Background:Cationic highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (HPAEs) represent a promising class of nonviral gene-delivery polymers; however, their in vivo distribution and biological fate remain challenging to monitor. Here, we explored covalent conjugation of indocyanine green (ICG) as a strategy to impart near-infrared-I (NIR-I) fluorescence to HPAEs while maintaining their DNA complexation capacity and gene-delivery performance. Methods:HPAE was modified with increasing feed amounts of ICG-N-hydroxysuccinimide (ICG-NHS), generating a series of fluorescent polymers designated HPAE-0, HPAE-1, HPAE-3, HPAE-5, HPAE-7, and HPAE-9, where the numerical suffixes indicate ICG-NHS feed volumes rather than substitution ratios. The resulting conjugates and their DNA nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses, DNA-binding assays, dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurements, transmission electron microscopy, and optical-stability evaluation. In vitro gene-delivery activity and cytocompatibility were assessed in multiple cell models, while systemic distribution, biocompatibility, and tissue responses were evaluated in healthy BALB/c mice following administration. Results:Increasing ICG-NHS feed resulted in tunable incorporation of fluorescent moieties into the HPAE backbone. Among the tested formulations, HPAE-3 exhibited an apparent amine substitution degree of 18.98% ± 0.54% and a fluorescence emission maximum at approximately 834 nm. HPAE-3-based nanoparticles displayed favorable physicochemical properties, including hydrodynamic diameters of approximately 170-290 nm, low-to-moderate dispersity (PDI, 0.18-0.40), positive surface potentials (+23 to +40 mV), and efficient DNA condensation at polymer/DNA ratios ≥20:1. Importantly, ICG incorporation at this level preserved reporter-gene expression in HEK293T, RAW264.7, and MLE-12 cells while maintaining acceptable cytocompatibility. Following systemic administration in mice, HPAE-3 mediated luciferase reporter-gene expression predominantly in the liver, spleen, and lungs. HPAE-3-associated NIR-I fluorescence was most evident in the liver and lungs at 6 h, with a weaker signal in the spleen, and declined thereafter; by 72 h, residual ex vivo fluorescence was detected predominantly in the liver. No apparent acute tissue damage, significant alterations in serum biochemical parameters, or deviations in body-weight profiles were observed compared with control groups. Conclusion:HPAE-3 achieved a balanced integration of NIR-I fluorescence, DNA-delivery capability, nanoparticle stability, and preliminary in vivo tolerability. These results establish ICG-labeled HPAE as a potential platform for noninvasive visualization of polymer-mediated gene delivery and provide a foundation for further investigation of its biodistribution, intracellular fate, and therapeutic applications.

In this study, corn straw (CS) was processed using two pretreatment routes, namely corn straw/ cow manure co-composting and solid fermentation with a homologous microbial community isolated from cow manure. The pretreated materials were converted into biochar (BSC-3 and BSF-3) through carbonization-activation. Changes in microbial communities and their effects on straw composition and structural characteristics were investigated through comparative dynamic analysis. The characterization results indicated that compared with the biochar produced directly from raw straw without pretreatment (BCS), the biochars derived from both co-composting and solid fermentation pretreatments exhibited superior physicochemical properties. The specific surface areas of BSC-3 and BSF-3 were 2946.21 and 2504.56 m2/g, respectively. The total pore volumes increased to 1.8422 and 1.4721 cm3/g, representing increases of 45.6-71.3% and 47.2-79.4% over BCS. This enhancement was mainly attributed to two factors. First, microbial pretreatment disrupted the lignocellulosic structure, thereby generating more porous precursors for activation. Second, the mycelial structures introduced during microbial modification contributed additional microstructural features favorable for biochar formation. In adsorption experiments using hydrochloric tetracycline (TH) and sodium sulfadiazine (SD-Na) as model antibiotics, the biochars exhibited outstanding adsorption performance. The maximum adsorption capacities reached 1513.56 and 1422.45 mg/g for TH, and 1281.65 and 1258.85 mg/g for SD-Na, exceeding those of previously reported adsorbents. In addition to producing highperformance biochar for efficient antibiotic removal from water, this study verified the feasibility of microbial community pretreatment for improving the functionality of the derived biochar, providing a promising strategy for the development of lignocellulosic biochars.

This study aimed to develop an innocuous and sustainable strategy for the utilization of black liquor generated from ethylenediamine pretreatment of corn straw by employing it as the sole nitrogen source during composting. The effects of exogenous bacterial agents (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus megaterium) on composting performance were evaluated. The results showed that composting with black liquor and bacteriological agents achieved maturity indicators comparable to those of conventional urea-based composting, including pH, nutrient content, germination index, and C/N ratio, while exhibiting a higher humification degree. Organic matter degradation was enhanced, and the final compost met the standards for organic fertilizers after 42 days. Microbial analysis indicated that black liquor application altered the community structure, with increased abundance of Firmicutes and enrichment of functional genera associated with nitrogen transformation. Overall, this study demonstrates that black liquor can effectively replace urea as a nitrogen source in composting, providing a feasible pathway for waste valorization and supporting circular economy and green agricultural practices.

Ginseng, a traditional precious Chinese herb of high medicinal value, has ginsenoside as its main active medicinal ingredient. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that ginsenoside plays a crucial role in treating various diseases and daily healthcare. While the catalytic pathway in ginsenoside biosynthesis has been extensively studied, its regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of ginsenoside synthesis was investigated from the perspective of inducer regulation combined with transcription factor regulation. Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), as an important phytohormone, is widely involved in plant growth and development, resistance to adversity, secondary metabolite synthesis and other biological processes. Here, 11,789 differentially expressed genes of ginseng in response to MeJA induction were obtained by transcriptome sequencing and analysis of ginseng adventitious roots with different durations of MeJA induction (0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 h), which were then subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and classification of functional genotypes, and obtained the The overall characteristics of ginseng adventitious roots in response to MeJA induction were obtained. Further, the dynamic temporal characteristics of ginseng adventitious roots in response to MeJA induction were obtained by comparing the phenotypes of ginsenoside content, the number of differentially expressed genes, GO functional annotations, and functional gene types at different induction time points. Finally, gene modules that were significantly associated with the phenotype of ginsenoside content were obtained from the above differentially expressed genes using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis, and the functionally important genes among them were identified and analysed in the interaction network. The above study results will lay a theoretical groundwork for comprehensively and deeply interpreting MeJA’s dynamic regulatory mechanism, offer information for researching ginsenoside synthesis and regulatory mechanisms, and provide a database for identifying important functional genes in ginsenoside synthesis and studying the molecular mechanism. This is of great value and significance for the development of ginseng basic research.

Efficient pretreatment plays a key role in enhancing lignocellulose resources utilization. This study introduces a novel lignocellulose conversion approach using a newly developed ternary deep eutectic solvents (DES) consisting of Choline Chloride, Urea, and Ethylenediamine (ChCl-U-EDA 1:1.4:0.6). The enzymatic efficiencies of cellulase and hemicellulase reached 90.99 % and 76.77 %, respectively. Under the condition of 110 degrees C, 90 min, and a 1:15 solid to liquid ratio, the enzymatic hydrolysis of DES-pretreated lignocellulose yielded glucose and xylose at 0.52 g/g and 0.21 g/g, respectively. The lignin isolated from ChCl-U-EDA pretreatment displayed a more preserved structure with enhanced retention of beta-O-4 bonds. Reduced density gradient analysis and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the hydrogen bonding between lignin and ChCl-U-EDA facilitates the detachment of lignin from lignocellulose. The extracted lignin was then fabricated into a hydrogel for yeast immobilization, facilitating bioethanol production from glucose and xylose. After ten cycles, the average sugar to ethanol conversion was 0.448 g/g, corresponding to 89.6 % sugar conversion to ethanol. Reuse of ChCl-U-EDA resulted in 62.13 % lignin collection after 5 cycles. This study proposes a novel approach for the comprehensive and sustainable conversion of lignocellulose in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner.

This study presents a sustainable fungal-biochar refinery approach to convert rice straw into a high-performance magnetic adsorbent. The material was synthesized via solid-state fermentation using Pleurotus ostreatus followed by carbonization and KHCO3 activation at 900 degrees C. The fungal pretreatment significantly enhanced porosity, yielding a specific surface area of 2587.51 m(2) g(-)(1) (a 22 % increase over conventional pyrolysis). Characterization by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and N-2 physisorption confirmed a highly porous architecture and abundant surface chemistry. After Fe3O4 loading, the biochar retained exceptional adsorption capacity for tetracycline hydrochloride, outperforming most reported agricultural waste-based adsorbents, and achieved facile magnetic recovery (>92 %). Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were best described by the Elovich and Redlich-Peterson models, respectively. The adsorbent performed robustly across a broad pH range (e.g., 99.31 % removal at pH 4) and exhibited excellent reusability with < 15 % capacity loss over five cycles. This work offers an effective strategy for biomass waste into functional materials and a closed-loop solution for simultaneous agricultural waste management and water remediation, aligning with circular bioeconomy principles.

In this study, straw lignin was separated from corn straw by combining microbial treatment with ρ-TsOH organic acid extraction for the first time, and lignin-derived biochars were prepared by carbonation-activation. The results showed that the extraction rate of lignin and the physicochemical properties of related biochars were improved greatly by microbial treatment. The specific surface areas of lignin biochar obtained after combined pre-treatment with Aspergillus niger, Myrothecium verrucaria, and Trichoderma reesei, (BNL, BML, and BTL) were 2348, 2849 and 3008 m2 g-1, respectively, and the total pore volumes were 0.8989, 0.9411, and 1.2621 cm3 g-1, which were significantly higher than the 2292 m2 g-1 and 0.7786 cm3 g-1 of the control group BCL (biochar prepared from lignin extracted from raw straw). In adsorption experiments by using tetracycline hydrochloride and sodium sulfadiazine as antibiotic models, the maximum adsorption capacities of all lignin-derived biochars (BML, BTL, and BNL) were greater than that of most other adsorbents including BCL. We hope this work could provide a new strategy for efficiently using microbial treatment technology to improve the conversion of lignocellulosic resources.

The increasing demand for the resource utilization of agricultural waste has made the development of efficient conversion technologies for corn straw-a typical biomass resource-a focal point of research. Meanwhile, the escalating threat of antibiotic contamination to aquatic environments underscores the critical need for novel and efficient adsorbent materials with significant environmental relevance. In this study, corn straw (CS) was pretreated using an embedding method with soil microbial flora. The changes in lignocellulosic components and related structures in the straw were analyzed, and the status of the associated bacterial and fungal communities was dynamically monitored. Subsequently, the pretreated CS was converted into biochar through carbonization and mixed alkali activation. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the biochar prepared from the pretreated straw (CSB-2) were significantly enhanced compared to those of the biochar prepared from the original CS (CSB). Specifically, the specific surface area and total pore volume of CSB-2 reached 2483.43 m2/g and 1.4589 cm3/g, respectively, representing increases of 18.97 % and 19.08 % compared to CSB. In adsorption experiments using tetracycline hydrochloride and chloramphenicol as model antibiotics, CSB-2 exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 1322.85 mg/g and 1394.48 mg/g, respectively. These values were not only higher than those of CSB but also exceeded the performance of most bio-adsorbents. After recycling for 5 times, its adsorption capacity could still maintain more than 80 %, indicating its good stability and strong regeneration ability. This study aims to provide new insights into the development and utilization of microbial resources to further enhance the comprehensive utilization of straw.

Humus is the core product and key indicator of compost maturity. How to improve the humus content and accelerate its formation in composting is critical for the improvement of compost quality. This study investigated the effects of adding compost derived from different stages including thermophilic, cooling, and maturation phases on compost initiation and efficiency in terms of humus formation and microbial community dynamics. The results reveal that adding compost from the cooling stage markedly outperforms the thermophilic and maturation phases, achieving a germination index of 107.22%, a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 15.95, a humus content of 91.12 g/kg, a humic acid concentration of 71.49 g/kg, and a polymerization degree of 3.64. EEMs indicated that the cooling-phase additive increased humic-like fluorescence (Region V) at day 35. The abundance and diversity of humifying bacteria were significantly enriched, and the succession of microbial community was accelerated as confirmed by redundancy analysis. This approach also improved compost quality and reduced the overall composting duration, thus suggesting that using compost from the cooling phase as an additive is an effective way to increase the humus content and accelerate the humification, providing a green solution for organic waste recycling and sustainable agricultural development and production.

In this work, domestic refuse waste napkin (WN) was used as raw material, modified by different dyes and prepared to N-doped biochars via carbonation and activation methods. The results showed that the addition of dyes not only optimized the physicochemical properties of biochars, but also greatly improved the adsorption performances. The specific surface areas of N-doped biochars (BWN-CR, BWN-CV, and BWN-MO) were increased by 5.95-26.6% compared with that of undoped biochar (BWN, 2173.13 m2/g), similarly, the content of nitrogen atoms in the modified biochars increased by 0.50-2.03 times. In the adsorption experiments using tetracycline hydrochloride as adsorption model, the adsorption capacities of all N-doped biochars (938.71-1159.05mg/g) were greater than that of most adsorbents including BWN (861.33mg/g). After 10 cycles of use, both all of the biochars can still maintain more than 65% of the performance, indicating their stable regeneration ability. This work not only prepared a series of biochars that can be used to efficiently remove antibiotics from water, but more importantly provided a new strategy for the high-value utilization of WN and further released the application potential of secondary resources.

Converting agricultural waste into high-value materials is a promising strategy for concurrent environmental remediation and energy storage. Herein, we report a microbial-assisted route to convert soybean straw into hierarchical porous carbon (designated M800-Zn, where M = Myrothecium verrucaria,800 for 800 degrees C Zn-dual-salt activation). Starting from the raw biochar (SSC, 7.66 m(2) g(-1), 0.1289 mg g(-1) TC uptake), fungal pretreatment followed by dual-salt activation boosts the BET area 317-fold to 2433.97 m(2) g(-1) and the tetracycline adsorption capacity 1934-fold to 249.37 mg g(-1) (pH 7), surpassing most reported carbons. When assembled into a symmetric supercapacitor, M800-Zn delivered 254.5 F g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1) and retained 93.75 % capacitance after 5000 cycles at 2 A g(-1). This low-energy, 800 degrees C process (about 100 degrees C lower than conventional activation) thus provides a circular-economy-compatible material that simultaneously purifies antibiotic-contaminated water and sustains high-power energy storage.

The development of high energy and power density sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has attracted increasing interest in the last two decades due to the abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium resources. Herein, this study developed a self-templating synthetic method to construct MoSe2 nanosheets which were intercalated by ZnSe nanoparticles and were anchored on the in situ reduced graphene oxide layers. The thus-fabricated composites exhibited excellent Coulombic efficiency, a remarkable rate capability and an exceptionally long cycle life when being utilized as the anode in SIBs. Specifically, a reversible capacity of 265 mAh g−1 was achieved at 20 A g−1, which could be maintained for 6400 cycles. At an ultra-high rate of 30.0 A g−1, the anode retained a capacity of 235 mAh g−1 after 9500 cycles. Such a strong performance was attributed to its unique porous structure and synergistic interactions of multi-components. The underlying sodium storage mechanism was further investigated through various techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, the galvanostatic intermittent titration method, etc. Overall, this study illustrates the great potential of clad-structured multicomponent hybrids in developing high-performance SIBs.

In this study, corn and wheat straw biochars (BCS-K-Zn and BWS-K-Zn) were produced through a one-step carbonization-co-activation method utilizing a novel mixed activator (ZnCl2 or K2SO4). The data indicated that their specific surface areas measured 1817.66 and 1509.84 m2/g, respectively. This method significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the biochars, particularly the total pore volume, which increased by 26.79 % and 31.54 %, respectively, when compared to the biochars produced from single activator. After analyzing the reactions present in the preparation process, we proposed the hypothesis of "micro-explosion reaction". Following this, we investigated the removal abilities of biochars using chloramphenicol and tetracycline hydrochloride (CP and TH) as adsorption models. Both biochars demonstrated superior performance in single system and binary system adsorption tests. The maximum adsorption capacities for TH (1782.52 and 1638.44 mg/g) and CP (1368.18 and 1438.22 mg/g) exceed those of most adsorbents. This work aims to not only prepare biochars with enhanced performance to combat antibiotic pollution in water, but also verify the effectiveness of a new preparation technology. This could serve as a novel strategy for further development of lignocellulosic biochars.

Heavy metals in water bodies pose a significant threat to both ecology and human well-being. Therefore, the development of green and sustainable adsorbents for water remediation is essential. This study presents a crosslinked chitosan composite structure with multiple layers, which was generated by adjusting the ratio of chitosan to wheat straw–derived magnetic biochar in the composite. The adsorption behavior of the composite under different conditions was revealed by varying the Cr(VI) concentration, pH, and temperature. The composite exhibited a maximum adsorption of 121.8 mg g−1 for Cr(VI) in water, which was 11.9 times higher than that of magnetic biochar. It maintained a residual performance of 78.6 % after seven cycles, higher than most chitosan-based composites. The reusability was improved via hydrochloric acid protonation of functional groups and layer-by-layer exposure of the composite structure. This study provides new insights into the application of composites derived from chitosan and wheat straw, an agricultural waste, as sustainable adsorbents.

Stover and manure are the main solid waste in agricultural industry. The generation of stover and manure could lead to serious environmental pollution if not handled properly. Composting is the potential greener solution to remediate and reduce agricultural solid waste, through which stover and manure could be remediated and converted into organic fertilizer, but the long composting period and low efficiency of humic substance production are the key constraints in such remediation approach. In this study, we explore the effect of lignocellulose selective removal on composting by performing chemical pretreatment on agricultural waste followed by utilization of biochar to assist in the remediation by co-composting treatment and reveal the impacts of different lignocellulose component on organic fertilizer production. Aiming to discover the key factors that influence humification during composting process and improve the composting quality as well as comprehensive utilization of agricultural solid waste. The results demonstrated that the removal of selective lignin or hemicellulose led to the shift of abundances lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, which in turn accelerated the degradation of lignocellulose by almost 51.2%. The process also facilitated the remediation of organic waste via humification and increased the humic acid level and HA/FA ratio in just 22 days. The richness of media relies on their lignocellulose content, which is negatively correlated with total nitrogen content, humic acid (HA) content, germination index (GI), and pH, but positively correlated with fulvic acid (FA) and total organic carbon (TOC). The work provides a potential cost effective and efficient framework for agricultural solid waste remediation and reduction.

The main active components of ginseng are ginsenosides, which play significant roles in treating cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and providing antioxidant effects. Ginsenosides are primarily synthesized through the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Many key enzyme genes involved in this biosynthetic process have been cloned and validated, yet the regulatory functions of transcription factors remain unclear. The C2H2-type zinc finger protein family, one of the largest families of transcription factors, is crucial in plant growth and development, response to biotic and abiotic stresses, and regulation of secondary metabolism. This study, based on the ginseng transcriptome database from Jilin, conducted a correlation analysis between the expression levels of PgZFPs genes in the Jilin ginseng C2H2-type zinc finger protein family and ginsenoside content, a genome-wide association study of PgZFPs, and co-expression analysis of PgZFPs with validated key enzyme genes. Ultimately, five candidate genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis were identified. The involvement of PgZFP27 and PgZFP-59-02 genes from the PgZFPs family in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides was validated through in vitro methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction experiments. This result provides new genetic resources for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.

The large amount of various types of heavy metals in animal manure applied to agricultural field has caused severe threat to the ecosystems of soil environments. In this study, the effect of thermal treatment of illite on the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the aerobic composting of pig manure with corn straw biochar was investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize the variations in the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in the aerobic composting of pig manure added with illite treated with high temperatures and to identify the relatively dominant microbes involved in the formation of humus and passivation of heavy metals in pig manure composting based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis. The results showed that in comparison with the raw materials of pig manure, the bioavailability of Zn and Cu in the control and three experimental composting groups, i.e., group I (with untreated illite), group I-2 (with illite treated under 200°C), and group I-5 (with illite treated under 500°C), was decreased by 27.66 and 71.54%, 47.05 and 79.80%, 51.56 and 81.93%, and 58.15 and 86.60%, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that in the I-5 group, the highest relative abundance was detected in Fermentimonas, which was associated with the degradation of glucose and fructose, and the increased relative abundances were revealed in the microbes associated with the formation of humus, which chelated with Zn and Cu to ultimately reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals and their biotoxicity in the compost. This study provided strong experimental evidence to support the application of illite in pig manure composting and novel insights into the selection of appropriate additives (i.e., illite) to promote humification and passivation of different heavy metals in pig manure composting.

The lack of efficient ways to dispose of lignocellulosic agricultural residues is a serious environmental issue. Low temperatures greatly impact the ability of organisms to degrade these wastes and convert them into nutrients. Here, we report the isolation and genomic characterization of a microbial consortium capable of degrading corn straw at low temperatures. The microorganisms isolated showed fast cellulose-degrading capabilities, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and the weight loss in corn straw. Bacteria in the consortium behaved as three diverse and functionally distinct populations, while fungi behaved as a single population in both diversity and functions overtime. The bacterial genus Pseudomonas and the fungal genus Thermoascus had prominent roles in the microbial consortium, showing significant lignocellulose waste-degrading functions. Bacteria and fungi present in the consortium contained high relative abundance of genes for membrane components, with amino acid breakdown and carbohydrate degradation being the most important metabolic pathways for bacteria, while fungi contained more genes involved in energy use, carbohydrate degradation, lipid and fatty acid decomposition, and biosynthesis.

Widely known pleiotropic adult plant resistance (PAPR) gene, Lr34 encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter and plays an important role in breeding wheat for enhancing resistance against multiple fungal diseases. Despite its recognized significance, the mechanism underlying Lr34 in pathogen defense remains largely elusive. Our study demonstrated that wheat lines harboring the Lr34res allele exhibit thicker cell walls and enhanced resistance to fungal penetration compared to lines lacking Lr34res. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling revealed that the lignin biosynthetic pathway was repressed in lr34 mutants, indicating a disruption in cell wall lignification. Furthermore, our investigation uncovered the hypersensitivity of lr34 mutant lines to sinapyl alcohol, a major monolignol crucial for cell wall lignification. Yeast accumulation and efflux assays confirmed that Lr34 protein functions as a sinapyl alcohol transporter. Both genetic and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments revealed that the disease resistance conferred by Lr34 could be enhanced with the addition of the TaCOMT-3B gene, which is responsible for biosynthesis of sinapyl alcohol. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of Lr34 in disease resistance, through mediating sinapyl alcohol transport and cell wall deposition. Moreover, TaCOMT-3B plays a synergistic role in the Lr34 facilitated defensive lignification in adult wheat plants against multiple fungal pathogens.

Seven cubic spinel ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through the co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles include Fe3O4, Zn0.4Fe0.62+Fe23+O4, Mn0.4Fe0.62+Fe23+O4, Zn0.6Mn0.4Fe2+ 0.4Fe3+ Zn0.4Mn0.6Fe2+0.4Fe3+1.6O4, Zn0.4Mn0.4Fe2+0.2Fe3+2 O4, and Zn0.4Mn0.4Fe2+0.4Fe3+1.8O4. The Rietveld method was used to analyze X-ray diffraction data, confirming that all samples have a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The presence of zinc and manganese ions in magnetite lattice leads to changes in lattice parameters and crystallite size, resulting in a range of 7-12 nm crystallite sizes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of nanoparticles reveals two significant adsorption peaks at 560-576 cm(-1) and 437-449 cm(-1), corresponding to metal ion stretching vibrations at tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed the presence of iron, zinc, and manganese in various oxidation states. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical, agglomerated nanoparticles. The study confirmed the elemental composition and mapping images of prepared samples using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were meticulously examined utilizing a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. A direct correlation is established between the structural alterations induced by Zn2+/Mn2+ and their subsequent effects on magnetic characteristics, specifically through the reallocation of cations and the mechanisms of electron hopping occurring at the B-sites. The structural modifications result in enhanced superparamagnetic behavior, exhibiting saturation magnetization values between 46.01 and 69.38 emu/g. The sustainable characteristics of these materials render them highly viable options for applications in environmental remediation and green technology.