SummaryThe BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale is used to describe the phonological growth stages of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Eight principal growth stages for germination and bud development, leaf development (crop canopy), root and perennating bud formation, peduncle elongation and inflorescence development, flowering and fruit set, development of fruit, ripening of fruit and senescence, and 42 secondary growth stages are described. A practical use of the scale is proposed with reference to the timing of application of agrochemicals for disease control.

Summary The extended BBCH (BBCH = Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie, Germany) scale and its associated decimal code were used to describe the growth stages of the coffee plant. Principal growth stages included germination and vegetative propagation, leaf development on the shoot of the young plant and branches of the tree, formation of branches, branch elongation, inflorescence and flower development, flowering, development of fruit, ripening of fruit and seed, and senescence. Secondary stages were also identified for each of the principal stages. Through a two digit decimal code, it is possible to identify the principal growth stages and their respective secondary stages. This scale will be of great help to coffee growers and researchers around the world for the more efficient planning of management practices and experiments.

This paper describes the phenological growth stages of olive trees using the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale. Eight principal growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity and senescence and 32 secondary growth stages are described. Advantages of the BBCH scale over other methods are discussed.

Detailed crop-specific descriptions and codes are presented for the growth stages of the persimmon tree, contributing to the standardisation of national and international testing systems in fruit growing. Based on the general BBCH-scale, the codes describe growth stages using a two-digit numerical system and differentiate between principal and secondary growth stages to allow separation of developmental steps. Growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity are described. A feature of the system is that homologous stages of different crops are presented by the same codes.

La escala BBCH ampliada es un sistema numérico que permite establecer una codificación uniforme para identificar las fases de crecimiento de todas las especies de plantas tanto mono como dicotiledóneas. De acuerdo con esta escala, el ciclo completo de desarrollo de la planta se divide en 10 estados principales claramente definidos; cada uno de estos a su vez se subdivide en los estados secundarios del desarrollo particulares de cada especie. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de esta escala para describir las etapas del desarrollo de la planta de café. Las etapas principales incluyen germinación y propagación vegetativa, desarrollo foliar en tallo y ramas, elongación del tallo y de las ramas, desarrollo de la inflorescencia, floración, desarrollo del fruto, maduración del fruto y de la semilla y senescencia de la planta; también se identificaron las etapas secundarias para cada uno de los estados principales. Mediante un código decimal de dos dígitos es posible identificar el estado principal y sus respectivos estados secundarios de desarrollo. Esta escala será de gran ayuda a investigadores y cultivadores de café alrededor del mundo para planificar de manera más eficiente, experimentos y prácticas de manejo del cultivo.

Conservation, characterisation and utilisation of minor fruit tree species is an important objective for diversification of agro-food production. One such fruit tree is the loquat, a tree that originated in China but is well adapted to the Mediterranean area. The conservation and utilisation of suitable germplasm requires an accurate characterisation and evaluation of the material. A first step in characterisation is to use phenotypic traits. This paper describes the phenological growth stages of loquat tree using the extended BBCH scale. Seven principal growth stages (PGS) for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity and 31 secondary growth stages are described and compared with a previous scale based on Fleckinger classical methodology. An example of application of the extended BBCH scale for characterisation of loquat cultivars from IVIA germplasm collection is reported.

Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the peanut plant is presented providing crop-specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions.The phenological development process of the peanut plant is described by periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A 2-digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each developmental step.

Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the upland cotton plant is presented which provides crop-specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions.The development process of the plant is described by periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages).A 2-digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each step of development.

L'adaptation de l'echelle BBCH a la description des stades phenologiques des agrumes a ete entreprise . L'echelle BBCH se divise en dix stades principaux. Suivant l'espece, le stade 0 est constitue par la germination, la levee ou le developpement des bourgeons. Le stade final, ou stade 9 , coincide avec la senescence et la mort de la plante ou avec le debut de la periode de repos. Les stades secondaires sont numerotes de 0 a 9; ils correspondent a un nombre ordinal ou a un pourcentage. Huit stades principaux, parmi les dix envisages par l'echelle BBCH, ont ete retenus pour le codage du developpement des especes du genre Citrus : stade 0 : developpement des bourgeons; stade 1 : developpement des feuilles; stade 3 : developpement des pousses principales; stade 5 : developpement des boutons floraux; stade 6 : floraison; stade 7 : developpement du fruit; stade 8 : maturation du fruit; stade 9 : senescence et debut de la periode de dormance. Chacun de ces stades principaux a ete decrit, et, en complement, leur subdivision en stades secondaires a ete expliquee

SummaryThe extended BBCH scale is a system for a uniform coding of phenologicaliy similar growth stages of all mono‐ and dicotyledonous plant species, based on the well known cereal code of Zadoks et al. (1974). The BBCH key is it decimal system, with 10 principal growth stages and up to 10 secondary ones, starting with seed germination, sprouting of perennials, progressing through leaf production and extension growth to flowering and senescence. Therefore, it can also be a suitable tool to define the growth stages of different weed species. To encourage further use of the BBCH scale in weed research, definitions of the codes have been more closely adapted to weeds. Possible problems are discussed and guidelines for correct use are given.

Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the soybean plant is presented, with crop-specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions. The phenological development process of the plant is described in terms of periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A two-digit and a three-digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each developmental step.

Mit den ausfuhrlichen kulturspezifischen Beschreibungen sind die speziellen Skalen fur Zwiebel-, Wurzel-, Knollen-, Blattgemuse und sonstige Kohlarten als Ergunzung zur ,,Allgemeinen BBCH-Skala zu verstehen. Die phanologische Entwicklung wird in Entwicklungsphasen (Makrostadien) unterteilt, und jede Phase in starker differenzierte Entwicklungsschritte (Mikrostadien). Jedem Entwicklungsschritt wird ein zweistelliger Code zugeordnet. Zur genaueren Beschreibung spezifischer Stadien wird uber die Einfuhrung der Mesostadien, die als weitere Ordnungszahlen die Makrostadien unterteilen, eine Alternative angeboten.Phenological growth stages of vegetable crops.I. Bulb vegetables, root vegetables and green vegetablesThe detailed crop specific description of the phenological growth stages of several vegetable crops are supplementary of the general BBCH scale. The phenological development of the vegetable is divided into growth phases (principal growth stages), each phase is subdivided into growth steps (secondary growth stages). A two-digit decimal code is assigned to each growth stage. For a more detailed description of specific stages a three-digit code is offered as an alternative. The insertion of the third digit allows to further divide principal growth stages. The deriving intervals are named mesostages, they cover a range of secondary growth stages.

Mit den ausfuhrlichen kulturspezifischen Beschreibungen sind die speziellen Skalen fur Fruchtgemuse und Hulsenfruchte als Erganzung zur Allgemeinen BBCH-Skala zu verstehen. Die phanologische Entwicklung wird in Entwicklungsphasen (Makrostadien) unterteilt und jede Phase in starker differenzierte Entwicklungsschritte (Mikrostadien). Jedem Entwicklungsschritt wird ein zweistelliger Code zugeordnet. Zur genaueren Beschreibung einzelner Entwicklungsabschnitte wird uber die Einfuhrung der Mesostadien, die als weitere Ordnungszahlen die Makrostadien unterteilen, eine Alternative angeboten. Phenological growth stages of vegetable crops II. Fruit vegetables and pulses The detailed crop specific description of the phenological growth stages of vegetable fruits and pulses are supplementary of the general BBCH scale. The phenological development of the vegetable is divided into growth phases (principal growth stages), each phase is subdivided into growth steps (secondary growth stages). A two-digit decimal code is assigned to each growth stage. For a more detailed description of specific stages a three-digit code is offered as an alternative. The insertion of the third digit allows to further divide principal growth stages. The deriving intervals are named mesostages, they cover a range of secondary growth stages.

Mit den ausfuhrlichen kulturspezifischen Beschreibungen ist diese spezielle Skala als Erganzung zur „Allgemeinen BBCH-Skala zu verstehen. Die phanologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Beta-Ruben werden beschrieben und in Entwicklungsphasen (Makrostadien) und starker differenzierte Entwicklungsschritte (Mikrostadien) eingeteilt. Jedem Entwicklungsschritt wird ein zweistelliger Code zugeordnet, der nach dem Dezimalsystem aufgebaut ist. Damit wird Forderungen der Datenverarbeitung im pflanzenbaulichen Versuchswesen Rechnung getragen. Phenological growth stages of beta beets (Beta vulgaris L. ssp)The phenological growth stages of beta beet are described and divided into stages of development (macrostages) and more differentiated steps of development (microstages). Each step of development is assigned a two-digit decimal code suitable for data proccssing in crop production experiments.

Die erweiterte BBCH-Skala zur einheitlichen Codierung der phanologischen Entwicklungsstadien mono- und dikotyler Pflanzen ist eine Gemeinschaftsarbeit der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), des Bundessortenamtes (BSA) und des Industrieverbandes Agrar (IV A). Grundprinzipien fur den allgemeinen Rahmen werden festgelegt -und der Aufbau der Skala beschrieben. Der Aufbau der Skala als Dezimal-Skala, aufgeteilt in Makro- und Mikrostadien, wurde bewust in Anlehnung an die von ZADOKS et al. (1974) entwickelte Getreideskala gewahlt, um grosere Umstellungen dieser allgemein gebrauchlichen und seit langem bewahrten Skala vermeiden zu konnen.Durch Einfuhrung eines Mesostadiums kann der zweistellige Code auf drei Stellen erweitert werden.Die Allgemeine BBCH-Skala stellt den verbindlichen Rahmen dar, innerhalb dessen spezielle Skalen fur wichtige mono- und dikotyle Pflanzen erarbeitet und an gleicher Stelle in loser Folge veroffentlicht werden. Diese Allgemeine Skala kann immer dann Anwendung finden, wenn keine spezielle Skala vorliegt.A uniform code for phenological growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants - Extended BBCH scale, general -The extended BBCH scale for the uniform coding of phenologically identical growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plants is presented. It results from the teamwork between Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Bundessortenamt (BSA) and Industrieverband Agrar (IVA).The principles of the general scale are explained. The decimal code (principal and secondary growth stages) is based on the well-known code developed by ZADOKS et al. (1974) and avoids major changes from this widely used phenological key. In some cases a three-digit code is offered additionally. The definitions and groupings employed for the general BBCH scale allow its universal utilisation in all mono- and dicotyledonous plants.The general BBCH scale represents the frame for the compilation of specific scales for the major plants which shall be published in the near future. This general scale can be used, when no specific crop and plant scale is available.