Five new species of Bakerius Bondar (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicinae) are described and illustrated from the Americas and Vietnam based on the adult, nymph, and pupal stages: Bakerius asiaticus, Bakerius colombianus, Bakerius hondurensis, Bakerius leei and Bakerius peruvianus. The following six species: Bakerius attenuatus Bondar 1923, Bakerius calmoni Bondar 1928, Bakerius marmoratus (Hempel 1923), Bakerius phrygilanthi Bondar 1923, Bakerius sanguineus Bondar 1928, and Bakerius sublatus Bondar 1928 are re-described. An identification key to the New World genera of the subfamily Aleurodicinae, and a key to the adults and the puparia of Bakerius species are provided. Se describen e ilustran cinco especies nuevas del genero Bakerius Bondar (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicinae) en base a los adultos, ninfas y estadios pupales provenientes de las Americas y Vietnam: Bakerius asiaticus, Bakerius colombianus, Bakerius hondurensis, Bakerius leei y Bakerius peruvianus. Se re-describen las species Bakerius attenuatus Bondar 1923, Bakerius calmoni Bondar 1928, Bakerius marmoratus (Hempel 1923), Bakerius phrygilanthi Bondar 1923, Bakerius sanguineus Bondar 1928, y Bakerius sublatus Bondar 1928. Se provee una clave puparia de los generos del Nuevo Mundo de la subfamilia Aleurodicinae, y una clave de los adultos y puparias del genero Bakerius.

New distribution and host records are provided for four whiteflies intercepted at U.S. ports of entry on propagative material of Magnolia from Asia. Aleuroclava latus (Takahashi, 1934), Aleuroclava nitidus (Singh, 1932), and Cockerelliella meghalayensis Sundararaj & David, 1992 were intercepted on the leaves of Magnolia spp. (Magnoliaceae) from Thailand. Cockerelliella indica Sundararaj & David, 1932 was intercepted on the leaves of Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Nooteboom from China. An identification key to the puparia of the whitefiies found on Magnolia species is included along with revised descriptions and illustrations of all the species based on the specimens intercepted at U.S. ports of entry.

Abstract This chapter deals with potential invasive scale insect pests for the USA and the Caribbean Basin. There are approximately 7500 known species of scale insects (Coccoidea) belonging to 45 families (extant and fossil); however, the most common species, and the ones that are usually intercepted at US ports of entry on plant material, belong to one of the following eight families: Asterolecaniidae, Coccidae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Monophlebidae (formerly part of Margardodidae), Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae and Stictococcidae. Tabulated data are provided on the number of species in these families that are known worldwide, and on the number of species known to occur in the USA and in the following seven zoogeographic regions: Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Antarctica. These data were extracted from ScaleNet (2011), an online database that includes all published information on scale insect species.

Two new species of whiteflies are described and illustrated based on specimens intercepted at US Ports-of-Entry. Aleurolobus tomkinsae Dooley & Smith-Pardo sp. nov. was intercepted on the leaves of Bergera. koenigii Linnaeus (Rutaceae) from India and Sri Lanka and on Magnolia L. (Magnoliaceae) from Thailand. Asialeyrodes lateropapilliformis Dooley & Smith-Pardo sp. nov. was intercepted on the leaves of Syzygium P. Browne ex Gaertn (Myrtaceae) from Indonesia. Keys to the species of the genus Asialeyrodes Corbett 1935 and to the whitefly species found on Bergera koenigii and Syzygium are also provided.

Dialeurolobus proteae sp. nov. is described from Protea nitida (Proteaceae) in South Africa, and from specimens intercepted on protea plants imported into the U.S.A. from South Africa. Its affinities to the other species of Dialeurolobus are discussed, and a diagnostic key is provided to identify the species of this genus.

A new monotypic genus of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), Gadigaleyrodes gen.n., is described and illustrated for G. froggatti sp.n. from New South Wales, Australia. Specimens were collected by W. W. Froggatt in 1899 on Syncarpia glomulifera, and subsequently by P. S. Gillespie on an unknown climbing plant. The genus has unusual morphological features with traits common to both Aleurodicinae and Aleyrodinae. The subfamily placement is discussed, and a key provided to discriminate this taxon from similar whitefly genera in Australia.

The association between African armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) and ants belonging to MelissotarsusEmery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) is the only trophobiosis known in which ants do not receive honeydew or nectar in exchange for protection and other services. Food reward for the ants in this mutualism remains unknown, despite repeated suggestions that diaspidids are consumed by the associated ants, thus serving as domestic cattle'. We describe new observations on interactions between Melissotarsus emeryiSantschi and the diaspidid Morganella conspicua (Brain) from South Africa. Worker ants exhibited previously undescribed tending behaviours, most notably a squeezing and licking' performed on an adult female diaspidid and culling', in which a worker removed an adult female armoured scale from the host plant. These could represent the gathering of secretory products and the cultivation of an individual for consumption, respectively. An ant exclusion study over 12days of isolation showed that adult female diaspidids and second-instar nymphs secreted no wax or exudates that attending ants would ordinarily collect. Workers of M. emeryi did not defend their nest against invading colonies of Crematogaster and other unidentified ants: we hypothesize that the primary mode of defence is maintenance of isolation within galleries. We describe three new ant-associated diaspidid species: Affirmaspis cederbergensisSchneider sp.n. from South Africa, Diaspis doumtsopiSchneider sp.n. from Cameroon, and Melissoaspis incolaSchneider sp.n. from Madagascar. Melissoaspis formicaria (Ben-Dov) comb.n. is transferred from Morganella (Brain). Diagnostic characteristics for MelissoaspisBen-Dov are revised, and additional taxonomic information defining this genus allows ease of identification. An updated identification key to the species of ant-associated diaspidids is provided. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:632C1122-954A-4DE6-B946-8E6AB6A4D27F.

A new monotypic genus of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), Gadigaleyrodes gen.n., is described and illustrated for G. froggatti sp.n. from New South Wales, Australia. Specimens were collected by W. W. Froggatt in 1899 on Syncarpia glomulifera, and subsequently by P. S. Gillespie on an unknown climbing plant. The genus has unusual morphological features with traits common to both Aleurodicinae and Aleyrodinae. The subfamily placement is discussed, and a key provided to discriminate this taxon from similar whitefly genera in Australia.

A new genus and species of armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Protomorgania koebelei. Dooley and Evans, is described and illustrated from specimens collected by Albert Koebele on Pittosporum sp. (Pittosporaceae) in Australia around the year 1900. A key to the genera of armored scale insects similar to Protomorgania and known to occur in Australia is provided.

The taxonomy of the genus Chrysomphalus Ashmead (Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae) is reviewed. A new monotypic genus of armored scale, Pentalaminaspis Smith-Pardo, Evans and Dooley, is described and illustrated with Chrysomphalus minutus Kotinsky, 1908 as the type species. A new species, Chrysomphalus nepenthivorus Smith-Pardo, Evans & Dooley, is described and illustrated. This species was intercepted at a U.S. port of entry on hybrids of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) originating from Thailand. Chrysomphalus greeni Leonardi, 1914 is transferred to the genus Melanaspis and Chrysomphalus degeneratus Leonardi, 1896 is transferred to the genus Diaspidiotus. A discussion and key to species of the genus Chrysomphalus are provided as well as a key to aspidiotine genera similar to Chrysomphalus.

Eight new state records and the three newly described species are the subject of this publication. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae) were collected from 2003 through 2009 within the Las Vegas area of Clark County, Nevada to determine the occurrence of newly established species and host range and distribution. Prior to 2003 the following ten whiteflies were known to be established in Nevada: Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, Aleuroplatus berbericolus Quaintance and Baker, Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday), Tetraleurodes mori (Quaintance), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman), Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill), and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Based on collections made after 2003, eleven additional whitefly species were found in Nevada. Of these the following eight were described species from California and other western U.S. states: Aleuroparadoxus arctostaphyli Russell, Aleuroplatus gelatinosus (Cockerell), Aleuropleurocelus ceanothi (Sampson), Aleuropleurocelus nigrans (Bemis), Tetraleurodes quercicola Nakahara, Trialeurodes corollis (Penny), Trialeurodes eriodictyonis Russell, and Trialeurodes glacialis (Bemis). Three new species are described and illustrated: Aleuropleurocelus nevadensis Dooley sp. nov., Tetraleurodes quercophyllae Dooley sp. nov., and Trialeurodes pseudoblongifoliae Dooley sp. nov.

WHITEFLY FAUNA OF CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA by John William Dooley The research presented here documents the whitefly fauna within the Las Vegas area in Clark County, Nevada, with information on the geology, host and plant communities in the area where the whiteflies were collected. Only specimens of the immature fourth stage (puparium) were observed and collected at Red Rock Canyon, Mount Charleston, and the Mojave Desert surrounding Las Vegas. Prior to 2003, ten whitefly species had been recorded as being established in Nevada: Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, Aleuroplatus berbericolus Quaintance & Baker, Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), Siphoninusphillyreae (Haliday), Tetraleurodes mori (Quaintance), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman), T. packardi (Morrill), and T. vaporariorum (Westwood). Since then, seven more species have been recorded in Nevada: Aleuroparadoxus arctostaphyli Russell, Aleuroplatus gelatinosus (Cockerell), Aleuropleurocelus ceanothi (Sampson), Aleuropleurocelus nigrans (Bemis), Tetraleurodes quercifolia Nakahara, Trialeurodes corollis (Penny), and Trialeurodes glacialis (Bemis). All known established species and three undescribed species in Clark county are described and illustrated in this research. The three undescribed species are Aleuropleurocelus sp.#l; Tetraleurodes sp., and Trialeurodes sp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr. Jeff Honda (San Jose State University) for his guidance and assistance in preparing this master thesis; to Dr. Greg Evans (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Beltsville, Md) for validating new state records and reviewing this thesis for scientific accuracy; to Dr. Susan Lambrecht (San Jose State University) for identifying the host plant material, validating the data and sharing her knowledge of plant community biosystems; to Dr. Jeff Knight (Nevada State Entomologist) for collecting samples and identifying host plants; to Ray Gill (CDFA, retired), Dr. Joshua Mackie (San Jose State University), and Dr. Cheryl O'Donnell (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) for reviewing this thesis; to Mr. Arthur Berlowitz (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) for supporting the author to complete this research; to Ms. Jessica Newhouse (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) for experimenting with mounting techniques producing excellent mounted reference specimens; to Mr. Tim Torbett (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Botanist) for his assistance in identifying plants found in the Mojave Desert; to Katherine Kleinick (BLM, Reno Nevada) for approving the collecting permit; and to Dr. Dan Gerling (Tel Aviv University) for allowing the use of the pupal illustration.