Common bunt is a seed borne disease of wheat whose importance is likely to increase due to the growing organic seed market, which, in addition to seed phytosanitary measures, relies on genetic resistances towards the disease. Genome wide association studies in wheat have been proven to be a useful tool in the detection of genetic polymorphisms underlying phenotypic trait variation in wheat. Here 248 wheat landraces and cultivars representing 130 years of breeding history were screened for two years in the field for their resistance reactions towards common bunt. The majority of lines exhibited high levels of susceptibility towards common bunt, while 25 accessions had less than 10% infection. Using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers for genotyping and correcting for population stratification by using a compressed mixed linear model, we identified two significant marker trait associations (MTA) for common bunt resistance, designated QCbt.cph-2B and QCbt.cph-7A, located on wheat chromosomes 2B and 7A, respectively. This shows that genome wide association studies (GWAS) are applicable in the search for genetic polymorphisms for resistance towards less studied plant diseases such as common bunt in the context of an under representation of resistant lines.

Agricultural landscapes host a significant share of the biological diversity in Germany. Protecting and advancing this diversity is an established societal goal. First, Germany has committed to national and international obligations to protect biodiversity in the sense of nature protection. Second, biodiversity secures genetic pools which could become important to safeguard ecosystem functions (production, protection of climate, soils and water) in agrarian landscapes under changing conditions, in particular under climate change. Third, used (agricultural plant and animal varieties) and accompanying biodiversity (e.g. herbage, soil organisms, aerial insects) can contribute to maintain the productivity of agricultural landscapes under extreme conditions for longer periods of stress and at a higher level. Recent decades have witnessed a significant and continuing loss of biological diversity in agricultural landscapes. The main causes have been land use changes and alterations of landscape structures. The progressing climate change adds another, hitherto little recognized risk for biodiversity. The Scientific Advisory Council for Biodiversity and Genetic Resources therefore sees an urgent need to effectively address this risk in the design of agricultural policies, in particular agro-environmental policies. However, the effects of the changing climate factors on biodiversity and the related ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes are highly complex. Precise forecasts on future developments caused by a changing climate are therefore afflicted with significant uncertainties. This implies that the effectiveness of physical and political countermeasures cannot be predicted with certainty. It is certain, however, that climate change poses a danger to biodiversity and its functions in addition to the currently dominant forms of land use, and that there are possibilities to reduce the risk of harm. The Council therefore recommends to further develop agricultural policies in a way that they contribute to the reduction of the risks that climate change poses to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. The Council synthesizes the need for political action in ten guiding principles which are meant to provide orientation for future agricultural and agro-environmental policies. They address five thematic areas: (i) Significantly increased efforts in research and monitoring in connection with foresight processes should increase the room for manoeuvre for policy design and adaptation and the accuracy of assessments of the effects of potential alternative measures. (ii) Stronger orientation of agricultural policy towards improving the resilience of the manifold functions of agricultural landscapes. This requires policy learning and an adaptive style of policy making which is characterised by feedback loops in decision-making processes, participation and continuous consideration of new insights.

Das Diskussionspapier „Ackerbaustrategie 2035 – Perspektiven fur einen produktiven und vielfaltigen Pflanzenbau“ des BMEL zeigt anhand von sechs Leitlinien und zwolf dazugehorigen Handlungsfeldern Optionen fur die Verbesserung des deutschen Ackerbaus auf. Es enthalt viele sinnvolle Ansatze. Allerdings greift das Papier bezuglich des Erhalts und der Forderung der Biodiversitat in der deutschen Landwirtschaft zu kurz. Der WBBGR formuliert und erlautert daher 10 Empfehlungen fur eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung von landwirtschaftlicher Produktion und biologischer Vielfalt sowie fur die Forderung der Biodiversitat in der Agrarlandschaft: 1. Biodiversitat in der Landwirtschaft mit Zielbildern und zugig umzusetzenden Masnahmen ganzheitlich betrachten2. Mehr biodiversitatsfordernde Ziele konkret hinsichtlich Inhalt und Umfang sowie Zeitraum benennen sowie den Grad der Zielerreichung zu spateren Zeitpunkten messbar machen3. Biodiversitat beeintrachtigende Zielkonflikte der Masnahmen benennen und Losungsvorschlage entwickeln4. Mehr biodiversitatsfordernde Masnahmen ausgestalten5. Inhaltliche und zeitliche Umsetzung biodiversitatsfordernder Masnahmen prazisieren6. Klares Bekenntnis zu mehr Fordermitteln fur Gemeinwohlleistungen (durch den Ackerbau) bei der zukunftigen GAP abgeben7. Inwertsetzung von Biodiversitat und Okosystemleistungen fordernden Masnahmen der Landwirte1 uber den Markt vorantreiben8. Ressort- und strategieubergreifende Ziele und Masnahmen identifizieren sowie Zustandigkeiten fruhzeitig abstimmen und festlegen9. Mehr Weiterbildungsmasnahmen zur Biodiversitatsforderung fur alle an der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Landwirten beteiligten Personen verpflichtend machen10. Forschungsaktivitaten zur Biodiversitat verstarken und Innovationen fordern.Biodiversitat und eine ebenso effiziente wie effektive landwirtschaftliche Produktion sollten bei der Umsetzung der Ackerbaustrategie nicht als Gegensatze („Produktion oder Biodiversitat“), sondern als Teile eines sich gegenseitig fordernden Systems („Produktion und Biodiversitat“) behandelt werden.

Race-specific and race-non-specific interactions with barley have been previously reported for Bipolaris sorokiniana. The aims of the study were to characterize a Uruguayan population of B. sorokiniana, to determine the nature of the interactions, and to identify a set of the most informative barley genotypes to characterize the pathogen. Infection responses of 322 single-spore isolates of B. sorokiniana collected from 2001 to 2010 were assessed for their interaction with 35 barley genotypes after inoculation at the two-leaf stage under controlled conditions on a 1–9 scale. After removal of the most redundant isolates, the interactions of 147 isolates were analyzed with Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components, resulting in eight clusters of barley genotypes and seven clusters of B. sorokiniana isolates. A set of 12 potential differential barley genotypes grouped into 11 clusters that interacted in a partially specific but also in a quantitatively variable manner with the 147 isolates. Despite some clear isolate-specific interactions, the predominately quantitative interactions found make it unlikely that a universal differential set could be used to monitor diversity worldwide.

Agrarlandschaften beherbergen einen erheblichen Teil der biologischen Vielfalt Deutschlands. Der Schutz und die Forderung dieser Vielfalt ist ein gesellschaftlich anerkanntes Ziel. Denn erstens hat sich Deutschland national und international verpflichtet, die biologische Vielfalt im Sinne des Naturschutzes zu erhalten. Zweitens sichert die biologische Vielfalt Genpools, die fur die Okosystemfunktionen (Produktion, Klima-, Boden- und Gewasserschutz) in genutzten Landschaften unter sich andernden Bedingungen, etwa des Klimawandels, wichtig werden konnen. Drittens konnen genutzte (Kulturarten, Sorten) und begleitende Vielfalt (z.B. Beikrauter, Bodenorganismen, oberirdische Insekten) dazu beitragen, die Leistungsfahigkeit von Agrarlandschaften unter extremen Bedingungen langer bzw. in einem hoheren Mase zu erhalten.In den zuruckliegenden Dekaden hat es einen erheblichen und bis heute anhaltenden Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt in den Agrarlandschaften gegeben. Die Ursachen liegen masgeblich in den Anderungen der Landnutzung und der Landschaftsstruktur. Der fortschreitende Klimawandel stellt ein weiteres, bislang noch wenig beachtetes Risiko fur die biologische Vielfalt dar. Der Wissenschaftliche Beirat fur Biodiversitat und Genetische Ressourcen sieht daher einen dringenden Bedarf, dieses Risiko wirksam in die Gestaltung der Agrarpolitik und insbesondere der Agrarumweltpolitik einzubeziehen.Allerdings ist die Wirkung der sich andernden Klimafaktoren auf die biologische Vielfalt und auf die davon abhangigen Okosystemleistungen der Agrarlandschaft sehr komplex. Prazise Voraussagen zu zukunftigen klimawandelbedingten Veranderungen sind daher mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Das bedeutet, dass die Wirksamkeit physischer und politischer Gegenmasnahmen derzeit nicht sicher prognostiziert werden kann.Sicher ist dagegen, dass der Klimawandel die biologische Vielfalt und deren Funktionen zusatzlich zu der aktuellen Art der Landnutzung gefahrdet, und dass es Moglichkeiten gibt, dieses Gefahrdungsrisiko zu senken.Daher empfiehlt der Beirat, die Agrarpolitik so weiterzuentwickeln, dass die klimabedingten Risiken fur die biologische Vielfalt in Agrarlandschaften deutlich verringert werden. Der Beirat fasst den politischen Handlungsbedarf in zehn Leitprinzipien zusammen, die als Orientierung fur die kunftige Agrar- und Agrarumweltpolitik dienen sollen. Sie adressieren funf Themenbereiche:(i) Deutlich verstarkte Anstrengungen in Forschung und Monitoring sowie Foresight-Prozesse sollen dazu beitragen, den Gestaltungs- und Anpassungsspielraum zu erhohen und die Wirksamkeit von Masnahmen mit groserer Zuverlassigkeit zu prognostizieren.(ii) Starkere Ausrichtung der Agrarpolitik auf die Verbesserung der Resilienz der vielfaltigen Funktionen der Agrarlandschaft. Dazu bedarf es einer ‚lernenden Politik‘, die durch Feedback-Schleifen bei Entscheidungsprozessen gekennzeichnet ist, die partizipativ ist, und die Erkenntnisfortschritte kontinuierlich einbezieht.(iii) Agrarpolitische und agrarumweltpolitische Instrumente sollten einem konsequenten ‚Klimawandelcheck‘ unterzogen werden. Es muss also sichergestellt werden, dass deren Wirkung der notwendigen Anpassung an den Klimawandel nicht entgegensteht, sondern diese unterstutzt.(iv) Prioritare Handlungsfelder fur den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt im Klimawandel sind ein Aufhalten der Fragmentierung und Homogenisierung der Agrarlandschaft durch die Forderung vielfaltiger Agrarlandschaften und die wirksame Starkung artenreicher Agrarsysteme.(v) Handlungsoptionen, die der derzeitige Regelungsrahmen der Gemeinsamen Europaischen Agrarpolitik schon jetzt bietet, sollten konsequent genutzt werden. Masnahmen mit multiplen positiven Wirkungen (win-win-win-Losungen) sollten priorisiert werden.

This study investigated the effect of ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation on the germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, and plumule length of maize and sugar beet seeds. The experiment was implemented in six replicates of 30 seeds per replicate and in sterilized petri dishes under laboratory conditions. Treatments included UV-C (254 nm) radiation exposure durations of 0 min (control), 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h. The UV-C radiation treatments did not significantly affect the germination percentage of the seeds (p < 0.05). However, the seeds germination rate was significantly affected by the UV-C radiation treatments. The treatments of 8 h and 12 h exposure duration led to the highest seed germination rates in maize and sugar beet, respectively. Lowest seed germination rates belonged to the controls. The radicle length of maize seeds was significantly affected by the UV-C radiation treatments, but the treatments did not significantly affect the radicle length of sugar beet seeds. The 12 h exposure to UV-C radiation treatment resulted in the largest radicle in maize, which was 2.08 cm larger than the radicle of the control seeds. The UV-C radiation treatments had a statistically significant effect on the plumule length of maize and sugar beet seeds. The treatment 8 h UV-C exposure duration led to the largest plumule in maize and sugar beet, which were 0.32 cm and 0.83 cm larger than the plumule of the control seeds, respectively. Breaking down the seed coat and increasing the temperature by UV-C radiation are potential reasons for the observed positive effects.

The northwards expansion of barley production requires adaptation to longer days, lower temperatures and stronger winds during the growing season. We have screened 169 lines of the current barley breeding gene pool in the Nordic region with regards to heading, maturity, height, and lodging under different environmental conditions in nineteen field trials over 3 years at eight locations in northern and central Europe. Through a genome-wide association scan we have linked phenotypic differences observed in multi-environment field trials (MET) to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). We have identified an allele combination, only occurring among a few Icelandic lines, that affects heat sum to maturity and requires 214 growing degree days (GDD) less heat sum to maturity than the most common allele combination in the Nordic spring barley gene pool. This allele combination is beneficial in a cold environment, where autumn frost can destroy a late maturing harvest. Despite decades of intense breeding efforts relying heavily on the same germplasm, our results show that there still exists considerable variation within the current breeding gene pool and we identify ideal allele combinations for regional adaptation, which can facilitate the expansion of cereal cultivation even further northwards.

When assesssing races of common bunt for virulens pattern within a region, it is important to take into account that collected spores may represent a diverse population of different virulence races. When screening spores on a differential set of wheat lines with known resistance genes, a low infection rate on a resistant wheat variety does not necessarily demonstrate that virulence is absent in the spore collection, but could be a sign that virulence is present, but only present in a low frequency among the spores. If just a few spores within a spore sample are indeed virulent, they may infect some plants and from there multiply the virulence quite rapidly next years. Previous studies have shown that virulence against most resistance genes were present in Denmark after purifying races of common bunt (Tilletia caries) on resistant varieties. So far, only wheat differential varieties with Bt4, Bt6, Bt9, Bt11 and Bt12 cannot be infected with bunt races purified from Danish collections [1, and later own unpublished data]. Virulence against Bt4, Bt6 and Bt9 has been found in other European studies [2], and Bt11 may not be only one gene but a combination of at least two genes [3]. Therefore, Bt12 seems to be the only gene for which virulence have not been found in European population of common bunt. This leads to the conclusion that if resistance breeding shall safely control common bunt in wheat, we need not only one effective gene, but a combination of pyramided genes. Since it is very difficult to test if a resistant line has only one gene or more genes, the most effective tool to achieve this at present are genetic markers. Using Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to find QTLs and markers for the major resistance genes in wheat have so far led to only few commercial useful markers. Till now, only markers for Bt9 [6] and Bt10 are used in practice, but a marker for Bt12 [4] and Blizzard [7] have also been found. One of the problems in developing markers for bunt resistance have been that spores used in GWAS trials have been divers or unknown in virulence, and that phenotypic results not distinguishes between different resistance genes. Therefore, the most successful studies have used segregating populations of single crosses where the resistance gene is known on before hand [5]. In the LIVESEED project, we have the ambition to develop genetic markers on several different resistance genes at the same time. We will do so by testing segregating populations of several different crosses between varieties with 7 different resistance genes, and infect them with 7-11 different virulence races of common bunt able to distinguish between the resistance genes. A total of 300 varieties will be pheno- and genotyped. Using this experimental design, we attempt during 2018 and ‘19 to develop markers for Bt1, Bt2, Bt5, Bt7, Bt13, BtZ and Quebon-resistance, and hopefully also a couple of minor QTLs.

The Bt9 resistance locus was mapped and shown to be distinct from the Bt10 locus. New markers linked to Bt9 have been identified and may be used to breed for resistance towards the seed-borne disease.Increasing organic wheat production in Denmark, and in other wheat-producing areas, in conjunction with legal requirements for organic seed production, may potentially lead to a rise in common bunt occurrence. As systemic pesticides are not used in organic farming, organic wheat production systems may benefit from genetic resistances. However, little is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms and locations of the resistance factors for common bunt resistance in wheat. A double haploid (DH) population segregating for common bunt resistance was used to identify the chromosomal location of common bunt resistance gene Bt9. DH lines were phenotyped in three environments and genotyped with DArTseq and SSR markers. The total length of the resulting linkage map was 2882 cM distributed across all 21 wheat chromosomes. Bt9 was mapped to the distal end of chromosome 6DL. Since wheat common bunt resistance gene Bt10 is also located on chromosome 6D, the possibility of their co-location was investigated. A comparison of marker sequences linked to Bt9 and Bt10 on physical maps of chromosome 6D confirmed that Bt9 and Bt10 are two distinct resistance factors located at the distal (6DL) and proximal (6DS) end, respectively, of chromosome 6D. Five new SSR markers Xgpw4005-1, Xgpw7433, Xwmc773, Xgpw7303 and Xgpw362 and many SNP and PAV markers flanking the Bt9 resistance locus were identified and they may be used in the future for marker-assisted selection.

Plant associated soil microbes are known to play an important role in the expression and stability of certain plant traits such as nutrient use efficiency and disease resistance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form one of the primary mutualistic plant-microbe symbioses. Besides known benefits such as improved nutrient mobilisation (mainly phosphorus and zinc) and tolerance against abiotic stresses (mainly drought), an increasing number of studies highlight a significant role of AMF in the mediation of disease resistances and priming mechanisms. Individual reports have shown enhanced levels of defence-related compounds (such as glucanases, chitinases and phenolics) in mycorrhizal plants, and there is first evidence of certain phytohormone pathways (in particular jasmonate signalling) to be involved in mycorrhiza-mediated disease resistance. The level of mycorrhisation (formation of mycorrhizae on the roots) and mycorrhizal responsiveness (response to AMF) can vary widely between plant species and also among genotypes within the same species, indicating a genetic basis for the regulation of this symbiosis. Genotypic differences in mycorrhizal responsiveness have been observed in various crops and quantitative trait loci (QTL) that govern plant growth responses to AMF have been reported for maize, barley and onion. However, little is known about the heritability of mycorrhiza-mediated disease resistance. Mycorrhizal responsiveness (when based on biomass) is negatively correlated with available soil P content. Breeding under high P conditions might therefore indirectly select for poor AMF hosts. We hypothesise that a reduced mycorrhizal dependency also affects other benefits elicited by AMF such as disease resistance. We therefore pledge to include factors other than biomass to estimate mycorrhizal responsiveness (i.e. disease resistance, PUE and drought tolerance) to obtain a more comprehensive differentiation of the plant-AMF interaction. The authors also propose to complement mycorrhizal responsiveness with an additional measure called mycorrhizal efficiency since mycorrhization and mycorrhizal responsiveness on their own might not indicate an optimum cost-benefit ratio of this symbiosis. We will present initial results on genotypic variation in mycorrhization, mycorrhizal responsiveness and mycorrhizal efficiency of SNP-genotyped accessions of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Eventually, these SNP-genotyped accessions can be used to identify QTL that govern mycorrhiza-mediated disease resistance and exploit genotypic differences, e.g., via marker-assisted selection. Another research project has been initiated to investigate the role of flavonoids in defence mechanisms of pea and their possible function in microbe-mediated disease resistance. Variation in microbial composition has been attributed to a differential exudation of compounds that stimulate or suppress particular members/groups of the microbial community. The complex group of flavonoids has been shown to play a signalling and/or direct role in plant defence mechanisms, but also to influence the interaction with symbionts including mycorrhizal fungi (and also plant-symbiotic rhizobia). Overall, current and future research activities of our group aim to better understand and make use of plant-microbe interactions in plant breeding for an improved expression and stability of important plant traits.

Generation of doubled haploid plants is a powerful tool in breeding, as homozygous individuals will be obtained directly from hybrids. However, genotype variability in regeneration efficiency of most European wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties has limited its use in wheat. This study intended to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for green plantlet regeneration from wheat microspore cultures. A QTL analysis using DArT markers was conducted based on a bi-parental F-3 population, derived from a cross between the varieties Svilena and Jensen, which displayed markedly different capacity for plantlet regeneration. Two QTLs on chromosome 1B and 7B explained 53% of the variation in green plantlet regeneration. Furthermore, a collection of 94 European wheat varieties was genotyped and phenotyped. The microspore response level was low among western and northern European wheat varieties, and the positive QTLs found in the bi-parental population were rare in the variety collection. Identification of the two QTLs enables introduction of high regeneration efficiency into wheat germplasm. Moreover, our results proved that the efficient regeneration observed for one variety could be crossed into modern winter wheat.

Climate change is likely to decrease crop yields worldwide. Developing climate resilient cultivars is one way to combat this production scarcity, however, little is known of crop response to future climate conditions and in particular the variability within crops.InScandinavia, barley is widely cultivated, but yields have stagnated since the start of this century. In this study we cultivated 138 spring barley accessions in a climate phytotron under four treatments mimicking forecasted levels of temperature, carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates numerous barley accessions under future climate conditions and identifies candidate markers for abiotic stress tolerance - markers that could be used in the development of cultivars to secure future primary production.©2015The Published by Elsevier Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Agriculture and Climate Change - Adapting Crops to Increased Uncertainty (AGRI 2015).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an essential role as one of the primary mutualistic plant‐microbe symbioses. Oral presentation on mycorrhiza-mediated disease resistance.

Future barley cultivars will have to produce under the constraints of higher temperature in combination with increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone as a consequence of climate change. A diverse set of 167 spring barley genotypes was cultivated under elevated levels of temperature (+5 °C) and [CO2] (700 ppm) as single factors and in combination as well as under elevated [O3] (100–150 ppb) as single factor. The setting in general resembled changes projected by IPCC (AR5) to take place at the end of this century. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify markers for increased primary production under climate change conditions and reveal possible genes of interest. Phenotyped traits included grain yield, number of grains, number of ears per plant, aboveground vegetative biomass, harvest index and stability of the production parameters over the five applied treatments. The GWAS encompassed 7864 SNP markers (Illumina iselect), a compressed mixed linear model with the GAPIT package, and conservative validation of markers. A total of 60 marker-trait associations [−log10(P value) 2.97–5.58] were identified, e.g. grain yield under elevated temperature on barley chromosome 2H, static stability of grain yield on 7H, sites for exploitation of elevated [CO2] on 4H and 7H and associations under the two-factor treatment. Marker-trait associations identified from single-factor treatments were not retrieved, when elevated [CO2] and temperature were combined emphasizing the need for multifactor experiments. This GWA study identified markers and chromosome regions to be targeted in breeding for development of climate resilient cultivars.

Progress in plant breeding is facilitated by accurate information about genetic structure and diversity. Here, Diversity Array Technology (DArT) was used to characterize a population of 94 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties of mainly European origin. In total, 1,849 of 7,000 tested markers were polymorphic and could be used for population structure analysis. Two major subgroups of wheat varieties, GrI and GrII, were identified using the program STRUCTURE, and confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). These subgroups were largely separated according to origin; GrI comprised varieties from Southern and Eastern Europe, whereas GrII contained mostly modern varieties from Western and Northern Europe. A large proportion of the markers contributing most to the genetic separation of the subgroups were located on chromosome 2D near the Reduced height 8 (Rht8) locus, and PCR-based genotyping suggested that breeding for the Rht8 allele had a major impact on subgroup separation. Consistently, analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) suggested that different selective pressures had acted on chromosome 2D in the two subgroups. Our data provides an overview of the allele composition of bread wheat varieties anchored to DArT markers, which will facilitate targeted combination of alleles following DArT-based QTL studies. In addition, the genetic diversity and distance data combined with specific Rht8 genotypes can now be used by breeders to guide selection of crossing parents.

The response in production parameters to projected future levels of temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]), and ozone ([O-3]) was investigated in 138 spring barley accessions. The comprehensive set of landraces, cultivars, and breeder-lines, were during their entire life cycle exposed to a two-factor treatment of combined elevated temperature (+5 degrees C day/night) and [CO2] (700 ppm), as well as single-factor treatments of elevated temperature (+5 degrees C day/night), [CO2] (700 ppm), and [O-3] (100-150 ppb). The control treatment was equivalent to present average South Scandinavian climate (temperature: 19/12 degrees C (day/night), [CO2]: 385 ppm). Overall grain yield was found to decrease 29% in the two-factor treatment with concurrent elevation of [CO2] and temperature, and this response could not be predicted from the results of treatments with elevated [CO2] and temperature as single factors, where grain yield increased 16% and decreased 56%, respectively. Elevated [O-3] was found to decrease grain yield by 15%. Substantial variation in response to the applied climate treatments was found between the accessions. The results revealed landraces, cultivars, and breeder-lines with phenotypes applicable for breeding towards stable and high yield under future climate conditions. Further, we suggest identifying resources for breeding under multifactor climate conditions, as single-factor treatmentAid not accurately forecast the response, when factors were combined. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.