Two new species, Tetralicia sawyeri n. sp. and Aleuroplatus martini n. sp. found on avocado (Persea americana) trees in Peru are described and illustrated. The synonymy of Aleuropleurocelus Drews & Sampson, 1956 n. syn. with Tetralicia Harrison, 1917 is proposed and a review and an illustrated key to the 39 species of Tetralicia of the world based on characteristics of the puparia is provided. Thirty-three species are transferred from Aleuropleurocelus to Tetralicia. A lectotype is designated for Aleurodes abnormis Quaintance, 1900. Aleurotrachelus gratiosus Bondar, 1923 is transferred to the genus Aleuroplatus. Paracarniella mexicana (Distant) and Adparaproba cf. yungensis Carvalho (Hemiptera: Miridae) are recorded for the first time in Peru and are important predators of both new whitefly species. Other natural enemies of these whiteflies found in the study include predatory species: Nephaspis isabelae González (Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla sp., Ceraeochrysa sp. (Chrysopidae) and Gasteracantha cancriformis L. (Araneidae) as well as Encarsia brasiliensis Hempel, a common whitefly parasitoid in the Neotropics. A key to the New World genera of whiteflies similar to Aleuroplatus and Tetralicia is provided.

A new genus and species of fossil whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and a psyllid (Psyllidae) were discovered in the Hindon Maar Complex, a Fossil-Lagerstätte within the Dunedin Volcanic Group in Otago, South Island of New Zealand. These represent the first fossil records of these sternorrhynchan families (Hemiptera) from New Zealand. Miotetraleurodes novaezelandiae gen. et sp. nov., is described from specimens of puparia attached to angiosperm leaves. It is assigned to the subfamily Aleyrodinae and represents the first fossil whitefly from New Zealand and the third genus known from puparia globally. The forewing of a psyllid (Psyllidae: Hemiptera) was found in the same stratum, and represents the first fossil record of any fossil taxa of the superfamily Psylloidea in New Zealand.

Aleuroclava canangae (Corbett, 1935) was discovered on an ornamental Coleus species in Kerala, India, and represents the first occurrence of this species in India and on this plant host. The species is redescribed and illustrations of the puparium and adult males and females are provided along with morphometric data. A molecular analysis of the species using the COI gene was conducted to characterise it, determine its genetic lineage and compare it to seven other species of Aleuroclava Singh, 1931 and those of other whitefly genera. Results of the DNA analysis indicate that A. canangae forms a clade with Aleuroclava indica (Singh, 1932) which also has two pairs of very elongate, tuberculate setae which appear two-jointed because they have a wider basal part separated from a long slender apical part by a fine suture. The Aleuroclava canangae species group is established and an illustrated key is provided for the 12 species in the group, all of which were once placed in the genus Martiniella Jesudasan and David, 1990, now a synonym of Aleuroclava. The molecular analysis indicates that A. psidii (Singh, 1931), A. guyavae (Takahashi, 1932), A. montanus (Takahashi, 1939) and A. gordoniae (Takahashi, 1932) form a clade within the genus Aleuroclava and share similar morphological characters. Based on the results of the molecular and morphological analyses, Aleurothrixus trachoides (Back, 1912) is transferred back to Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back, 1912) based on its morphology and the results of the DNA analysis. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:634C8003-1755-4CB1-B351-00F83D1E5BF9

An elytra of a beetle was discovered from sediments of the Mandla Lobe Deccan Intertrappean beds of Umariya in Madhya Pradesh, India dating from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) to earliest Danian (early Paleocene). The elytra was examined with light microscopy and micro-CT and revealed a close resemblance to that of the Curculionoidea. This is the third record of a weevil found in Late Cretaceous sediments in India but represents a different taxon.

A new genus and species of fossil whitefly, Praealeurolobus indicus gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on puparia found on leaves of a malvaceous plant from the Pliocene Rajdanda Formation in Eastern India. It is the first record of whitefly puparia on leaves from the Neogene deposits of Asia and the second taxon formally named and described from such adpression fossils. The cephalothorax of some of the puparia has a large, irregularly shaped hole with jagged edges, typical of the emergence holes of parasitoids of modern-day whiteflies and represents the earliest record of parasitism on whiteflies. This finding enriches our knowledge of the fossil record of Aleyrodidae in connection with allied fossils and provides new insight into the ecological interactions of the palaeobiota and taphonomy of fossils preserved in the Pliocene Rajdanda Formation.

The whitefly Singhiella simplex (Singh) is an invasive species that has been causing damage to Ficus hedges and trees for the last decade and a half in Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. This study provides its biology, current pest status, description, dispersal potential, field key, geographical distribution, host plants, scouting techniques, species assemblage, a survey of its natural enemies, and an overview of its management plan. Singhiella simplex has been found in three states in the USA (Arizona, California, and Florida). Its current range is very limited in Arizona and California. However, it is now widely distributed throughout central and south Florida. Several natural enemies, both native and introduced, are present in the field. The parasitoid wasp Baeoentodon balios Wang, Huang, & Polaszek and the predatory beetle Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) are the most dominant among its natural enemies. This study will provide useful information to manage S. simplex effectively.

AbstractAn annotated checklist of 211 species belonging to 13 families of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccoidea) of Egypt including their common names, host plants and additional remarks is provided based on literature records and collections made by the senior author in Egypt. Four species are new to the fauna of Egypt, namelyAdiscodiaspis ericicola(Marchal),Dynaspidiotus ephedrarum(Lindinger),Rhizaspidiotus adiscusGómez-Menor Ortega (Diaspididae), andDactylopius confusus(Cockerell) (Dactylopiidae). An illustrated key to the families of scale insects of Egypt is provided.

Surveys of fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in the maize fields in Kenya, Tanzania, and Nepal revealed the occurrence of egg parasitoids, Trichogramma mwanzai in Tanzania, Trichogramma chilonis in Kenya and Nepal, and Telenomus remus in Kenya, Nepal and Tanzania.

A new genus Sinicoselis gen. nov., with new species Sinicoselis weberi gen. and sp. nov. is described from Middle-Upper Jurassic, Daohugou Bed, Inner Mongolia, China. It is the oldest representative of whiteflies placed in the subfamily Bernaeinae. Its morphological features and taxonomic position with respect to other aleyrodids from the subfamilies Bernaeinae and Udamoselinae are briefly discussed.

Two invasive whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodi-dae), Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back and Aleuro-trachelus atratus Hempel, are recorded for the first time in Tanzania. These species were found colo-nising sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) in a screenhouse at Kibaha Research Station in the Coast Region of Tanzania and a palm (Arecaceae) in Arusha, Tanzania, respectively.

A new parasitoid-host association between Davidsonaspis aguacatae (Evans, Watson & Miller) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Encarsia lounsburyi (Berlese & Paoli) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is documented, and an overview of armored scales infesting Hass avocados intercepted in Florida is given. An observation of the occurrence of crawler scales developing inside a parasitized female scale is discussed.

Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) is newly documented as occurring in the Korean fauna of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). The characters of this genus and species are redescribed based on specimens collected in Korea. In addition, four species of aphelinids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) associated with C. juniperi were collected in Korea during the survey. Of these, Aphytis japonicus DeBach and Azim and Encarsia explorata (Silvestri) are recorded for the fi rst time from C. juniperi.

Two species of Encarsia, Encarsia explorata (Silvestri) from Aulacaspis rosarum Borchsenius, A. yabunikkei Kuwana and Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (), and Encarsia lutea (Masi) from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are newly documented in the Korean fauna of aphelinids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Brief diagnostic criteria, photographs, and information on the distribution and hosts of these species are provided. Also a key to species of Encarsia from Korea is given for correct species identification.

Four species of aphelinids from Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) infesting Japanese spindle (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (Celastraceae)) leaves and twigs were collected and identified as Ablerus perspeciosus Girault, Encarsia citrina (Craw), Marietta carnesi (Howard) and Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault). Of these, Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault) is newly documented in the Korean fauna of Aphelinidae. Brief diagnostic criteria and illustrative photographs of these species are provided and there is information on the distribution and hosts of each species as well.

The density of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the percent parasitism of the nymphs were measured from specimens collected on nine species of weeds, commonly found in west central Florida during the spring and summer of 2012 and 2013. The weeds were direct seeded in 2012 and grown as transplants in 2013 for Randomized Complete Block design experiments. The leaf area of each whole-plant sample was measured and the B. tabaci density parameters were converted to numbers per 100 cm2. In June and July, 2013, whole-plant samples became too large to examine entirely, thus a representative portion of a plant totaling about 1000 cm2 was sampled. Egg and nymph densities and percent parasitism varied greatly among weed species, and were higher overall in 2012 than in 2013. The highest densities of eggs and nymphs were measured on Abutilon theophrasti, Cassia obtusifolia and Emilia fosbergii each year. Lower densities of immature B. tabaci were measured on most dates for Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens alba, Ipomoea lacunosa, Sesbania exaltata and Sida acuta. Nymph to egg ratios of 1:4 were observed on A. theophrasti and S. exaltata in 2012, while less than one nymph per ten eggs was observed overall on A. retroflexus, E. fosbergii and I. lacunosa. In 2012, parasitism rates of 32.3% were measured for B. alba, 23.4% for C. obtusifolia and 17.5% for S. acuta. Of the 206 parasitoids reared out over two seasons, 96.6% were Encarsia spp. and the remainder Eretmocerus spp. The role of weeds in managing B. tabaci is discussed.

Encarsia Forester (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species are some of the most important biological control agents of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) worldwide. The results of our studies indicate that there are 5 species of Encarsia associated with armored scale insects in Egypt: Encarsia aurantii (Howard), E. berlesei (Howard), E. citrina (Craw), E. lounsburyi (Berlese & Paoli) and E. perniciosi (Tower). The seasonal abundance of these five species was observed on four crops infested with five armored scale insect species in five governorates of Egypt in 2011 and 2012. Results indicate that E. au- rantii had the highest effective rates of parasitism on Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), reaching 40.2 and 45.2% respectively in the two years of the investigation. The comparable maximum parasitism rates for the other species were: E. citrina 33.2 and 26.4% on Parlatoria ziziphi (l ucas ), E. berlesei 28.4 and 26.4% on Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), E. lounsburyi 19.5 and 15.4% on Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and E. perniciosi 11.3 and 11.9% on Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskell). A diagnosis and a key to the species of Encarsia parasitising armored scales in Egypt is provided, along with information on the distribution and role that each species plays in the biological control of its hosts.

BACKGROUNDBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is the vector of cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) and cassava brown streak viruses (CBSVs) in Africa, which cause devastating yield losses. As a prerequisite to developing biological control methods and enhancing knowledge of the fauna of whitefly parasitoids in sub-Saharan Africa, endemic parasitoids were surveyed in the cassava-growing regions of Tanzania and analysed using both morphological and molecular methods. An attempt was made to corroborate the identification of the parasitoid species on the basis of consideration of their morphology and sequence analyses of three DNA fragments, namely partial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), the D2 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1).RESULTSEight whitefly species colonising cassava and twelve species of parasitoids were detected. A species in the Encarsia strenua group and a species in the Eretmocerus mundus group were the most common parasitoids. Molecular systematics indicated the occurrence of two new species of Eretmocerus Haldeman parasitising B. tabaci.CONCLUSIONThe accurate identification of natural enemies is an essential first step in developing effective biological control solutions for B. tabaci in Tanzania and the wider cassava-growing environments of Africa. The new data provided here represent an important contribution to this goal.

Abstract This chapter deals with potential invasive scale insect pests for the USA and the Caribbean Basin. There are approximately 7500 known species of scale insects (Coccoidea) belonging to 45 families (extant and fossil); however, the most common species, and the ones that are usually intercepted at US ports of entry on plant material, belong to one of the following eight families: Asterolecaniidae, Coccidae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Monophlebidae (formerly part of Margardodidae), Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae and Stictococcidae. Tabulated data are provided on the number of species in these families that are known worldwide, and on the number of species known to occur in the USA and in the following seven zoogeographic regions: Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Antarctica. These data were extracted from ScaleNet (2011), an online database that includes all published information on scale insect species.

Absract: Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd) ) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was reared from Pealius mori (Takahashi) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), an exotic whitefly species recently found infesting mulberry, Morus alba L. (Moraceae) in Giza, Egypt. This is the first record of E. sophia parasitizing this host species.