During exercise, increased oxygen consumption results in elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If the antioxidant system is unable to counteract this surge in ROS, oxidative stress occurs. Physical activity modulates both the generation and clearance of ROS through dynamic interactions between metabolic and antioxidant systems, and also influences the oxidative burst activity of phagocytes, a key component of the innate immune response. To investigate the acute physiological responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), we assessed the effects of a single HIIT session on oxidative stress markers and the oxidative burst activity of phagocytes in young professional athletes and non-athlete individuals. Blood samples were collected before and after a HIIT session from eleven male athletes (mean age: 22.1 ± 4.5 years) and ten male non-athlete university students (mean age: 21.6 ± 2.3 years). Participants performed a single treadmill HIIT session of ten 45-s intervals at 75–85% of heart rate reserve, separated by 45-s low-intensity recovery periods, with target intensities individualized using the Karvonen formula. Total antioxidant capacity, activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, total serum nitrite/nitrate levels, lipid peroxidation products, and oxidative burst activity of phagocytes were evaluated before and after exercise. In athletes, a significant increase was observed in the activity of superoxide dismutase (from a median of 2.09 to 2.21 U/mL; p = 0.037) and catalase (from a median of 32.94 to 45.45 nmol/min/mL; p = 0.034) after exercise, whereas no significant changes were found in the control group. Total serum nitrite/nitrate levels significantly increased in both groups after exercise (athletes: from a median of 8.70 to 9.95 µM; p = 0.029; controls: from a median of 10.20 to 11.50 µM; p = 0.016). Oxidative burst capacity of peripheral blood phagocytes was significantly higher in athletes both before (median: 10,422 vs. 6766; p = 0.029) and after (median: 9365 vs. 7370; p = 0.047) the HIIT session compared to controls. Our findings demonstrate that training status markedly influences oxidative stress responses, with athletes exhibiting more effective long-term antioxidant adaptations. These results emphasize the necessity of tailoring exercise regimens to baseline fitness levels in order to optimize oxidative stress management across different populations.

Background/Objectives: Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe organ manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are serious complications in LN and the main cause of death in SLE. We aimed to investigate the prognostic factors of the progression of CKD and the development of ESRD in SLE patients. Methods: In our retrospective cohort study, we assessed the clinical and laboratory data of 127 patients who were diagnosed with LN between 1990 and 2022 and received regular follow-up care at our autoimmune centre. We compared class IV (diffuse) LN patients with non-class IV LN patients and assessed the differences in clinical and laboratory data of the patients, subdivided into complete, partial, and non-responders to therapy. Results: The prevalence of class IV LN is significantly higher in patients with CKD stage 3–5. Age above 42, class IV LN, Coombs positivity, and high chronicity index are prognostic factors for the development of CKD stage 3–5. On the other hand, anti-RNP and anti-SS-B antibody positivity and a high chronicity index are prognostic factors for the development of ESRD. The chronicity index, as well as the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI) score, was significantly higher in non-responders compared to patients with complete remission. Conclusions: Based on our results, the progression of CKD into stage 3–5 or the development of ESRD should be expected at a chronicity index above 3.5 points. An early diagnosis, as well as aggressive, timely, and adequate treatment, is fundamental to prevent unfavourable outcomes of LN.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and multi-organ involvement. Anifrolumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the type I interferon (IFN) receptor, has been approved for the treatment of SLE. Our aim was to investigate the long-term effects of inhibited type I IFN signaling on circulating follicular helper T subsets (TFH), follicular regulatory T cells (TFR), and B lymphocyte subpopulations, reflecting the ongoing germinal center reactions in SLE patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from ten SLE patients before the initiation of anifrolumab treatment, and at months 6 and 12 of the intervention period. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to assess the frequencies of circulating TFH cell subsets, TFR cells, and certain B cell subpopulations. Serological parameters, including autoantibody levels and complement components, were determined as part of the routine diagnostic evaluation. We observed a significant and sustained reduction in the percentage of activated circulating TFH cells. Notably, the frequency of CXCR3−CCR6+ TFH17 cells decreased, whereas the proportion of CXCR3+CCR6− TFH1 cells increased significantly. Furthermore, the proportion of the IgD−CD27− double-negative B lymphocytes was also significantly reduced. These findings suggest that anifrolumab therapy attenuates TFH cell activation, which may contribute to its clinical efficacy by modulating germinal center responses in SLE.

Objective Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe organ manifestations in SLE. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence of LN and to compare the clinical characteristics, survival rate and outcome of SLE patients with and without LN. We also compared the data of patients diagnosed with LN before and after 2005. Methods The patients were followed up between 1990 and 2020 at the Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen. We recorded the clinical and laboratory findings of the patients, as well as their immunosuppressive treatments. Results Of 384 SLE patients, 127 had LN (33.07%). The age at the onset of SLE was significantly lower in patients with LN (p<0.001). Discoid lupus erythematosus (p<0.001) and subacute cutan lupus erythematosus (p=0.01) occurred more often in SLE patients without LN. Rheumatoid arthritis (p=0.009), antiphospholipid(p=0.044) and Sjögren's syndrome (p=0.017) were also more common in patients without LN. Anaemia (p<0.001) and anti-RNP positivity (p=0.049) were more common in patients with LN. Antimalarials (p=0.004) and methotrexate (p=0.001) were used more often in patients without LN, while rituximab (p<0.001), cyclophosphamide (p<0.001) and MMF (p<0.001) were more commonly used in LN group. LN did not significantly worsen the survival in SLE patients. Male gender was a negative prognostic factor in patients without LN. Remission status was a positive prognostic factor in patients with and without LN, but low disease activity significantly improved survival only in patients with LN. Sepsis-related mortality was higher in the LN group (p=0.031). The prevalence of serositis (p=0.007) and neurological manifestations of SLE (p=0.001) were decreased in patients with LN diagnosed after 2005. After 2005, the use of mycophenolate mofetil therapy increased (p<0.001). The use of cyclophsophamide and the cumulative steroid doses also decreased after 2005. The SLICC damage index score decreased after 2005 as well (p=0.001). Conclusion Lupus nephritis did not influence disease outcome in our SLE patients. Low disease activity status significantly improves survival in LN but not in SLE patients without LN. The main therapeutic goal is to achieve remission in SLE patients with or without LN.

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cardiovascular complications are among the leading causes of death. Cardiovascular risk in SLE is even higher in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The aim of this retrospective, single-center study was to investigate the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies and non-thrombotic cardiac manifestations in 369 SLE patients. We also assessed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients to reveal the risk factors for cardiac manifestations. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA); 258 (69.9%) patients were APA positive, and 111 (30.1%) patients were APA negative. Mitral and tricuspid insufficiency, aortic stenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension were more common in APA-positive patients. Anticardiolipin IgG showed the strongest correlation with any non-thrombotic cardiac manifestations. Based on our results, the adjusted global antiphospholipid syndrome score (aGAPSS) above 8.5 is predictive of valvulopathies and ischemic heart disease, while aGAPSS above 9.5 is predictive of cardiomyopathies. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies may affect the development of cardiac manifestations in SLE. Periodic cardiological and echocardiographic screening of patients without cardiac complaints, as well as regular monitoring of antiphospholipid antibodies, have great importance during the treatment of SLE patients.

Background/Objectives: Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe organ manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of our retrospective cohort study was to compare the clinical characteristics, therapy, survival, causes of death, and prognostic factors of LN and non-LN lupus patients. Moreover, we compared a wide spectrum of clinical data of LN patients diagnosed before and since 2005 to determine any changes in disease course and outcomes. Methods: We assessed the clinical and laboratory data of 384 SLE patients, out of whom, 127 patients were diagnosed with LN between 1990 and 2020. Results: Based on our observations, discoid LE, subacute cutaneous LE, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis were more common in non-LN patients, while anemia and anti-RNP positivity were more frequent in LN patients. Development of LN did not affect survival rates; male sex and presence of APS were negative prognostic parameters in the non-LN group while achieving remission was a positive prognostic factor in both groups. Death caused by sepsis was more prevalent in the LN group. Serositis and neurological manifestations occurred less frequently in LN patients diagnosed after 2005. The use of mycophenolate mofetil became more common, and the cumulative corticosteroid dose decreased. The SLICC Damage Index score also decreased. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the disease course has changed in recent years, and the main therapeutic goal in both SLE and lupus nephritis should be to achieve remission because this significantly improves long-term prognosis and patient survival.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which potentially results in a more severe disease course and reduced life expectancy. Since the therapeutic guidelines have been refined in the last 15 years, we assumed that the diseases course has become more favorable. In order to shed light on these achievements, we compared the data of SLE patients diagnosed before and since 2004. In our retrospective study, we assessed a wide spectrum of clinical and laboratory data of 554 SLE patients who received regular follow-up care and therapy at our autoimmune center. Among these patients, 247 had antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs) without clinical signs of APS, and 113 had definitive APS. In the APS group, among patients diagnosed since 2004, deep vein thrombosis (p = 0.049) and lupus anticoagulant positivity (p = 0.045) were more frequent, while acute myocardial infarction was less frequent (p = 0.021) compared with patients diagnosed before 2004. Among the APA positive patients without definitive APS, anti-cardiolipin antibody positivity (p = 0.024) and development of chronic renal failure (p = 0.005) decreased in patients diagnosed since 2004. Our study demonstrates that the disease course has changed in recent years; however, in the presence of APS, we have to expect repeated thrombotic events despite adequate anticoagulant therapy.

Bevezetés: Az acromegalia egy krónikus endokrin betegség: ilyenkor egy, az agyalapi mirigyben lévő tumor következtében felnőttkorban jelentős mennyiségű humán növekedési hormon és következményesen inzulinszerű növekedési faktor termelődik, aminek kezeletlenül jelentős hatása lehet a cardiovascularis rendszerre. Tudjuk, hogy az elit sport szintén együtt jár a szív fiziológiás átalakulásával, az ún. atlétaszív kialakulásával: ilyenkor a szív üregeinek volumetrikus és funkcionális adaptációja figyelhető meg. Célkitűzés: A fenti tényeknek megfelelően joggal adódhat a kérdés, vajon milyen eltérések figyelhetők meg a bal kamra morfológiájában és funkciójában acromegaliában, és a kapott eredmények milyen hasonlóságokat és különbségeket mutatnak élsportot űző fiatalok bal kamrájához képest egészséges, nem sportoló felnőttek értékeihez viszonyítva. Módszer: A jelen vizsgálatba 21, nagy dinamikájú sportot űző élsportolót (átlagéletkor: 31,2 ± 6,4 év, 13 férfi) és 18, acromegaliás beteget (átlagéletkor: 47,9 ± 8,9 év, 9 férfi) válogattunk be. Eredményeiket 22 negatívkontroll-esethez (átlagéletkor: 47,7 ± 10,6 év, 13 férfi) hasonlítottuk. Eredmények: Mind az élsportolókra, mind a kezelt acromegaliás betegekre jellemző, hogy bal kamrájuk tágult, de annak funkciója megtartott. Míg az élsportolókat az egészséges kontrollokhoz képest emelkedettebb longitudinális és circumferentialis bal kamrai strain jellemzi, mely elsősorban az apicalis szegmentumok kifejezett kontraktilitásának következménye, addig acromegaliában a radiális bal kamrai strain növekedése detektálható, mely a basalis régiót érinti. A bal kamrai rotációs mechanika eltérései szintén eltérő mintázatot mutatnak: míg élsportolókban a basalis bal kamrai rotáció csökkent, addig az acromegaliát az apicalis bal kamrai rotáció kifejezett mérséklődése jellemzi, mely együtt jár a bal kamrai csavarodás lényeges csökkenésével. Következtetés: A nagy dinamikájú sportot űző élsportolókban és acromegaliás betegekben a nem sportoló egészséges személyekhez képest a bal kamra tágult, elsősorban regionális szinten kontraktilitása kifejezettebb, rotációs mechanikája eltéréseket mutat, de különbségek igazolhatók ezen eltérések jellegében és mértékében. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(8): 308–316.

Maternal B cells play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of pregnancy, due to their humoral activities and regulatory functions. In the study, we investigated the alterations in the distributions of naïve and memory B cell subsets, as well as regulatory B (Breg) cells, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Peripheral blood from 14 healthy pregnant women in the third trimester and 7 healthy non-pregnant women was collected and examined for the frequencies of B cell subsets, including IgD+CD27− naïve, IgD+CD27+ un-switched memory, IgD−CD27+ switched memory, CD38intCD24int mature–naïve, CD38−CD24hi primarily memory and CD38hiCD24hi transitional B cells by flow cytometry. Breg cell subsets were also characterized based on the expression of CD5, CD1d and IL-10. In pregnant women, the proportions of un-switched memory and transitional B cells were significantly decreased. Additionally, the frequencies of both CD5+CD1d+ Breg and IL-10-producing B10 cells were decreased in pregnancy. Changes in the distribution of transitional B cells as well as Breg cells may be crucial contributors for the development of altered maternal immune responses and tolerance needed for the maintenance of normal pregnancy in the third trimester.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the breakdown of self-tolerance, the production of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies and derailed B cell responses, which indicates the importance of central players, such as follicular T helper (TFH) subsets and follicular T regulatory (TFR) cells, in the pathomechanism of the disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the distribution of the circulating counterparts of these cells and their association with disease characteristics and B cell disproportions in SLE. We found that the increased percentage of activated circulating TFH (cTFH) and cTFR cells was more pronounced in cutaneous lupus; however, among cTFH subsets, the frequency of cTFH17 cells was decreased in patients with lupus nephritis. Furthermore, the decreased proportion of cTFH17 cells was associated with low complement C4 levels and high disease activity scores. We also investigated whether the blocking of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) with an anti-IL-21R monoclonal antibody inhibits the B cell response, since IL-21 primarily produced by TFH cells potentially promotes humoral immunity. We observed that anti-IL-21R inhibited plasmablast generation and immunoglobulin production. Our study demonstrated that, besides cTFR/cTFH imbalance, cTFH17 cells play a crucial role in SLE pathogenesis, and modulating cTFH-B cell interaction through the IL-21/IL-21R pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to suppress the pathological B cell response.

Growing evidence indicates the pronounced effects of physical activity on immune functions, which may largely depend on the type of exercise, intensity, and duration. However, limited information is available regarding the effects of low-impact exercises, especially on the level of adaptive immune system. Our study aimed to investigate and compare the changes in a broad spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after 14 weeks of aerobic-type total-body-shaping workouts (TBSW) and Pilates workouts (PW) among healthy individuals. We determined the percentages of peripheral natural killer cells and different T and B lymphocyte subtypes with flow cytometry. At the end of the exercise program, significant changes in naïve and memory lymphocyte ratios were observed in TBSW group. Percentages of naïve cytotoxic T (Tc) cells elevated, frequencies of memory Tc and T-helper cell subsets decreased, and distribution of naïve and memory B cells rearranged. Proportions of activated T cells also showed significant changes. Nonetheless, percentages of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10-producing regulatory type 1 cells and immunosuppressive CD4+CD127lo/−CD25bright T regulative cells decreased not only after TBSW but also after PW. Although weekly performed aerobic workouts may have a more pronounced impact on the adaptive immune system than low-impact exercises, both still affect immune regulation in healthy individuals.

Age-related changes of the immune system lead to an increased morbidity and mortality due to enhanced vulnerability to infectious diseases and malignancies. Recent studies revealed the important effects of physical activity on immune functions, which may largely depend on the type of exercise, its intensity and duration. However, limited information is available regarding the immunological effects of sport activities in older ages. The aim of our study was to examine the changes in a wide spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after regular workout among healthy elderly individuals. We enrolled 29 elderly women with sedentary lifestyle (mean age: 67.03 ± 3.74 years) to take part in a 6-week long functional conditioning gymnastic exercise program. The percentages of peripheral natural killer (NK), NKT cells, T and B lymphocyte subtypes (early-/late-activated T, naïve and memory T, cytotoxic T (Tc), T-helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, T regulatory type 1 (Tr1), CD4+CD127lo/-CD25bright Treg, as well as naïve and memory B cells) were determined by flow cytometry. Evaluation of the changes in functional capability of Treg cells was based on in vitro functional assays. At the end of exercise program, in parallel with improvements in body composition and physical performance, significant changes in naïve and memory lymphocyte ratios were observed. Importantly, levels of naïve Tc cells elevated, ratios of effector memory Tc cells decreased and distribution of memory B cells rearranged as well. Additionally, proportions of late-activated HLA-DR+ T cells increased, while percentages of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 producing Tr1 cells, as well as immunosuppressive CD4+CD127lo/-CD25bright Treg cells decreased following the exercise workout. Changes observed after the regular exercise program indicate an improvement in the age-related redistribution of certain naïve and memory cell proportions and a retuned immune regulation in older ages.

Since B-cell hyperactivity and pathologic antibody response are key features in the immunopathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), the role of follicular T helper (TFH) cells as efficient helpers in the survival and differentiation of B cells has emerged. Our aim was to investigate whether a change in the balance of circulating (c)TFH subsets and follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells could affect the distribution of B cells in pSS. Peripheral blood of 38 pSS patients and 27 healthy controls was assessed for the frequencies of cTFH cell subsets, TFR cells, and certain B cell subpopulations by multicolor flow cytometry. Serological parameters, including anti-SSA, anti-SSB autoantibodies, immunoglobulin, and immune complex titers were determined as part of the routine diagnostic evaluation. Patients with pSS showed a significant increase in activated cTFH cell proportions, which was associated with serological results. Frequencies of cTFH subsets were unchanged in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. The percentages and number of cTFR cells exhibited a significant increase in autoantibody positive patients compared to patients with seronegative pSS. The proportions of transitional and naïve B cells were significantly increased, whereas subsets of memory B cells were significantly decreased and correlated with autoantibody production. Functional analysis revealed that the simultaneous blockade of cTFH and B cell interaction with anti-IL-21 and anti-CD40 antibodies decreased the production of IgM and IgG. Imbalance in TFH subsets and TFR cells indicates an ongoing over-activated humoral immune response, which contributes to the characteristic serological manifestations and the pathogenesis of pSS.

Background Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can have lifelong adverse impacts; they can play a role in the development of subsequent emotional, cognitive, and social impairments leading to somatic and mental difficulties, as well as health damaging behaviours. Unfortunately, there are currently no research data available in Hungary regarding the frequency of ACEs among adolescents. Aims A cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in a community sample of Hungarian adolescents to assess the frequency of ACEs and analyse their association with current social, emotional, and behavioural symptoms (SEB), and subjective health complaints (SHC). Methods Demographic data, ACEs, SEB and SHC status of 516 adolescents aged 12 to 17 were collected. ACEs were assessed using the ACE Score Calculator; for SEB the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and for SHC some specific items from the Health Behaviour of School Children questionnaire were employed. To analyse the relationship of ACEs to SEB and SHC logistic regression was performed. Results Our results showed that the frequency of ACEs, SEB and SHC is high among adolescents. One-fourth of the students reported ≥ 2 categories of childhood exposures, and 7.4% reported having experienced ≥ 4 types of ACEs. The most prevalent forms of child maltreatment were emotional neglect (15.5%) and emotional abuse (14.5%). The most frequent dysfunctional household condition was parental divorce or separation (23.8%), followed by household substance abuse (8.9%) and household mental illness (8.1%). Almost one-fifth of students (17.5%) reported SEB symptoms (peer relationship problems in 21.7%, emotional symptoms in 14.6%, conduct problems in 18.3%, hyperactivity in 15%). The prevalence of SHC was also high: more than half of the students experienced at least one subjective health complaint multiple times a week. Significant associations were found between ACEs and the SEB/SHC reported by students. Conclusions Adverse childhood experiences, social, emotional, and behavioural symptoms, and SHC are common among Hungarian adolescents. The cumulation of ACEs is associated with a higher number of SEB and SHC symptoms. Therefore, prevention programmes, early recognition, risk reduction, and therapy are needed.

Sarcopenia, defined as loss of muscle mass and strength, develops gradually with aging or after chronic disease. Efforts are ongoing to identify the best interventions that can slow down or stop sarcopenia. Nutrition-based interventions and exercise therapy may be beneficial; however, pharmacotherapy also could play a role. The effect of ACE inhibitors on physical performance is controversial. The present study investigates the impact of functional training on sarcopenia in the presence or absence of ACEi in elderly females. A total of 35 women over 65 years of age were selected for two groups on the basis that they were taking ACEi (n = 18) or not (n = 17). All subjects conducted a training program two times a week for 6 months. We examined various factors related to sarcopenia. After completing the short physical performance battery (SPPB) test, we found a significant improvement after 6 months of functional training. SPPB values of the ACEi group were significantly lower at the beginning of the study; however, we observed no difference between the SPPB results of the two groups after the training period. We conducted further studies to measure posture and spine mobility. Our Schober and Cobra test results revealed significantly improved spine mobility (both flexor and extensor) in both groups after 6 months of training. Furthermore, the grip strength of the hands, studied by an electric dynamometer, was significantly improved in both groups at the end of the training period. Our results indicated that functional training may improve body composition and muscle strength in patients diagnosed with sarcopenia. Furthermore, ACEi may be a helpful additional therapy in older adult patients suffering from severe sarcopenia.

A fizikai aktivitásnak és testmozgásnak kiemelt jelentősége van az egészség fenntartásában és számos megbetegedés kockázatának csökkentésében. A testmozgásnak kifejezett immunomoduláló hatásai vannak, befolyásolja a veleszületett immunrendszer elemeinek, úgymint a neutrofileknek, makrofágoknak, természetes ölősejteknek arányát és funkcióját, mely sejtek a gyulladás kialakításában, fenntartásában, megszüntetésében egyaránt részt vesznek. Az adaptív immunrendszer esetében a Th1/Th2 egyensúly eltolódása történik Th2 irányba, valamint a magas intenzitású edzés emelkedést okoz a regulatórikus T sejtek arányában, szemben a nem megterhelő testmozgás Treg sejtarányt csökkentő hatásával. A testmozgásra adott válaszban a B sejtek érintettségéről nincsenek egyértelmű adatok, ellenben néhány tanulmány az immunglobulin szekréció csökkenéséről számolt be. Saját kutatásaink során a naív és memória B sejtarányok megváltozását figyeltük meg. Edzés hatására az IL-6, egy proinflammatórikus citokin segíti a T sejtek proliferációját, aktiválását, valamint a B sejtek antitesttermelő plazmasejtekké történő differenciálódását is. Az immunológiai változások hátterében a hormonális tényezők fontos szerepet játszanak. A testmozgás, mind az adrenalin, mind a noradrenalin szekrécióját serkenti, koncentrációjuk a vérben egyenesen arányos a testmozgás időtartamával. A kimerítő testedzéshez megnövekedett kortizolszint társul, míg kis intenzitású testmozgás jelentősen nem befolyásolja a kortizolszintet. A testmozgás és a fizikai stressz 3-10-szeresére emelheti az endorfinok koncentrációját, a β-endorfin gátolja a T- és B sejtek aktivitását, így csökkentve az antitesttermelést. A tesztoszteron az IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, illetve Ig-M és Ig-G antitestek csökkentéséhez vezet. Mindezek alapján az enyhe, illetve közepes terheléssel járó fizikai aktivitás hozzájárul az immunreaktivitás fokozódásához, illetve az immunrendszer erősödő válaszkészségéhez. Ezzel szemben azonban a fokozott intenzitással járó, kimerítő testedzés az immunfunkciók romlásához, az immunológiai védelem károsodásához vezet.

INTRODUCTION:Infertility and its treatment impose significant physical and emotional burden on infertile couples. The most commonly used assisted reproductive technology is the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Approximately one third of the treatments results in pregnancy. The aim of our study is to explore psychosocial factors that have an influence on the chance of IVF treatment success. METHODS:104 infertile couples undergoing IVF treatment participated in our research, of which 49 couples achieved pregnancy after treatment and 55 couples did not. The emotional state was assessed by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The coping abilities were measured by the short form of the Ways of Coping Inventory, the Psychological Immune Competence Inventory and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The negative life events were assessed by the short and revised form of the Paykel's Life Events Scale. Data were collected at three occasions: at the beginning of the treatment (T1), before embryo transfer (T2), and before pregnancy test (T3). RESULTS:According to the most important results of the logistic regression analysis, the outcome of the treatment is negatively influenced by the female (p<0.01) and male age (p<0.05). For women, positive affectivity at T1, the Problem analysis coping strategy, the Sense of self-growth personality trait, the Personal competence and Tolerance of negative affect factors were found to be adaptive in respect of treatment success (p<0.05). For men, the IVF outcome was positively influenced by the lower level of depression at T1, the Problem analysis coping strategy and the Sense of control personality trait (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:Emotional attitudes of couples towards childbearing and treatment and their coping mechanisms have an influence on the treatment outcome. Therefore, assessment and conscious shaping of these factors may increase the chance of successful treatment.

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18–25 nucleotide long, single stranded, endogenous, non-coding small RNAs playing an important role in regulating gene expression at posttranscriptional level. miRNAs control approximately 90% of protein-coding genes, and play a central role in various biological processes including immune cell lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Changes in the expression of certain miRNAs may lead to the development of many diseases, including systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we summarize the biogenesis of miRNAs, their role in regulation of the immune system, and review the latest research findings in systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. In the future, miRNAs may help not only in establishing diagnosis and prognosis but potentially serve as targets for modern therapeutic approaches in autoimmune diseases. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(15): 563–572.

Absztrakt: A mikro-RNS-ek (miRNS) 18–25 nukleotid hosszusagu, egyszalu, endogen, nem kodolo kis RNS-ek, melyek fontos szerepet jatszanak a genexpresszio poszttranszkripcionalis szinten tortenő finomhangolasaban. A feherjet kodolo genek korulbelul 90%-a all a miRNS-ek regulacios hatasa alatt, melyek igy kulcsszerepet jatszanak kulonboző biologiai folyamatokban, tobbek kozott a sejtfejlődes, -proliferacio, -differencialodas, -apoptozis es az immunhomeosztazis szabalyozasa soran. Egyes miRNS-ek expressziojaban bekovetkező valtozasok hozzajarulhatnak szamos korkep, koztuk szisztemas autoimmun betegsegek kialakulasahoz is. A jelen tanulmanyban osszefoglaljuk a miRNS-ek biogeneziset, az immunrendszer szabalyozasaban betoltott szerepuket, illetve attekintjuk a legujabb kutatasi eredmenyeket szisztemas lupus erythematosusban, primer Sjogren-szindromaban, rheumatoid arthritisben es szisztemas sclerosisban. A jovőben a miRNS-ek nemcsak mint biomarkerek segithetnek majd a diagnozis es prognozis meghatarozasaban, hanem potencialis terapias celpontokkent is alkalmazhatok lehetnek az autoimmun betegsegek modern terapiajaban. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(15): 563–572. | Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18–25 nucleotide long, single stranded, endogenous, non-coding small RNAs playing an important role in regulating gene expression at posttranscriptional level. miRNAs control approximately 90% of protein-coding genes, and play a central role in various biological processes including immune cell lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Changes in the expression of certain miRNAs may lead to the development of many diseases, including systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we summarize the biogenesis of miRNAs, their role in regulation of the immune system, and review the latest research findings in systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjogren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. In the future, miRNAs may help not only in establishing diagnosis and prognosis but potentially serve as targets for modern therapeutic approaches in autoimmune diseases. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(15): 563–572.