This short essay considers the cultural and historical context of Lionel Trilling's unfinished, unpublished novel in response to Michael Kalisch's essay for this issue. Written in the 1940s, The Journey Abandoned (editor's title) reprises Trilling's preoccupations in The Liberal Imagination with anti-Stalinist liberalism and Cold War modernism and emphasizes the importance of American literature to Trilling at the beginning of his career as both a critic and a novelist. Trilling championed those writers-and created fictional characters-whose thinking affirmed and resisted the status quo. The dynamism of dialectical thinking that enlivened his essays also echoed the pluralist model of consensus liberalism, in which multitude conflicts were in continual negotiation. In concluding, the essay suggests that the unfinished novel, perpetually open to interpretation, is an apt tribute to Trilling's signature mode of thought.Ambitious and having to make his way professionally (he had just become an assistant professor in 1939), Trilling saw American literature as a vehicle of upward mobility for himself, just as it was for Vincent.

This paper examines the voluntary aspect of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) in Ireland by modelling the type of farmer who chose to participate in the agri-environment programme from 1995 to 2010. The impact of changing scheme payment rates and organic nitrogen restrictions on scheme uptake are also examined. In order to examine some of the heterogeneity of variable influence on participation across the different phases of REPS, separate models for each of the four phases were ran (one for a reference year in each phase). Results from the random effects model show that the type of farmer who was most likely to participate in REPS over time had an extensive farm system, low income and spent more hours working on-farm than their non-REPS counterparts. Single year logit model results were compared to the random effects panel logit model for the entire sample period. The results suggest that the individual year models do a better job in demonstrating how farmers responded to contractual changes in the scheme over time (in terms of their participation decision) compared to the panel model. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As demands on the environment and associated ecosystem services increase, the need for a more integrated approach to managing the exploitation of these natural resources also increases. This is particularly true for the alternative types of water bodies such as a sea, river and/or a lake. The purpose of this paper is to explore the preferences of residents in the Republic of Ireland for a number of ecosystem services provided by Irish water bodies. In particular the paper examines whether, and how, preferences for the same ecosystem services differ when the public is asked to consider the alternative water body types (sea, river and lake). This is relevant as the ecosystem services' economic benefits are not necessarily uniform across water bodies, a factor that has not been explored in detail previously.

Understanding what influences farmers’ decisions to participate in a voluntary agri-environmental scheme (AES) is essential for gauging scheme success. The Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) was a voluntary AES that was available to all Irish farmers from 1994 to 2009. This paper models the participation decision of Irish farmers in REPS using a 15-year panel dataset. The approach taken is novel: actual values for gross outputs, direct costs and working hours are compared to simulated counterfactual values using a conditional logit framework. Model results show that Irish farmers behave rationally by maximising utility from both consumption and leisure but that their preferences differ by region and over time. In addition, the participation functions of viable and non-viable farmers are dissimilar in a number of ways. Policy makers may therefore need to target both groups of farmers using separate schemes in the future.

As demands on the environment and associated ecosystem services increase, the need for a more integrated approach to managing the exploitation of these natural resources also increases. This is particularly true for the alternative types of water bodies such as a sea, river and/or a lake. The purpose of this paper is to explore the preferences of residents in the Republic of Ireland for a number of ecosystem services provided by Irish water bodies. In particular the paper examines whether, and how, preferences for the same ecosystem services differ when the public is asked to consider the alternative water body types (sea, river and lake). This is relevant as the ecosystem services’ economic benefits are not necessarily uniform across water bodies, a factor that has not been explored in detail previously.

The Republic of Ireland is an island situated in north-west Europe inhabited by 4.6 million people, with 2.8% between 0 and 4 years of age with a disability (Central Statistics Office, 2012). The Irish Government funds the Irish health services, which, in turn, directly and indirectly funds disability services. Education and Disability legislation have developed in parallel, with an apparent increasing congruence with both moving toward a rights-based approach. Today, early intervention disability services are delivered by both statutory and nongovernmental agencies with wide variation and no national consistency in service provision. Some components of the Developmental Systems Approach can be discerned in Irish service provision, and these include screening, access, comprehensive interdisciplinary assessment, and early childhood programs. However, assessment of families, development and implementation, monitoring and outcome evaluation, and transition planning are not as identifiable. Guided by legislation and organizational restructuring, early intervention provision in Ireland is in a state of flux with an emphasis on developing national uniformity of family-centered early intervention services.

G. Murphy, PhD Thesis ii joined the latter phases of the scheme, whereas the removal of restrictions on organic nitrogen production did. A difficulty associated with the estimation of AES participation decisions using data for actual participants and non-participants is that the final model suffers from sample selection bias. The first objective of the second paper in this thesis is to address the problem of sample selection bias by estimating farmers’ participation functions using actual and counterfactual choice data for all Irish farmers from 1995 to 2010. REPS was universally available to every farmer in Ireland from 1994 to 2009. To be deemed effective, REPS should have ideally attracted as many farmers as possible to the scheme by offering them sufficient, but not too generous, compensation rates for the perceived opportunity costs of joining. A phenomenon in Irish agriculture is that many individuals continue to farm despite their farms being commercially non-viable (Hynes and Hennessy, 2012). Given the difference between viable and non-viable farmers, they are expected to view the REPS participation decision differently. The second objective of the second paper in this thesis is to estimate separate REPS participation functions for viable and non-viable Irish farmers to investigate whether they perceived the choice in the same way. These objectives are met using conditional logit models. The REPS participation functions estimated in the second paper are in agreement with economic theory. Results show that viable and non-viable farmers perceived the REPS participation decision differently. This implies that by attempting to appeal to a heterogeneous population using just one contract, the effectiveness of REPS was reduced. Each participant in REPS was given an individual farm management plan, meaning farmers’ input into how scheme measures were implemented on their holdings was permitted. The final paper of the thesis investigates how this impacted on the likelihood that farm habitats were assigned to the correct management options, called biodiversity undertakings (BUs), on their farms. To achieve this goal, habitat types are, firstly, assigned to their ideal BUs with the help of ecological experts. Secondly, two multinomial logits are used to estimate how farmers actually assigned the habitats on their farms to BUs. The first model looks at farmers’ BU decisions conditional on their joining REPS while the second includes an Inverse Mills Ratio (IMR) to capture the effect of participation on BU choice. Abstract. G. Murphy, PhD Thesis G. Murphy, PhD Thesis iii The modelling of the relationship between farm habitat and BU assignment under REPS in the third paper is made possible with the use of new data on farmland habitats, which are geolinked to NFS data for 2007. Use was also made of an additional survey taken at this time on the BU choices made by REPS farmers in the NFS. Finally, a comparison between the optimal choices farmers should have made and their actual choices is carried out. The main finding of this study is that farmers did not make optimal choices for the habitats on their farms although, interestingly, the appropriateness of their choices varies across habitats. Consequently, the findings from this paper show that allowing farmers (and their advisors) a role in how scheme measures were implemented on their farms resulted in a decrease in the effectiveness of the scheme.

Farmers participating in agri-environmental schemes (AESs) that are aimed at protecting biodiversity should ideally make decisions relating to the ecological management of their farms based on the habitat types found on their farms. In reality, a variety of economic, demographic, farm and farmer characteristics influence all the management decisions made by farmers, including those relating to AESs. In Ireland, the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) requires that farmers choose at least 2 biodiversity undertakings (BUs) from a menu as part of their AES contract. Using a multinomial logit model, the likelihood of farmers choosing different BUs was estimated using data from the 2007 National Farm Survey as a function of georeferenced habitat data. A comparison was then made between the probable selection of BUs with what would be considered the optimal selection from an ecological perspective. The results indicate that farmers' most likely choices of BUs only sometimes equates with the optimal ecological choices. This highlights deficiencies in the design of REPS, knowledge of which is very timely, given the imminent replacement of REPS by a new AES.

This paper modelled the participation decision of Irish farmers in an agri-environmental scheme. It also uses the sub sample of farmers in the National Farm Survey actively participating in the scheme in 2007 to model the various biodiversity options undertaken as a function of farmer demographic characteristics, farm characteristic and habitat variables. The results of the analysis demonstrate that younger, married farmers with larger farms are more likely to participate in REPS and that the voluntary aspect of REPS can mean that not all habitat types are equally likely to be covered by the scheme. Farmers with internationally important habitats on their farm, like intact peatlands or semi-natural grasslands are more likely to participate in REPS. However, there is evidence to suggest that these farmers are choosing to participate in REPS because they view their land as having low economic value rather than having high ecological value. Farmers with water or wetland and forest are less likely to participate in REPS, which indicates that some important ecosystems may not be included in the scheme. The 1 biodiversity options undertaken by the farmers are found to facilitate the management of the system of farming on the holing rather than the type of habitats on the land.

This paper was written by the Making A Difference Today (MAD2DAY) Group, which is a group of young people who came together over the past 24 months in order to support the participation and involvement of young people in the Western Area Children's Services Plan. This group, supported and mandated by the Western Area Children and Young People's Committee, has been based on the core principle of peer-led involvement in planning, and has recently hosted the ‘Are you Serious?’ Conference held at the Broomhill Hotel in Londonderry on 30 June 2003, at which some 120 young people representing organisations throughout the Western Area came together to give their views of the services available to them. The paper was delivered to the ‘Think Global — Act Local’ Conference held in Ballymena on 29 November 2002 to launch the four Children's Services Plans for Northern Ireland by Fiona Mullin, and to the ‘Child Care in Practice’ AGM at the in Belfast on 29 May 2003 by Stieneke Willis. It addresses the experience of the young people in MAD2DAY, and sets out a number of challenges that need to be taken up in order to create the conditions that will enable the views and experiences of young people to be incorporated into the planning process.

OBJECTIVES:The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, cortisol and androgens in response to ACTH and angiotensin II. To define the differential response of morphologically distinct cells of the adrenal cortex, we examined the phenotypical and functional characteristics of human adrenocortical cells.RESULTS:Tumour growth factor-beta receptor-1 (TGFbeta-R1) and CYP-11 were found to be expressed predominantly in the zona fasciculata, whereas human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) and CYP-17 were localised to the zona reticularis. The angiotensin II receptor, AT-1, was found to be predominantly expressed in the zona glomerulosa. Adrenocortical cells, separated by density, yielded two distinct fractions which displayed differential growth patterns. Lipid-rich cells of fraction I expressed TGFbeta-R1 and produced significantly more cortisol relative to androstenedione than unseparated or fraction II cells, whereas lipid-poor cells of fraction II expressed HLA-DR and produced more androstenedione relative to cortisol in the presence of ACTH. Aldosterone production by fraction II was significantly greater than fraction I or unseparated cells. TGFbeta-R1-positive fasciculata-type cells separated into fraction I and HLA-DR-positive cells consistent with reticularis cells separated into fraction II. Aldosterone-producing cells indicative of glomerulosa cells separated into fraction II.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings are consistent with the concept that all adrenocortical cells are capable of producing a range of steroids, but the relative production of cortisol, androgen and aldosterone differs.

The mechanism of protective immunity against Bordetella pertussis generated following recovery from whooping cough in childhood has not yet been elucidated, Studies with a murine respiratory infection model have indicated that cellular immunity, mediated by Th1 cells, plays a role in the clearance of a primary infection with B. pertussis and in protection against subsequent challenge, In the present study, the induction of B. pertussis-specific Th cell subsets in children was examined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B. pertussis-infected or convalescent children proliferated and secreted cytokines following antigen stimulation in vitro. In contrast, responses were weak or undetectable in the majority of children who had not been infected or vaccinated, in all cases, responding T cells produced interferon-gamma but low or undetectable interleukin-5. The findings suggest that Th1 cells may play a role in protective immunity generated following infection with B. pertussis in children.

Subversive Anti-Stalinism: Race and Sexuality in the Early Essays of James Baldwin Geraldine Murphy The value of James Baldwin’s stock in the literary critical market, like Ralph Ellison’s, rose with the political fortunes of racial integration in the postwar period. “Everybody’s Protest Novel,” Baldwin’s well-known attack on Harriet Beecher Stowe and Richard Wright, represents an African American contribution to the larger postwar effort to repress the cultural and political legacy of the Red Decade. Baldwin’s rejection of the protest tradition of American literature is consistent with the discourse of Cold War liberalism associated with the anti-Stalinist intellectuals of Partisan Review, yet as a gay African American—or, in postwar parlance, a Negro and a homosexual—Baldwin had little stake in the domestic arrangements of pax Americana. He thus employed end-of-ideology rhetoric to other ends besides the cultural erasure of Communism, namely, the extention of liberal subjectivity to blacks and gays. Through what seems today like a withdrawal from political engagement, Baldwin carried on the struggle for equal rights, not “by any means necessary” but by means that seemed most promising to him and other black writers during the early years of the Cold War. In a recent reassessment of Wright, Houston Baker cites Baldwin’s essays on Native Son as “paradigm instances” of traditional bourgeois aesthetics in their dismissal of the “merely” social in favor of individuality and their celebration of a transcendent sphere of Art. 1 Baker is right about the liberal-humanist inscriptions of “Everybody’s Protest Novel” and “Many Thousands Gone,” but bourgeois aesthetics covers a wide territory; the specific Cold War context of Baldwin’s critique of Wright must be taken into account in order fully to understand Baldwin’s liberal aesthetics. In the wake of World War II and the Holocaust as well as a series of betrayals by the Communist Party culminating in the “iron curtain” across Eastern Europe, liberal intellectuals “abandoned many traditional liberal tenets . . . replacing them with a chastened and, in their view, ‘realistic’ philosophy which stressed man’s sinfulness, the seeming inevitability of [End Page 1021] conflict among nations, and the dangers of democratic rule.” 2 The old left’s faith in progress was equated with a dangerous utopian innocence, and solidarity shaded into a dark surrender of individual consciousness to the totalitarian state. Among those redefining liberalism in the postwar era were the disillusioned former leftists later known as the New York Intellectuals. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.’s The Vital Center (1949) and Lionel Trilling’s The Liberal Imagination (1950) provide valuable guides to their rapprochement with the welfare state and their hostility to the political and cultural left. Published the same year as “Everybody’s Protest Novel,” The Vital Center describes a politics of consensus in which moderate liberals and conservatives join forces against the extremes of Communism on the left and fascism on the right. Schlesinger and company traded a Marxian model of society, where the bourgeoisie and proletariat were locked in decisive struggle, for a pluralist model, in which a complex web of tensions were continually being negotiated—pragmatically, non-ideologically—by responsible leaders in government, business, unions, and so forth. Although it bred “contradiction” and “strife,” conflict must be entertained rather than suppressed because it was “the guarantee of freedom.” 3 In effect, the one big dialectic was dropped in favor of a multitude of little dialectics. The New York Intellectuals never really conceded the vocabulary of the left, its embattled stance, or its moral high ground; throughout The Vital Center, in fact, Schlesinger keeps referring to the “new radicalism,” not the new liberalism. The pluralist model, however, with its intricate network of conflicts dispersing power and providing a “natural” system of checks and balances, ultimately insured stability rather than revolution. It permitted former leftists, in an age of nuclear stalemate, to fetishize struggle and agonize over the burdens of “freedom” without any messy social consequences. Trilling’s contribution to the discourse of anti-Stalinist liberalism was to shift the pluralist drama of multiple dialectics to the individual psyche. Throughout the forties and fifties, Trilling would refer to Keats’s “negative capability” and Montaigne’s approbative “ondoyant...

Journal Article The Politics of Reading Billy Budd Get access Geraldine Murphy Geraldine Murphy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Literary History, Volume 1, Issue 2, Summer 1989, Pages 361–382, https://doi.org/10.1093/alh/1.2.361 Published: 01 July 1989

-0.0062(0.0005)*** Farmers' income -0.0023(0.0005)*** Farmer has off farm job -0.5583(0.0224)*** Farmer has off farm job -0.4556(0.0195)*** Farmers' age 0.0022(0.0006)*** Farmers' age -0.0096(0.0006)*** Farmer has children -0.0813(0.0244)*** Farmer has children 0.0315(0.0224) Farmer is married -0.0522(0.0278)* Farmer is married -0.2006(0.0251)*** Percentage of unfarmed land -0.0279(0.0017)*** Percentage of unfarmed land -0.0159(0.0012)*** Best soil type -0.3855(0.0254)*** Best soil type -0.0357(0.0226) Dairy other -0.6973(0.0461)*** Dairy other -0.1950(0.0456)*** Cattle -0.5601(0.0373)*** Cattle 0.5311(0.0343)*** Cattle other -0.4904(0.0343)*** Cattle other 0.0581(0.0336)* Tillage -1.1001(0.0563)*** Tillage 0.4337(0.0424)***