Nine varieties and two breeding lines of sweet Lupinus angustifolius were cultivated under organic and conventional conditions in Northern Germany in growing seasons 2010, 2011 and 2012. The alkaloid content was significantly influenced by the growing system and year and also by genotype. The variety `Vitabor` and the breeding line Bo 083521AR revealed a very low alkaloid content in all years and cropping systems, while `Sanabor`, `Borlu` and `Boregine` had a higher content. In the years 2010-2012 significantly lower alkaloid contents (475 µg/g) were found under organic conditions than under conventional conditions (615 µg/g). The mean alkaloid level of all varieties and breeding lines in organic farming was highest in 2010 (640 µg/g) and lowest in 2012 (364 µg/g), depending on temperature during the seed filling period. Investigations on the yield of L. angustifolius revealed significant effects of the genotype, the year and the growing system. Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Normale Tabelle; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Lupin seeds are gaining attention as highly palatable and healthy ingredients for human food in the last decades. But, lupin cultivars available today in some respect do not meet the requirement for a broad application in the food industry. Important seed quality traits, e.g. protein and alkaloid content, vary considerably depending on environmental conditions. In this study, advanced German breeding lines of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angusufolius L.) were evaluated in 12 environments all over Germany to determine environmental stability and heritability of important agronomic and nutrient traits and to identify environmentally stable genotypes for these traits. Heritability was high for all analysed traits (h(2) > 50%), especially for seed alkaloids (h(2) = 95.2%) and thousand seed weight (h(2) = 94.5%). Out of the genotypes tested one breeding line were identified, which combined constantly low alkaloid content with a high and stable seed protein content and yield. However, results of range and genotypic- and phenotypic coefficient of variation revealed a low genetic diversity within the tested breeding material for most of the traits, which limits the potential for improvement of lupins without broadening the gene pool in German lupin breeding. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the last decades procedures for obtaining protein isolates and concentrates derived from narrow-leafed lupins (L. angustifolius) for human nutrition have been developed. Since this processes starts with defatting of seeds, lupin oil is obtained in large quantities. Therefore, 50 genotypes of L. angustifolius were analysed regarding the fatty acid (FA) composition of seed oil and the environmental stability of fatty acid contents in order to get information on the application of lupin oil in the food industry. The results revealed an n-3/n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acid ratio of 0.13. Furthermore, the seed oil of L. angustifolius contains rather high amounts of saturated FAs (22%). Significant genotypic differences and a high heritability (h(2)>85%) for the content of all fatty acids are suggesting that the potential for genetic improvement of fatty acid composition by breeding is given. However, coefficients of variation below 10% for all considered traits point out that a rapid improvement in seed oil quality will be hindered by the narrow genetic base of the breeding material tested.

Increasing nutrient use efficiency is an important aspect in sustainable plant production in order to optimize the use of resources and minimize environmental pollution. Our investigations aim at the identification of genotypic differences which will allow analyzing specific components of nitrogen use efficiency in potato. In addition to characterizing a set of cultivars under field and greenhouse conditions an in vitro culture system with four different nitrogen levels was established in order to investigate if specific components of nitrogen use efficiency can be assessed under such conditions. For this purpose shoot tips were grown fixed in perforated stainless steel plates in 500 ml glas vessels with 50 ml liquid culture medium. The nitrogen levels of the media corresponded to full, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 of the original MS concentration, i.e., 60, 30, 15 and 7.5 mmol/L. Specific morphological parameters were recorded within three weeks of culture and nitrogen uptake and assimilation was analyzed. The vegetative development of plantlets proved to be differentially affected by a reduction of nitrogen in the culture medium and varied with the genotype. Furthermore, determination of nitrogen withdrawal from the culture media as well as analysis of crude protein content in shoots and roots allowed discrimination among genotypes with respect to nitrogen uptake and utilization capacity.

The rapid estimation of the amylose content in waxy barley is of particular importance in breeding new varieties with a low amylose content and in controlling the amylose content in the industrial production process, e.g. milling companies. Therefore, an amylose test measuring the quotient of the absorbance of the starch-iodine complex in the absorption maximum for amylose and for amylopectin was modifi ed and adapted for the determination in single kernels of commercial and waxy barley. To achieve this, single kernel were crushed, dissolved with 1N sodium hydroxide solution and stained with iodine-potassium iodide solution. Next, the amylose iodine and the amylopectin iodine complex were measured colorimetrically in wells of microtitre plates (96 samples). The modifi ed two-wavelength iodine binding procedure was used as a standard chemical analysis for developing a non destructive Near Infrared (NIR) method to distinguish single kernel of commercial barley and waxy barley. The calibration was calculated using the transmission spectra and the Modifi ed Partial Least Squares (MPLS)-method. Spectral transmission in a wavelength range between 900 nm and 1100 nm were measured in a cuvette holding 23 single kernels. The quality of the calibration was controlled by cross validation (coeffi cient of cross validation 1-VR = 0.936; standard error of cross validation SECV = 0.020) and a prediction (coeffi cient of prediction RSQ = 0.883; standard error of prediction SEP [C] = 0.028) in the range of R-Values between 0.63 and 0.86. Applying this calibration facilitates an unequivocal differentiation between commercial and waxy barley genotypes on the single kernel level.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of high temperatures during seed filling on the alkaloid content of narrow-leaf lupin cultivars. Six cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius were grown in field experiments under different weather conditions in four subsequent years. A high content of alkaloids was found in the seeds harvested in 2006, in which the growing season was characterized by high ambient temperatures during seed filling. A second experiment was performed in the green house at different temperatures (10, 20 and 30 degrees C) using one cultivar in 2006. This experiment confirmed the results of the field experiments as higher temperatures resulted in a higher alkaloid content of the seeds. In a third temperature stress experiment, three cultivars were grown under long day conditions at day/night temperatures of 30 degrees C/16 degrees C and 20 degrees C/16 degrees C in growth chambers in comparison with an outdoor control at mean temperatures of 15.5 degrees C. Like in the other experiments, the seed alkaloid content increased with rising temperature. From these results, it may be concluded that the seed alkaloid content is strongly influenced by the temperature during initiation of flowering up to pod ripening. This has to be taken into account e.g. in trials for cultivar release in which the alkaloid content is a knock-out criterion.

Die EU-Verordnung 1804/1999 regelt die Einbeziehung der tierischen Erzeugung in den Geltungsbereich der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2092/91 uber den okologischen Landbau und die entsprechende Kennzeichnung der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse und Lebensmittel. Danach mussen im okologischen Landbau alle Tiere nach den Grundregeln dieser Verordnung gehalten werden. Das Futter soll den ernahrungsphysiologischen Bedarf der Tiere decken und aus dem okologischen Anbau stammen. Dafur durfen bis August 2005 im begrenzten Umfang konventionelle Futtermittel zugesetzt werden, wenn eine ausschliesliche Versorgung mit Futtermitteln aus dem okologischen Anbau nicht moglich ist. Fur die Geflugelfutterung bedeutet das einen zulassigen Hochstanteil an konventionellem Futter von 20% im Jahr (max. 25% Trockenmasse am Tag). Bislang werden dafur besonders die konventionellen Komponenten Maiskleber und Kartoffeleiweis, die als Nebenprodukte bei der Starkegewinnung anfallen, eingesetzt. Vergleichbare okologische Produkte sind z. Z. nicht verfugbar. Unter diesem Aspekt ist zu klaren, ob eine ausreichende Nahrstoff- und Eiweisversorgung uber den Einsatz von 20% Getreidekeimlingen in der Futterration gewahrleistet werden kann, die damit zu 100% okologischer Herkunft ist. In einem, im Rahmen des Bundesprogramms okologischer Landbau, geforderten Projekt werden alle nachfolgend aufgefuhrten Parameter analysiert. Proteine, Starken, Nichtstarkepolysaccharide, Zucker und Fette als wertgebende Inhaltsstoffe sowie Auswuchs, Pilzbefall und Mykotoxine als dominierende Schadfaktoren in Getreide stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Ziel ist es, Kriterien fur die optimale Prozessfuhrung der Keimung und eine hohe Produktqualitat der Keimlinge zu sichern, um eine hochwertige Futterkomponente aus dem okologischen Landbau fur die Tierernahrung bereitzustellen.

Lupines will be provided as feeding stuff with high quality for the organic farming. Therefore breeding selection of lupines and a complex quality analysis are necessary. In addition to agronomical characteristics quality parameters are estimated, such as protein content, amino acid composition, fat, fatty acid composition, starch and sugar as well as antinutritive substances (non-starch polysaccharides and alkaloides). On the basis of determined data, NIR/NIT-calibrations are developed as breeding relevant methods. The project serves to both opening up and use of genetic resources and breeding of lupines suitable for ecological cultivation. Einleitung und Zielsetzung: Durch die Züchtung von bitterstoffarmen Sorten und durch deutlich höhere Rohproteinerträge gegenüber den Erbsen und Ackerbohnen können Lupinen einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Schließung von Versorgungslücken beim Einsatz von ökologi- schen Futtermitteln in der Tierernährung leisten. Im Sortenvergleich zwischen Weißen, Blauen und Gelben Lupinen wurde bei den Blauen Lupinen eine deutlich geringere Anfälligkeit gegenüber der Anthracnose- Krankheit (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) gefunden (FRICK et al., 2002). In einem 2-jährigen Versuch werden zur komplexen Charakterisierung des Zuchtmate- rials auf 3 ökologischen Standorten Sorten und Stämme geprüft. Die Untersuchungen umfassen Proteingehalt und Proteinqualitäten, Fettgehalt und Fettsäurespektren sowie Stärkegehalt, Zuckergehalt und Zuckerzusammensetzung. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Bestimmung des Gehaltes an antinutritiven Substanzen (Nichtstärkepolysaccharide, Alkaloide). Die ermittelten Daten werden zur Einschätzung der Sorten und des Zuchtmaterials verwendet und dienen gleichzeitig zur Entwicklung von schnellen Methoden (NIR/NIT) für weitere Züchtungsarbeiten. Im folgenden Beitrag sollen erste Ergebnisse zu Erträgen, Proteingehalten und Pro- teinqualitäten aus dem Anbauversuch 2004 vorgestellt werden.