The international demand for shrimp from Bangladesh exhibits a Telecoupled system. Semi-intensive to intensive shrimp farming has changed vast coastal areas into saline zones by altering land use and land cover. While shrimp cultivation significantly contributes to foreign exchange earnings, it also leads to various social and environmental impacts that affect planetary health. This study sees shrimp farming as a result of these Telecoupled dynamics. It uses a mixed-methods approach, combining both primary and secondary data to examine its effects on planetary health in Bangladesh's southwestern coastal areas. The findings reveal several important health and social issues associated with shrimp farming. These include (i) scarcity of drinking and household water, (ii) infectious diseases, (iii) non-infectious diseases, (iv) food and nutritional insecurity, (v) antimicrobial resistance and chemical contamination, (vi) mental pressure, (vii) disaster-related health vulnerability, (viii) social conflict, (ix) healthcare inequality, and (x) rural-urban migration. This analysis enhances our understanding of the complex interactions between humans and nature in shrimp farming systems and their evolving impacts on planetary health in southwestern coastal Bangladesh. The study stresses the urgent need for integrated, ecosystem-based agricultural practices to find a balance between economic benefits and sustainable health and environmental outcomes.

Introduction: Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, and its impact on human health is a growing concern. The intricate interplay of various factors makes it challenging to accurately predict and understand the implications of climate change on human well-being. Conventional methodologies have limitations in comprehensively addressing the complexity and nonlinearity inherent in the relationships between climate change and health outcomes. Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to develop a robust theoretical framework that can effectively analyze and interpret the intricate web of variables influencing the human health impacts of climate change. By doing so, we aim to overcome the limitations of conventional approaches and provide a more nuanced understanding of the complex relationships involved. Furthermore, we seek to explore practical applications of this theoretical framework to enhance our ability to predict, mitigate, and adapt to the diverse health challenges posed by a changing climate. Methods: Addressing the challenges outlined in the objectives, this study introduces the Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) framework, acknowledging its significance in capturing the nuanced dynamics of health effects linked to climate change. The research utilizes a blend of field observations, expert interviews, key informant interviews, and an extensive literature review to shape the development of the CAS framework. Results and discussion: The proposed CAS framework categorizes findings into six key sub-systems: ecological services, extreme weather, infectious diseases, food security, disaster risk management, and clinical public health. The study employs agent-based modeling, using causal loop diagrams (CLDs) tailored for each CAS sub-system. A set of identified variables is incorporated into predictive modeling to enhance the understanding of health outcomes within the CAS framework. Through a combination of theoretical development and practical application, this paper aspires to contribute valuable insights to the interdisciplinary field of climate change and health. Integrating agent-based modeling and CLDs enhances the predictive capabilities required for effective health outcome analysis in the context of climate change. Conclusion: This paper serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and public health professionals by employing a CAS framework to understand and assess the complex network of health impacts associated with climate change. It offers insights into effective strategies for safeguarding human health amidst current and future climate challenges.

The interconnectedness between humans and ecosystems highlights the need to protect ecosystems for the well-being of humans and the environment. This has led to the emergence of holistic and interdisciplinary concepts like Planetary Health, One Health, and EcoHealth. There is a growing interest in the differences and implementation of these concepts, including their founders, fundamental questions answered, focus, global distribution of studies, and alignment. This study addresses these issues to facilitate coordinated health interventions for people and ecosystems. Using electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest) and conducting a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this paper compares the concepts of Planetary Health, One Health, and EcoHealth, providing a comprehensive overview of the findings and insights by examining each field's advocacy, conceptual application, and implementation levels and exploring the contributions of influential individuals and organizations. The results highlight each concept's global relation to applicability, challenges, and opportunities for further advancement. The study concludes by emphasizing the shared goals and interconnections among these fields in addressing complex health issues at the nexus of human health, environmental health, and ecosystem well-being.

Sea level rise-induced salinity encroachment is causing various community-level planetary health impacts in coastal areas worldwide. The coastal area of Bangladesh is no exception. Driven by sea level rise, coastal Bangladesh's salinity is amplified by other factors such as shrimp cultivation, reduction of transboundary river flow in the dry season, mismanagement of the embankment, and frequent cyclone-related storm surges. Due to the salinity encroachment in this region, water and soil salinity is increasing, resulting in multiple planetary health impacts. Based on twenty years of field observation and an extensive literature review, these health impacts can be categorized as (i) primary health consequences (communicable and non-communicable diseases; scarcity of potable water), (ii) secondary health consequences (food and nutrition security; migration and related health impacts) and (iii) tertiary health consequences (adaptation-related emerging diseases; disaster-related health vulnerability). By exploring these multidimensional health impacts and associated factors of salinity, a collective intelligence-based framework to address the health impacts is described in this paper. Collective intelligence can be a valuable technique to engage multiple stakeholders in sharing and gathering data, and to facilitate the modeling of the health impacts of salinity. Collective intelligence can also help indicate appropriate interventions to address the planetary health impacts of increasing salinity.

Foodborne zoonotic diseases and pathogens related to climate change are of considerable concern for public health because they have impacts on food systems at the production, transportation, processing, storage, preparation and consumption levels. These impacts all can stand in the way of sustainable socioeconomic development and progress. Various multidimensional variables associated with the diseases and pathogens can be categorized in six subsystems: (i) ecological degradation, (ii) extreme weather events, (iii) supply chain management, (iv) food safety, (v) disaster management and (vi) public health policy. The variables related to these categories interact in a nonlinear way in complex adaptive systems. Various multidimensional variables, data management systems and advanced methods are required to model this complex issue. Hence, a model based on complex adaptive systems and blockchain technology-enabled agent-based modeling is proposed in this paper in order to assess the public health impact of foodborne zoonotic diseases and pathogens related to climate change. This model can be useful for identifying the risks and vulnerabilities related to the diseases and pathogens present in food systems.

COVID-19 can be characterized as an outcome of degraded planetary health drivers in complex systems and has wide-reaching implications in social, economic and environmental realms. To understand the drivers of planetary health that have influences of emergence and spread of COVID-19 and their implications for sustainability systems thinking and a narrative literature review are deployed. In particular, sixteen planetary health drivers are identified, i.e., population growth, climate change, agricultural intensification, urbanization, land use and land cover change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, globalization, wildlife trade, wet markets, non-planetary health diet, antimicrobial resistance, air pollution, water stress, poverty and weak governance. The implications of COVID-19 for planetary health are grouped in six categories: social, economic, environmental, technological, political, and public health. The implications for planetary health are then judged to see the impacts with respect to sustainable development goals (SDGs). The paper indicates that sustainable development goals are being hampered due to the planetary health implications of COVID-19.

A planetary health perspective views human health as a function of the interdependent relationship between human systems and the natural systems in which we live. The planetary health impacts of climate change induced ocean biodiversity loss are little understood. Based on a systematic literature review, we summarize how climate change-induced ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation affect ocean biodiversity and their resulting planetary health impacts. These impacts on the planets’ natural and human systems include biospheric and human consequences for ecosystem services, food and nutrition security, human livelihoods, biomedical and pharmaceutical research, disaster risk management, and for organisms pathogenic to humans. Understanding the causes and effects of climate change impacts on the ocean and its biodiversity and planetary health is crucial for taking preventive, restorative and sustainable actions to ensure ocean biodiversity and its services. Future courses of action to mitigate climate change-related ocean biodiversity loss to support sound planetary health are discussed.

The scale and rate of slow-onset events (SOEs) have increased around the world due to the impacts of climate change. Various studies worldwide show that SOEs are having and will have slow but multidimensional cascading effects in the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of current and future sustainability across many regions. The impacts of these events will jeopardize the current initiatives meant to fulfill the United understanding the influences of SOEs on future sustainability is crucial for holistically addressing social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Keeping this as an objective, this paper investigates the effects of SOEs on SDGs and future sustainability issues through a narrative literature review. The findings reveal that SOEs, if not tackled from a systems point of view, will hamper all the efforts being initiated worldwide. Hence, the links between SOEs and future sustainability must be captured and understood by researchers and policymakers to ensure future sustainability.

Land is a vital natural resource for human socio‐ecological wellbeing. Around the world, land is being degraded due to various natural and anthropogenic factors such as flooding, wind erosion, agriculture and human settlement, and anthropogenic climate change. While significant research has been conducted on the separate dyads of: (1) anthropogenic climate change and land degradation and (2) land degradation and health, limited consideration has been given to the cause‐and‐effect relationships between anthropogenic climate change‐triggered land degradation and planetary health consequences. Using a systematic literature review and the driving force, pressure, state, exposure, effect (DPSEE) framework, this study synthesizes the complex causal relationships of anthropogenic climate change‐triggered land degradation and its planetary health consequences. Our findings demonstrate that anthropogenic climate change has induced and accelerated natural and anthropogenic land degradation through an array of pathways, resulting in planetary health consequences that can be grouped into six categories: (1) food and nutritional insecurity, (2) communicable and noncommunicable diseases, (3) livelihood insecurity, (4) physical and mental health, (5) health hazards related to extreme weather events, and (6) migration and conflict. Interlinkages exist between these six planetary health impact categories, adding to the complexity of the causal pathways. These collective impacts are hampering the realization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals around the world. The findings of this study and our DPSEE framework can help policymakers identify and integrate actions to better manage the planetary health impacts of climate change‐induced land degradation.

The association of melting Himalayan glaciers and planetary health is complex. Climate change has accelerated the melting of Himalayan glaciers, with profound impacts on the planetary health realms of the Himalayan region and that now threaten hundreds of millions of people. Using a complex adaptive systems framework based on a systematic literature review, this complexity has been captured and mapped in nine subsystem categories: ecological services, disaster, water security, food security, energy security, livelihood and culture, migration, conflict and public health. This mapping helps to explain linkages between melting glaciers and associated planetary health issues, which can be helpful in planning for better planetary health.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the organ phosphorus compound, quinalphos (Q) by (hydr) oxides was studied at pH 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0, and at 25oC. FeOOH and Al(OH)3 were the used solids for this research. Catalysis of quinalphos was followed by determining the disappearance of Q and the appearance of 2-hydroxyquinoxaline (HQ) product in the absence and presence of (hydr) oxides using HPLC with UV detector. Under these conditions, both hydroxides (FeOOH and Al(OH)3) have catalyzed the hydrolysis of quinalphos. In this study, FeOOH was found to be the best catalyst at the used pHs. It is apparent that at pH 10.0, Kobs for disappearance of Q is almost equal to that for the appearance of HQ, which indicates that hydrolysis of Q at pH 10.0 follows SN2 (P) pathway. On the other hand, at pH 4.0 and 7.0, hydrolysis of Q may have followed two pathways, SN2 (P) and SN2 (C), as Kobs for producing HQ is smaller than that for loss of Q.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh has put agri-food systems and resultant human health under serious pressure and this has thus become a priority concern for the country and its development partners. To understand, describe and analyse the impacts of COVID-19 on agri-food systems, human health issues and related SDGs, this study used systematic rapid literature review, analysis of blogs and news and engagement with key informants. The analysis reveals impacts that can be addressed through a set of recommendations for a coordinated effort to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on agri-food systems and related health issues in Bangladesh.

The sustainability of agricultural systems is of paramount concern in order to ensure the survival and wellbeing of humans throughout the world. Sustainability is a complex issue involving multiple factors that fit broadly within economic, social and environmental areas. Given its complexity, this paper examines the question of how sustainability can be assessed in a way that gives a holistic picture of the separate and interrelated factors. The paper then presents a literature review, field experience and the use of complex adaptive systems to identify the issues and concerns that need to be addressed during agricultural sustainability assessment and categorizes them into in seven groups: integration of capitals; maintaining resilience, adaptation and transformation; ensuring system performance; involving stakeholders; mixing interdisciplinary views; integration of scales; and practicing good governance. Based on these issues and concerns, a set of indicators are suggested that will assist with holistic agricultural sustainability assessment in a given area.

Increased surface temperature is one of the major reasons for reduced crop productivity in many parts of the world. Response to elevated temperature varies among crop species—a certain threshold temperature has been determined for each crop above which it suffers yield losses. Thus, some crop species, e.g. summer crops (cotton, rice, sorghum), are considered relatively more tolerant to high temperature than winter crops (wheat, barley, chickpeas, faba bean). Heat-induced yield penalties in crops are the result of inhibited vegetative growth or impaired reproductive development. High temperature can cause cellular injury, leading to catastrophic collapse of cellular organization and functioning and ultimately, growth inhibition. Similarly, reproductive structures, especially pollen are highly sensitive to elevated temperatures and a heat shock event at reproductive phase impairs fertilisation and consequently increases fruit or seed abortion. Tolerance to high temperature is associated with a range of physiological and morphological adaptations in plants. For example, plants can tolerate heat-induced damage through foliar orientation, stomatal regulation and stimulation of antioxidative defence systems. These adaptive mechanisms are regulated by stress responsive genes, encoding for specific proteins, e.g. heat shock proteins, which enable plants to survive under extreme environments. This chapter discusses various adaptive, avoidance and acclimation U. Najeeb (*) Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia e-mail: n.ullah@uq.edu.au D. K. Y. Tan The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia M. Sarwar Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan S. Ali Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Composite indicators for six key categories of agricultural sustainability are utilized within a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) structure to assess and compare the sustainability of different agricultural systems. Individual indicators - productivity, stability, efficiency, durability, compatibility and equity - were used to develop composite indicators. In this research, the major steps used to obtain the aggregated indicators and assess sustainability are: define sustainability; recognize sustainability issues; identify indicators; categorize sustainability; measure indicator values to develop composite indicators; give weighting to the categories of sustainability; aggregate composite indicators; and compare the sustainability of different agricultural systems. Using composite indicators, an MCDA structure is employed to evaluate and rank the agricultural systems of southwest coastal Bangladesh in terms of the level of agricultural sustainability of each one. The case study demonstrates that this MCDA approach has the potential to become a useful framework for agricultural sustainability assessment.

Indicators for energy-use efficiency and levels of CO2 emissions were used to evaluate and compare a range of agricultural systems in coastal Bangladesh in order to identify the most energy efficient system. Using data collected by the authors, five different food production systems involving both agriculture and aquaculture in the coastal area of Bangladesh were studied. In particular, Bagda (shrimp), Bagda-rice, rice, Galda (prawn)-rice vegetable, and traditional practice-based agricultural systems were thoroughly investigated. The findings revealed that the Galda (prawn)-rice-vegetable-based integrated agricultural system was the most energy-efficient system and released less CO2 than the other four systems.

This chapter explores how gases distribute themselves between air and water and how the properties of water change accordingly. It cites Henry's law for simple gases, such as oxygen or nitrogen, that do not react with water and considers the specific case of carbon dioxide, which is a gas that reacts with water and creates a more complex equilibrium system. It also demonstrates how to define alkalinity and acid neutralization capacity and their relation to environmental issues. The chapter refers to gases and other volatile compounds whose vapours may be present at low concentration in the atmosphere. It provides a quantitative description of the distribution of gases between air and water, which depends on the substance's vapour pressure, solubility, and ability to react with water and other components in the hydrosphere.

This chapter defines the universe as consisting of a system and its surroundings, where the system is the portion of the universe that is under direct investigation while the surroundings comprise everything beyond the system. To illustrate, it applies this concept of the universe in considering an industrial chemical process, such as the production of the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP). In this context, what happens in the factory is the system whereas the impact of the industrial process outside the factory would concern the surroundings. The chapter also examines mechanisms by which chemicals, such as dioxins, enter a living organism, the biochemical transformations they undergo, their molecular mode of action, and their elimination. The chapter explains that what goes on in the surroundings outside a system is the subject matter of environmental chemistry. It provides the chemical basis for understanding the surroundings, or the global environment.

This chapter defines the universe as consisting of a system and its surroundings, where the system is the portion of the universe that is under direct investigation while the surroundings comprise everything beyond the system. To illustrate, it applies this concept of the universe in considering an industrial chemical process, such as the production of the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP). In this context, what happens in the factory is the system whereas the impact of the industrial process outside the factory would concern the surroundings. The chapter also examines mechanisms by which chemicals, such as dioxins, enter a living organism, the biochemical transformations they undergo, their molecular mode of action, and their elimination. The chapter explains that what goes on in the surroundings outside a system is the subject matter of environmental chemistry. It provides the chemical basis for understanding the surroundings, or the global environment.