Suspenders are critical force transmission components of a suspension bridge and may be more prone to fatigue damage due to environmental aggression and repetitive live loads. To evaluate the safety of the suspender more accurately, a fatigue life evaluation framework of the rope suspender was proposed, where a time-varying fretting-corrosion-fatigue degradation process of the rope wire and probabilistic critical limit states based on failure area were integrated. A case study on the rope suspenders of a prototype suspension bridge was performed under the random vehicle and wind loads, and the reliability indices and fatigue life of the rope suspender were obtained. Results show that the fretting wear had an obvious effect on the degradation process of the wire rope in conjunction with corrosion fatigue, and the fatigue life of the rope suspender would be less than its design life. The proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the service life of wire rope suspenders and provide replacement suggestions more timely, ensuring the safety of the bridge operation.

针对连续梁桥设置了不同组合的减隔震支座,采用动力时程分析方法探讨桥梁结构的抗震性能,对比分析了不同支座的减隔震效果.研究发现采用板式橡胶支座组合时,桥梁结构的各项地震响应均相对较大,支座承受的水平剪力相对较小;采用高阻尼橡胶支座组合时,支座的滞回耗能使地震作用下的主梁位移以及桥墩墩底弯矩、剪力、墩顶位移均有所减小,桥梁结构的抗震性能相对较好.减隔震设计能在一定程度上减小地震引起的桥梁结构损伤.

The presence of rigid central clamps (RCCs) minimises the damage potential of short suspenders and expansion joints in in-service long-span suspension bridges. The study presented in this paper evaluated the impact of the presence of RCCs on the longitudinal deformation of a long-span suspension bridge under live load with vehicle braking and random traffic flow excitations. Two finite element (FE) models of the bridge were developed - one with RCCs and the other with a traditional suspender (TS) at mid-span. The impact of RCCs and TS on the structural system response was evaluated by comparing the dynamic characteristics of the models. The exceeding probabilities of longitudinal deformation under different traffic flow levels during the design reference period were obtained. The simulation results show that the RCCs are capable of reducing the longitudinal deformation by 35% to 45%. The unfavourable exceeding probabilities of longitudinal deformation over the design threshold decreased from 1.0 to 0.0002, showing that the RCCs could be an effective measure to enhance the service life of the shortest suspender and expansion joints of long-span suspension bridges.

为避免MATRIX27矩阵单元输入振动频率的误差干扰,同时简化计算时步内的自激力反复迭代确定的重复过程,以自激力脉冲响应函数表达式为基础,对比研究不同优化算法在颤振导数拟合过程中的效果,推导自激力有理函数表达式中非线性项的计算迭代形式,提出了一种基于MATRIX27矩阵单元的桥梁颤振时域分析模型和求解方法,采用MATLAB和ANSYS混合编程技术实现桥梁颤振临界状态的程序求解,通过具有理想平板的简支梁模型和某大跨桥梁风致颤振分析验证所提方法.结果表明:所提桥梁颤振时域分析方法的计算值与理论值吻合很好,误差不足1％,计算结果对时间步长的选取不具备依赖性,可为需借助ANSYS进行复杂非线性颤振问题的求解提供参考.

为评估运营阶段极端制动车载作用下悬索桥伸缩缝的服役状态,基于已有车-桥耦合振动分析系统,引入车辆制动力和俯仰力矩建立可考虑车辆制动过程的分析系统,并进行荷载试验验证;联合监测交通流数据与变参数速度-密度关系模型,推导了与监测车道数据匹配的速度-密度模型,确定不同车流密度状态下的车流交通量及车速取值;采用融合交通流及车辆特性并考虑变量相关的车流模拟方法,考虑驾驶员反应时间及拥堵流模型实现了极端制动车流的高真实度仿真;以伸缩缝工作极限状态为准则明确了对应的工作域及失效域状态;以一悬索桥为算例,评估了不制动、单车道制动及双车道制动车载下悬索桥伸缩缝服役状态.分析结果表明:验证后的分析系统可为极端车流制动车载下伸缩缝服役状态的评估提供数值分析平台;不同环境温度取值下悬索桥伸缩缝的正常工作域存在差异性;相对不制动及单车道制动工况,双车道发生制动且对向车道正常运营时,纵向位移响应极值的均值最大,为416.25 mm,未超过设计范围-640～700 mm;单车道及双车道制动工况下伸缩缝绕竖向轴角度极值的均值分别为0.075 rad,0.082 rad,均超过设计范围0.055 7 rad,极易造成伸缩缝发生一端拉裂或一端挤死现象;建议设计过程中考虑极端制动工况以确保梁端伸缩缝变形量的工作储备,且当发生车道制动状况时,应立即控制对向车道的车辆驶入桥梁范围直至交通事故状态解除.

为实现运营阶段中央扣对悬索桥动力特性及车载激励下短吊索响应影响的量化分析,进而为悬索桥设计及维养策略提供参考,基于已编制的车-桥耦合分析系统,引入制动惯性力及俯仰力矩模拟车辆制动力,建立了考虑车辆制动过程的车-桥耦合分析系统;以一座单跨地锚式悬索桥为工程背景,建立无、有中央扣2种缆梁连接体系的全桥空间有限元模型,研究中央扣对悬索桥动力特性及行车激励下短吊索缆梁相对位移响应的影响;采用建立的分析系统,考虑不同制动位置、初速度及减速度研究中央扣对短吊索制动激励响应的控制作用;考虑短吊索因缆梁相对错动产生的弯曲应力,建立车流激励下短吊索疲劳损伤的分析流程,研究中央扣对短吊索的等效疲劳应力幅值及疲劳损伤度的影响.分析结果表明:中央扣提高了悬索桥的纵飘及扭转刚度,改变了缆梁间的相对运动特性,减小了缆梁错动循环次数及位移幅值,可有效控制行车激励下60.3％ 以上的短吊索缆梁相对位移响应;考虑不同制动位置、初速度及减速度的取值,中央扣对短吊索缆梁相对位移幅值的减弱率可分别达92.9％、85.1％ 及85％ 以上,有效降低了短吊索制动激励响应对3个制动参数的敏感性;中央扣对随机车载下短吊索轴向应力幅值的影响较小,而对因缆梁相对错动产生的弯曲应力幅值影响较大,减弱了短吊索的等效疲劳应力幅值及疲劳损伤度,尤其是距中央扣位置最近的短吊索,疲劳损伤度降低了近71.4％;因此,中央扣可有效控制运营阶段悬索桥短吊索的车载激励响应.

为建立混凝土桥梁构件的概率极限状态评估方法,借助等超概率原则分析我国在役桥梁构件评估周期及评估基准期,引入个体风险准则、社会风险准则、生命质量指标及成本优化方法确定构件运营阶段目标可靠指标,分别考虑非平稳及平稳概率模型进行荷载效应及抗力评估值确定,基于可靠度理论开展运营阶段评估分项系数校准,并以一座在役桥梁为例进行算例分析.结果发现:考虑我国在役桥梁运维实际情况,构件评估周期、评估基准期可分别取为6年、10年;对于一级、二级、三级延性破坏构件,评估目标可靠指标分别建议为3.37、3.13及2.85;采用一般运行状态或密集运行状态下平稳车辆荷载效应模型进行评估时,评估标准值可分别取为设计汽车荷载效应的0.705倍及0.805倍,考虑非平稳车载过程进行评估时,可在连续非平稳过程离散化的基础上,引入动态广义极值模型确定评估基准期内荷载效应最大值分布,并以0.95分位值作为评估标准值;对于重要性等级为一级的延性构件,恒载效应及抗力评估分项系数分别建议为1.056与1.194,一般运行状态与密集运行状态汽车荷载效应评估分项系数建议值分别为1.081与1.054,研究成果可为现行桥梁构件安全评估方法修订提供参考.

Expansion joints of bridge superstructures generally suffer deterioration more severely than their main structures, and their actual service life is generally shorter than their design service life. This paper aims at evaluating the wear condition of slide bearings in expansion joints for long-span suspension bridges under monitored traffic flow in the operation stage. The spring element was introduced to model the expansion joint and verified by field load tests. The vehicle-bridge dynamic analysis on a steel truss girder bridge was realized in a nonlinear analysis system, in which the monitored traffic flow was simulated to investigate the back-and-forth displacements of expansion joints. Finally, the wear condition of slide bearings was evaluated by comparing cumulative displacements with the critical value specified by the wear criterion. Findings from this research led to the development of an approximate formula to estimate the cumulative displacement at the expansion joint for long-span suspension bridges, suitable for hand calculations. (C) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.

为实现同时考虑车载过程及抗力劣化进程非平稳性的在役混凝土桥梁构件时变可靠性评估,首先,联合时域内的动态广义极值分布模型及蒙特卡洛模拟实现对连续非平稳车载过程的极值建模,介绍基于Gamma过程的在役混凝土桥梁构件抗力非平稳劣化模型的建立及更新;其次,综合考虑边际救生成本准则、个体风险准则及社会风险准则对运营阶段目标可靠度指标取值进行讨论,为时变可靠性评估提供基准安全边界;最后,在基于风险函数的时变可靠性分析方法框架之下建立同时考虑车载及抗力非平稳性的时变可靠性分析方法,其中借助高斯数值积分及泰勒级数展开解决时变可靠性的求解问题,并采用一个实桥分析案例对上述分析流程的应用进行说明.研究结果表明:当荷载参数截口分布呈现多峰形态时,可采用广义极值分布函数族中的极值工型分布对其年最大分布进行描述;交通量的持续增长将导致变量年最大分布位置参数的不断提升及尺度参数的不断下降;综合考虑3种可靠度指标分析准则,建议在役混凝土桥梁构件运营阶段年目标可靠度指标取为3.98,具体评估工作中不能忽略基准期对目标可靠度指标的影响;通过时变可靠性评估工作的开展,可获取构件在未来较长服役期内可靠度指标的变化情况、服役状态达到临界安全水平所对应的时间节点以及构件可靠性冗余度的时变情况;该类结果的获取可为在役桥梁全寿命维养策略制定等工作提供直接参考.

It is well known that existing concrete bridges are time-varying working systems, and the corresponding maintenance strategy should be planned according to the time-varying service performance. In this work, a time-dependent reliability assessment procedure is proposed while including the non-stationarities of the vehicle load process and resistance deterioration process simultaneously, which are the two factors that significantly influence the time-varying service performance of a bridge structure. To achieve this goal, the following key tasks are conducted in sequence: (a) extreme value modelling of non-stationary vehicle load process; (b) model establishment and updating of non-stationary resistance deterioration process; (c) determination of target reliability index of a concrete bridge component in the operation stage; (d) performing time-dependent reliability analysis while considering the non-stationary properties. In addition, a case study is conducted to illustrate the application of the proposed procedure by considering an existing concrete bridge as an example. It is found that the proposed time-dependent reliability assessment procedure is feasible, and some critical information on the time-varying service performance of the existing concrete bridge component can be obtained, which can be further referenced in the planning of the structural inspection, management and maintenance, etc.

为克服传统桥梁有限元模型修正迭代优化过程中存在的局部收敛和提高模型修正精度,提出了联合实数编码遗传算法与静动力实测数据的有限元模型修正方法;引入四边形等参元理论和牛顿迭代法编制宏命令,实现有限元模型中车辆荷载的快速自动加载;基于结构有限元模型静动力特性构造目标函数,以实数编码遗传算法为优化策略,采用MATLAB平台建立了有限元模型修正框架;通过对一个简支框架结构的数值模拟,对比了所提出优化方法与其他方法的收敛效率和修正结果,以验证所提出方法的有效性;采用拉丁超立方体抽样分析了有限元模型参数变化对桥梁动力响应的影响,以确定待修正参数,并采用所提方法修正了一座改建的空心板桥梁的实体有限元模型.分析结果表明:零阶算法和一阶算法对参数的敏感性和修正范围依赖大,选用敏感性较小的参数或者参数修正范围大于50％将会导致错误的修正结果;实数编码遗传算法对初始输入不敏感,可避免局部收敛的情况;采用灵敏度分析得到的主要待修正参数有空心板弹性模量、现浇层弹性模量以及支座横桥向和顺桥向的约束刚度;修正后的空心板弹性模量增幅约为19.13％,现浇层弹性模量增幅约为16.00％,横向约束刚度增幅约为46.21％,纵向约束刚度增幅约为72.72％,修正后的有限元模型的静动力特性与实测响应吻合良好,各测点静力响应误差均小于4％,动力响应误差小于3％.

为动态仿真与评估运营阶段风和随机车流联合作用下大跨钢桁悬索桥伸缩缝纵向变形,建立了风-随机车流-钢桁悬索桥分析系统;基于已有单主梁风-车-桥耦合振动分析系统,引入弹簧单元模拟伸缩缝,并从车-桥耦合关系和钢桁梁横断面风荷载精细化加载2个方面将分析系统从单主梁提升为梁格法;基于监测数据仿真重现了交通流荷载,采用建立的分析系统计算了一座典型大跨钢桁悬索桥伸缩缝在随机车流作用下的动态位移时程响应,获取并验证了累计位移与交通流质量的相关关系;以滑动支承耐磨材料厚度为评估指标确定了伸缩缝累计位移临界值,评估了伸缩缝的正常工作寿命;在不同风速和随机车流作用下对伸缩缝纵向变形性能进行了参数敏感性分析.分析结果表明:伸缩缝在随机车流作用下的时位移极值远小于设计允许伸缩范围-880～880 mm;伸缩缝累计位移与其对应时段内的交通流荷载具有正相关性;在风与随机车流联合作用下,风速小于15 m?s-1时,影响伸缩缝纵向变形的主要荷载因素为随机车流,风速大于15 m?s-1时,主要荷载因素为风荷载;伸缩缝时位移极值与时累计位移随风速的增大均呈增大趋势;当风速增大至20 m?s-1时,风荷载产生的伸缩缝纵向变形近似为车流荷载下的2倍;建立的风-随机车流-钢桁悬索桥分析系统可为运营荷载下伸缩缝纵向变形的动态仿真与性能评估提供数值分析平台.

This paper focuses on the application, characteristics and advantages of composite girder with corrugated steel webs at home and aboard. The comparison between concrete girder and composite girder includes material quantity, intensity and stiffness. The results show that composite beam has saving on the material quantity and the use of composite beam would avoid burdensome procedure and speed the construction period. Composite beam would also have a larger bearing capacity and a smaller stiffness.

Anti-seismic property was essential in the progress of bridge designing and construction due to destructive power of earthquake disaster and increasing span of bridge. This paper elaborated theory method of analysis, taking five spans continuous cable-stayed bridge which was half floating system as an engineering background, and using method of special finite element analysis to calculating dynamic characteristics and seismic response respectively which also considered longitudinal limit damping and stiffness of cable under longitudinal, transverse, vertical and three-dimensional seismic oscillation. Fundamental frequency of cable-stayed bridge was affected significantly with considering longitudinal limit damping, so connection measures would be determined reasonably in designing and analyzing anti-seismic property of long-span cable-stayed bridge. When response spectrum analysis was adopted, longitudinal and vertical displacement were larger than lateral displacement under longitudinal seismic oscillation, lateral seismic oscillation only affected the structural lateral displacement, and vertical seismic oscillation affected vertical and longitudinal displacement.

A 3-D finite element model for Yueyang Dongting Lake bridge was established with a large scale general finite element analysis software, and the subspace iteration method was adopted to analyze the natural vibration characteristics of the bridge, meanwhile, the influences of settings different types of central buckles at the mid-span of the main spans between the main cables and girder on the dynamic behaviors of the long-span suspension bridge with deck-truss composite stiffening girder were studied. The results show that compared with only setting short hanger cable at mid-span, the the whole rigidity of suspension bridge is raised and the natural frequencies increase by the setting central buckle, but various types of vibration modes are affected in different extents; among all of these vibration modes, the antisymmetric vibration and Longitudinal floating of stiffening girder are most obviously affected. The stiffness of central buckle has a great influence on the vibration of main cable, while compared with only setting short hanger cable, the vibration of main cable increases 7.32% while setting the rigid central buckle. The conclusions of this paper provide theoretical basis for the using of central buckle in long-span suspension bridge.