксида азота в проявлении респираторных эффектов ИЛ-1β использовались неселективный ингибитор NO-синтаз L-нитро-аргинин-метилэфира (L-NAME), а также высокоспецифичный ингибитор индуцибельной синтазы оксида азота аминогуанидина бикарбоната. Гипоксический вентиляционный ответ оценивался методом возвратного дыхания гипоксической газовой смесью до и после внутривенного введения человеческого рекомбинантного ИЛ-1β. Для регистрации параметров внешнего дыхания использовался метод пневмотахометрии. Результаты. Показано, что внутривенное введение ИЛ-1β оказывает активирующее влияние на дыхание, вызывая увеличение дыхательного объема на 36,0±5,2 %, минутного объема дыхания – на 23,0±3,8 % и средней скорости инспираторного потока – на 20,0±3,0 %. Вместе с тем повышение системного уровня ИЛ-1β вызывает ослабление вентиляционного ответа на гипоксию. Ингибирование NO-синтазной активности с помощью как L-NAME, так и аминогуанидина ослабляет респираторные эффекты ИЛ-1β. Выводы. Одним из механизмов реализации респираторных эффектов ключевого провоспалительного цитокина ИЛ-1β при повышении его циркулирующего уровня является усиление синтеза оксида азота клетками сосудистого эндотелия. Ключевые слова: цитокины, интерлейкин-1β, вентиляция, вентиляционный ответ на гипоксию, гипоксический хеморефлекс, оксид азота.

With systemic inflammation, hypoxia, and an increase in the respiratory, a significant increase in the systemic level of pro-inflammatory cytokines is observed. Recently we demonstrated that elevated IL-1β level in blood reduces the ventilatory response to hypoxia. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that the respiratory effect of IL-1β may be mediating the NO-dependent mechanisms.The experiments were performed on anaesthetized rats. We studied the effects of intravenous administration of cytokine during inhibition of iNO-synthase. In order to we used aminoguanidine bicarbonate - specific inhibitor of iNOS, which was injected in the tail vein for 30 minutes before the administration of cytokine. During the hypoxic rebreathing experiments, was found that the increase of IL-1β level in blood weakens the respiratory response to hypoxia. The ventilatory, tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow responses decreased by 29%, 31% and 53% respectively. INO-synthase inhibitor pretreatment eliminated these respiratory effects of IL-1β. Thus the data indicate that the ability of IL-1β to reduce the ventilatory hypoxic response is mediated by the NO-dependent pathway.

Possibilities of application of statistical methods to historical and psychological researches on the basis of methods that was developed in ethno psychology are considered. It is proposed to use R. Cattell's proposition about identity of the research's results obtained from different types of data for one object if techniques of data collecting are reliable and valid as a control principle of data reliability. The study of value orientations of Ancient Rome and ancient Rus in narrative sources based on theoretical works of G. Hofstede and psychosemantic study of perception of man's image in works of arts of different eras has been conducted. Comparison of factor structures by means of calculating of Tucker's coefficient of congruence has been made and structural models have been designed. Based on structures' similarity the conclusion that analysis of cultural texts by means of statistics makes it possible to obtain objective data has been drawn.

The paper discusses possibility of quantitative research into cultures of the past by means of analyzing cultural texts which include not only written sources, but also figurative art objects. The author considers limitations of the approach: adequacy of measurements, control of shifts, choice of assessment criteria. Having analyzed the experience of psycho-semantic historical psychological studies and cross-cultural studies of personal traits and value orientations, the author argues appropriateness of applying cross-cultural methods of historical psychological research validated on large masses of data from various cultures, as well as advantages of parallel application of several techniques to studying one historical period. With respect to G. Hofstede's theory a study of value orientations in ancient Greece, Rome and Russia was carried out on the material of historical texts (Plutarch, Flavius Eutropius, Aurelius Victor; Russian, Byzantian, Arab, Scandinavian sources describing Russian life of the VI XVII centuries). Another psycho-semantic study dealt with perception of the image of man in ancient Greece, Rome, pre-Mongol and Moscow Russia, Italian Renaissance from works of art included in the course "World figurative art". Factor analysis allowed identification of factors with the highest Tucker's congruence quotient and construction of a linear model including the intergroup factors "study method" (texts vs images), "culture" (Rome vs Greece vs Italy vs Russia) and "centuries" (five categories spanning 500 years). No meaningful differences were discovered on the factor "study method" which suggests that visual materials clearly encode cultural orientations in self representation of an object of culture. It was also suggested that there is a fluctuating dependence in the long-term trend of development of the cultural norm.

At the present time very little is known about interactions between the systemic inflammatory and ventilatory control. Our previous study has demonstrated that the elevation of the major inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may affect the control of ventilation. The aim of the current study was to compare the respiratory effects of IL-1 beta before and after pretreatment with diclofenac, a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Using the method of rebreathing with hyperoxic gas mixture we demonstrate that the slope of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide decreased almost twofold from 5.6 +/- 0.52 to 2.5 +/- 0.28 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1) (p < 0.01) 40 min after cerebroventricular administration of IL-1 beta. In contrast, the basal level of lung ventilation increased after the elevation of IL-1 beta in CSF. Diclofenac pretreatment eliminated these respiratory effects of IL-1 beta. The data indicate that the ability of IL-1 beta to enhance basal ventilation and to reduce the ventilatory hypercapnic response is mediated by the COX pathway. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oxidative stress developed at several disease states and strenuous resistive breathing lead to the elevation of plasma and cerebral levels of proinflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that the elevation of the cytokine level in body fluids would modulate breathing pattern and the ventilatory response to stimulation of central chemoreceptors by hypercapnia.

The ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia was studied using rebreathing techniques in anesthetized and tracheostomized rats both in supine and in head-down tilt position (HDT-30 degrees). Hypoxic responses were calculated by the slope of ventilation against end tidal P(A)O2. The end-tidal P(A)CO2 was kept constant by varying expired gas flow through a CO2-absorbing bypass. The rebreathing was continued until P(A)O2 had fallen to between 70 +/- 3 and 50 +/- 2 mm Hg. The obtained results demonstrated that the maximal minute lung ventilation was 269 +/- 30 % during rebreathing test in supine position and 117 +/- 21% in the head-down tilt. It was also shown that the slopes of the relationship between minute ventilation and the decrease of end tidal P(A)O2 was 3-fold greater in supine than in HDT. The body position seems to affect the ventilatory response to isocapnic progressive hypoxia. In general, it may be a result of hemodynamic conditions alteration which increased respiratory resistive loads, changed the functional condition of carotid hemoreceptors and baroreceptor activity that modulate ventilatory response to chemoreceptor stimulation.