This study reports the synthesis and the characterization of two new six-coordinate low-spin iron(III) meso-arylporphyrin complexes, namely: bis(pyrazole)[meso-tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrinato]iron(III) triflate 0.678 n-hexane solvate with the formula [Fe-III(T3,5-MeOPP)(pyzo)(2)](SO3CF3)(center dot)0.678(C6H14) (I), and bis(pyrazole)[meso-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrinato]iron(III) triflate pyrazole monosolvate with the formula [F-e(III)(T3,4,5-MeOPP)(pyzo)(2)](SO3CF3)(center dot)(C3H4N4) (II). X-ray diffraction, H-1 NMR and EPR studies elucidate the structural and electronic factors governing the ground state configuration, specifically distinguishing between the common (d(xy))(2)(d(xz), d(yz))(3) and the less common (d(xz), d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) electronic states. X-ray crystallography confirms that both species are low-spin (S = 1/2). The methoxy substitution pattern critically influences the porphyrin core distortion; the [Fe-III(T3,4,4-OMePP)(pyzo)](+) (pyzo = pyrazole) ion complex II exhibits pronounced ruffling and saddling deformations of the porphyrin core compared to the moderately distorted core of the [Fe-III(T3,5-OMePP)(pyzo)(2)](+) ion complex I. This structural variance dictates the axial ligand orientation, which is perpendicular in II and nearly parallel in I. Spectroscopic analysis confirms that complex II adopts the less common (d(xz), d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) electronic configuration, as evidenced by an axial-type EPR spectrum and downfield H-1 NMR shifts for beta-pyrrolic protons. Conversely, complex I displays a rhombic EPR spectrum characteristic of the common electronic configuration, although its H-1 NMR shift presents a positive value typically associated with the less common electronic state. These findings highlight that for low-basicity axial ligands such as pyrazole (pKa approximate to 2.5), steric hindrance imposed by the porphyrin periphery plays a decisive role in stabilizing the less common electronic configuration. Furthermore, electrochemical investigations reveal that the less distorted [Fe-III(T3,5-OMePP)(pyzo)(2)](+) ion complex I facilitates enhanced interfacial electron transfer, resulting in superior sensitivity for Cd2+ detection compared to the [Fe-III(3,4,5-OMePP)(pyzo)(2)](+) ion complex II.

A distinctive zinc(II) metalloporphyrin complex, formulated as[Zn(TMFPP)(4-CNpy)]center dot C6H5Cl center dot C6H14 (complex I), was synthesized and thoroughly examined through a combination of techniques, including elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Its molecular structure was unambiguously determined via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing a five-coordinate zinc center with 4-cyanopyridine occupying the axial position. The complex was evaluated as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for the decolorization of Acid Red 52 (AR52) dye in aqueous solution. It demonstrated significant photocatalytic activity, achieving a decolorization efficiency of 74 %, with a corresponding rate constant k = 0.00759 min-1 and correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9976, indicating a good fit to the applied kinetic model. Additionally, the effects of various experimental parameters including pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and catalyst mass were assessed to better understand their roles in influencing the decolorization process. Scavenger experiments confirmed that superoxide radicals (center dot O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for the photodecolorization of AR52. These findings underline the promise of this zinc porphyrin complex as an effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation under visible-light irradiation.

A new cobalt(II) porphyrin complex, [Co(TMFPP)(4-CNpy)]center dot 2/3 CHCl3 center dot 1/3 C6H14 (complex I), was synthesized and structurally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. Electrochemical studies showed its strong performance as a vanillin (VAN) sensor, with wide linear ranges (1-100 mu mol & sdot;L- 1 and 250-500 mu mol & sdot;L- 1) and a low detection limit of 0.136 mu mol & sdot;L- 1. The sensor displayed excellent stability, selectivity, and real-sample applicability, achieving recovery rates of 90.6-104 % in food products. Complementary DFT and TD-DFT analyses supported the experimental findings, highlighting the complex's strong affinity for VAN. These results demonstrate the promise of cobalt(II) metalloporphyrins as efficient electrochemical sensors for food quality monitoring.

We present the synthesis and multi-faceted analysis of [VIV(Cl8TPP)O] (I) (Cl8TPP = [(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octachloro-meso-tetrakis(4-phenylporphyrinate))]); an oxo-vanadium(iv) complex derived from the ambient chlorination of [VIV(TPP)O] (TPP = meso-tetrakis(4-phenylporphyrinate)) with thionyl chloride. The molecular structure of complex I was confirmed through elemental analysis, vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography at 180 K. The resulting crystal structure displays a square-pyramidal geometry at the V(iv) metal ion, accompanied by significant core saddling attributable to the bulk of the peripheral chlorines. DFT computations (B3LYP-D3/LanL2DZ) supported the empirical data, revealing a narrow energy gap (∼2.45 eV) conducive to charge transfer. Reactive sites and weak intermolecular interactions were mapped using MEP and NCI analyses. In silico docking with the aromatase enzyme (PDB: 3EQM) resulted in a binding score of -7.47 kcal mol-1, suggesting that complex I may serve as an anticancer agent. These outcomes confirm that halogenating the periphery significantly alters the biological and electronic behavior of vanadium metalloporphyrins.

The reaction of four-coordinate picket fence iron(II) porphyrin complex [Fe II (TpivPP)] with cryptand-222 solubilized C 5 H 10 NNaS 2 in organic solvents, yields the five-coordinate porphyrin species [Fe II (TpivPP)(SH)] − . The five-coordinate, high-spin (S = 2) (hydrogensulfido)(α,α,α,α-tetrakis( o -pivalamidophenyl)porphinato)iron(II) “picket fence” porphyrin derivative [Na(2,2,2-crypt)][Fe II (TpivPP)(SH)] ( I ) has been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis and IR spectroscopies as well as single-crystal structure determinations. The average Fe-N bond distance is 2.106(4) Å, and the central Fe atom is displaced from the porphyrin mean plane (LSQP24) by 0.610(2) Å, which is longer than those of all other similar five-coordinate iron(II) high-spin porphyrins. The iron atom is pentacoordinated by the four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings and the sulfur atom of the SH − group. The Fe-S bond length is 2.3225(17) Å. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with the space group Pbca . Computational modelling has been conducted using density functional theory (DFT) and Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis to elucidate the mechanisms of interactions, chemical reactivity, and intermolecular interactions. Molecular docking was executed to investigate the potential antibacterial property of the complex, demonstrating its efficacy against Escherichia coli.

A low-spin iron(II) picket-fence porphyrin complex, [FeII(TpivPP)(t-BuNC)2] (TpivPP = alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrin; t-BuNC = tert-butyl isocyanide), has been synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic, crystallographic, and quantum chemical methods. The crystallographic molecular structure confirms a six-coordinate, low-spin Fe(II) centre, with an average equatorial Fe-N(pyrrole) bond length of 2.009(3) & Aring;, consistent with the IR and UV-visible observations. Metal-ligand bonding was analysed using natural bond orbital (NBO) theory, revealing strong equatorial Fe-N(pyrrole) sigma-donation from the porphyrin core together with pronounced axial it-backdonation from the iron centre into antibonding orbitals of the isocyanide ligands. The relative strengths of the Fe-N(pyrrole) and Fe-C(axial) bonds were further quantified using the intrinsic bond strength index (IBSI), indicating enhanced covalency for the axial Fe-C(axial) bonds. In the solid state, the o-pivalamidophenyl substituents play a key role in the supramolecular organization by simultaneously engaging in N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonding, C-H center dot center dot center dot it interactions, and edge-to-face T-shaped it center dot center dot center dot it stacking. These intermolecular interactions were further investigated using quantum topological approaches based on quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the Hirshfeld-partitioned independent gradient model (IGMH), providing a real-space description of their nature and relative strength.

We present the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a novel zinc(II) metalloporphyrin, formulated as [Zn(TCF3PP)(pyzi)] (complex I), where TCF3PP is the meso-tetrakis(para-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrinate and pyzi is pyrazine. Notably, we detail its spectroscopic characterization using UV/Vis, infrared, and 1H NMR techniques, along with single crystal X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analysis, establishing the molecular architecture of complex I. The electrochemical properties were assessed through cyclic voltammetry, demonstrating the complex's capability to be immobilized on a screen-printed gold electrode (SPCE) for sensor applications. This modified electrode exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance in detecting ciprofloxacin (CIP) and hazardous heavy metal ions such as Pb2+ and Cd2+, showcasing superior sensitivity and selectivity. Our findings underscore the innovative use of pyrazine-coordinated zinc(II) porphyrin as a promising platform for multifunctional electrochemical sensing applications.

This study synthesized a solid-solution series of KCo1-xNixCr2(PO4)3 phosphates with the α-CrPO4-type three-dimensional framework, in which edge-sharing CrO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra create tunnels hosting K+ cations. Systematic Ni2+/Co2+ substitution was used to tune dielectric and charge-transport properties. All compounds showed stable paraelectric behavior; increasing Co content enhanced polarizability and dielectric permittivity while maintaining low dielectric loss. When used as electrode materials in graphite-based supercapacitors, higher Co content led to improved electrochemical performance, with the Co1Ni0 composition delivering a specific capacitance of 447 F/g, an energy density of 48.18 Wh/kg, and a power density of 1752 W/kg. The results demonstrate that Ni2+/Co2+ substitution is an effective strategy for designing advanced supercapacitor electrodes that combine high charge-storage capacity (due to increased permittivity) with improved power capability (due to higher conductivity).

In this work, we present the bis(4-nitroaniline)[meso-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin] cobalt(II) chloroform disolvate coordination compound with the formula [CoII(TTMPP)(4-NA)2]center dot 2CHCl3 (1) as catalyst in the photocatalytic decolorization of Methyl Orange (MO) dye. Complex 1 was characterized using UV/Vis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The title compound was also studied by cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structure of our new cobaltous metalloporphyrin (1) which was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, was compared to the related reported cobalt(III) [CoIII(TPP)(4-NA)2]+ ion complex (TPP = mesotetraphenylporphyrinate). DFT/TD-DFT calculations on complex 1 were studied, including (i) the frontier molecular orbital calculations including the values of the global indices of activities, (ii) the molecular electronic potential analysis (MEP) and (iii) the Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) and the Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses. Furthermore, the title compound was tested successfully as a catalyst in the photodecolorization of the methyl orange dye, where it showed very encouraging results.

Cobalt(II) porphyrins are of considerable interest due to their tunable coordination behavior and relevance in functional materials. In this work, a new coordination polymer based on meso-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (T3,4,5-OMePP) and the 3-amino-2-chloropyridine axial ligand (3-A-2-Clpy) has been synthesized and investigated. The formula based of the X-ray molecular structure is: {[CoII(T3,4,5-OMe)(3-A-2-Clpy)]·2H₂O}ₙ (compound I) The compound was characterized by UV/Vis, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and its structure was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing a one-dimensional polymeric arrangement generated through axial CoN linkages.To gain deeper insight into its electronic properties, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were performed. The electronic structure was further analyzed using Mulliken charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and topological approaches including QTAIM, NCI-RDG, ELF, and LOL. These combined experimental and computational results highlight the influence of the electron-donating substituents on the coordination environment and electronic distribution within the complex.The study provides a comprehensive description of the structural and electronic features of this cobalt(II) porphyrin-based system, contributing to the understanding of structure–property relationships in coordination polymers.

Our current study establishes the synthesis and the spectroscopic attributes of a two five-coordinated iron(II) picket fence porphyrin with the formula [Na(2,2,2-crypt)][FeII(TpivPP)(NCO)] (Fe2NCO) and [K(2,2,2-crypt)][FeII(TpivPP)(NCS)] (Fe2NCS) where TpivPP is the (α,α,α,α-terakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)(porphinato) anion and (2,2,2-crypt) is the cryptand-222). The two complexes are characterized in solution by UV-visible and IR spectroscopies. The molecular structures of the two compounds are determined and described using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and Hirshfeld surface area derivations. Our complexes crystallize in the monoclinic system with space group C2 and P21/n, respectively. The average distance between the central Fe(II) ion and the nitrogen atoms in the equatorial position is 2.120(2) Å and 2.104(2) Å, respectively, while the FeII–N(axial ligand) distances from the cyanate and thiocyanate ligand are 2.005(3) Å and 2.042(2) Å, respectively. In each compound, the crystal packing cohesion is stabilized by unconventional intramolecular C–H…O and C–H…N hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, several important physical attributes were numerically examined to deliver an in-depth analysis of the electron charge migration pathways of the iron(II) porphyrin complex using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP-D3/LanL2DZ level. This includes the analysis of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and associated reactivity descriptors, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis through reduced density gradient (RDG) surfaces, and bond critical points (BCPs), as well as electron localization function (ELF), localized orbital locator (LOL), and Hirshfeld surface characterization.

This study describes the preparation of the acetato iron(II) porphyrinate complex formulated as [K(2,2,2-crypt)] [FeII(TpivPP)(OAc)], (PFe-OAc), where OAc- denotes the acetate ligand, TpivPP corresponds to the alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrinate anion, and 2,2,2-crypt refers to cryptand-222. The compound was fully characterized by UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystallographic study indicates that the complex crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group and is composed of one anionic [FeII(TpivPP)(OAc)]- unit associated with one [K(2,2,2-crypt)]+ counterion. The porphyrin macrocycle adopts a markedly non-planar geometry, dominated by dome- and saddle-type distortions. Mean equatorial Fe-Np bond distance (2.084(3) & Aring;) and displacement of iron atom from 24-atom porphyrin core (Fe-PC = 0.582(6) & Aring;) are both larger than those reported for related five-coordinate high-spin iron(II) porphyrin complexes, attributed to increased electronic repulsion between dx 2 -y and dxy orbitals and negatively charged pyrrolic nitrogen donors. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction further reveals a high-spin Fe(II) center with a groundstate electronic configuration described as (dxy)2(dxz)1(dyz)1(dz2)1(dx2-y)1. Structural features confirm the high-spin nature of the acetato complex and demonstrate that the coordination environment of the metal center is strongly influenced by the monodentate axial acetate ligand coordinated from the pocket side of the TpivPP framework. DFT and structural and electronic properties of the complex showed that the optimized geometry of Fe(II) porphyrin core, as well as the coordination environment of the cryptand-222 unit, is in very good agreement with crystallographic data. Molecular electrostatic potential analysis highlights axial acetate ligand and amide functionalities as the most nucleophilic regions of the molecule. Frontier molecular orbital analysis indicates a relatively narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap of approximately 2.23 eV, with main electronic transitions predominantly arising from metal-to-ligand charge-transfer processes. In the solid state, the crystal packing is stabilized by a dense network of H & sdot;& sdot;& sdot;H van der Waals interactions, complemented by directional O & sdot;& sdot;& sdot;H hydrogenbonding contacts.

Fluorinated porphyrins have attracted considerable attention in PDT, sensing and catalysis. Guided by demands for functional porphyrins with tunable electronic properties, high photostability, and controlled supramolecular organization, we report a synthetic approach to meso-tetrakis[4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl]porphyrin (H2TF4PPP), which combines the advantages of diethyl phosphonate and fluorine substituents within a highly symmetrical porphyrin molecule. X-ray diffraction analysis of H2TF4PPP reveals that diethyl phosphonates govern the crystal packing, while the macrocycles avoid π-π stacking. Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes with H2TF4PPP were prepared in high yields. In contrast, insertion of In(III) ions exhibiting strong Lewis acidity was accompanied by partial hydrolysis of phosphonate groups. H2TF4PPP and its Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes efficiently generate singlet oxygen displaying a good solubility in various organic solvents. The noble-metal-free porphyrin H2TF4PPP surpasses Pd(II) complex of non-fluorinated analogue (PdTPPP) in photocatalytic performance, enabling sustainable oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with oxygen. H2TF4PPP forms a stable Langmuir monolayer which can be transferred onto solid substrates, yielding dense single-layer films containing fiber-shaped nanoparticles. The films thus obtained are emissive and their photostability surpasses that of H2TPPP films. Water-soluble porphyrins H2TF4PPP-A and PdTF4PPP-A with phosphonic acid groups were also prepared and briefly investigated.

In this work, Hirshfeld surface analysis, biological study on bacterial and fungal strains, theoretical molecular docking study was performed on the complex [FeII(TPP-Cl)(BzNH2)2]n-hexane [where TPP-Cl and BzNH2 are 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) porphyrinate (I)]. The crystal structure also contains one inversion-symmetric n-hexane solvent molecule per complex molecule. The average Fe-Npyrrole bond length [1.994 (3) & Aring;] indicate a low spin complex. The crystal packing is sustained by N-H & ctdot;Cl and C-H & ctdot;Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions and by C-H & ctdot;pi intermolecular interactions, leading to a three-dimensional network structure. Finally, the bioactivity investigations revealed that iron porphyrins could serve as novel antibacterial agents. Docking of the complex (I) into the active sites of bacterial proteins; S. aureus (7EMO), E. faecalis (4O8L), S. pneumoniae (4QLO), P. aeruginosa (3CLQ), A. Niger (3K4P) and A. fumigatus (5JGJ) was performed to detect the degree of antibacterial recognition activity.

An Fe(II)-chlorido five-coordinate picket fence porphyrin complex with the formula [K (crypt-222)][FeII(TpivPP)Cl]·C6H5Cl (I) (where TpivPP is the picket fence porphyrin and crypt-222 is the cryptand-222) has been synthesized and characterized. Cryptand-222 was used to solubilize potassium chloride . UV/Vis and IR spectroscopic data studies have also been performed. The X-ray structural analysis indicates that the Fe(II) cation is a high-spin (S = 2) porphyrin and has the dxy2dxz1dyz1dz21dx2−y21 ground-state electronic configuration. The average equatorial iron-pyrrole N bond length (Fe__Np = 2.1091(2) Å) and the distance between the iron and the 24-atom mean plane of the porphyrin ring (Fe-PC = 0.57 Å) are similar to those of the reported five-coordinated Fe(II) high-spin (S =2) metalloporphyrins. Theoretical calculations on complex I were carried out, including (i) the optimized molecular structure using the DFT/B3LYP-D3/LanL2DZ level of theory, (ii), frontier molecular orbital (FMO) calculations, (iii) molecular electronic potential analysis (MEP), and (vi) the ELF and LOL analyses. These latter theoretical studies indicate the strong hydrogen bond linking the oxygen atom of the pivaloyl groups of the TpivPP porphyrinate and some carbon atoms of the cryptand-222.

In this work, we describe the synthesis of three new meso-arylporphyrins, named meso-tetrakis [4-(nicotinoyloxy)phenyl] porphyrin (H2TNPP), meso-tetrakis [4-(picolinoyloxy)phenyl] porphyrin (H2TPPP), and meso-tetrakis [4-(isonicotinoyloxy) phenyl] porphyrin (H2TIPP). These new synthesized meso-arylporphyrins are characterized using spectroscopic analysis: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and One-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1D NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). The photophysical studies (UV-visible absorption, singlet oxygen (1O2) luminescence, and fluorescence emissions) demonstrate their potential uses as photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. An in vitro investigation of the anti-fungal activity of H2TNPP, H2TPPP, and H2TIPP against Candida (C.) species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis) reveals that their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. In addition, their in vitro anti-fungal susceptibilities against three dermatophyte clinical isolates (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) are also evaluated and they demonstrate good anti-fungal activities. A molecular docking study of these meso-arylporphyrins as anti-fungal agents against C. tropicalis extracellular aspartic proteinases, Protein data Bank in Europe (PDBe code: 1J71) and Trichophyton rubrum Sialidases (PDBe code: 7P1D) underlines the possible interactions of H2TNPP, H2TPPP, and H2TIPP with the key amino acid residues of these fungal target proteins.

The paper presents a combined experimental and computational investigation of the cadmium(II) (acetato)-mesotetra(para-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin ion complex [Cd(TMPP)(OAc)]-(complex 1), which was prepared by the reaction of [Cd(TMPP)] with an excess of NaOAc and crysptand-222 in chloroform. This new Cd(II) meso-arylporphyrin was characterized by elementary analysis and UV-Vis, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques along with single crystal X-ray diffraction. This later study shows that the Cd2+center ion adopts a distorted square pyramidal geometry and is coordinated by the four nitrogens of the TMPP porphyrinate and the oxygen atom of the acetato axial ligand. The intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice of [Cd(TMPP)(OAc)]-, determined using the PLATON program and Hirshfeld surfaces analysis, are of types O__H...O, C__H...H, C__H...Cl, C__H...Cg and C__Cl...Cg (Cg is the centroid of a phenyl or a pyrrole ring) involving the [Cd(TMPP)(OAc)]-ion complex, the [Na(crypt-222)]+ counterion, and the chloroform and water molecules found in the crystal lattice of complex 1. Using DFT calculations at the DFT/B3LYP-D3/lanL2DZ level of theory HOMO-LUMO orbitals of 1 and several global reactive parameters of this compound were calculated. The 3D-MEP plots of [Cd(TMPP) (OAc)]-were also determined. This theoretical study includes the sensing properties of complex 1 and the NO2, CO2, N2, and SO2 gas molecules. Furthermore, experimental tests have been carried out concerning the impedance and dielectric spectroscopy of the InGa/[Cd(TMPP)(OAc)]/InGa device.

Heavy metal ion pollution poses a significant threat to environmental and human health. We developed a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for Mercury(II) detection, utilizing a synthesized nickel(II) complex, [(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-bromophenyl)porphyrinato] Nickel(II) [Ni(TBrPP)]. The structural integrity, composition, and physicochemical properties of [Ni(TBrPP)] were characterized using a comprehensive set of analytical techniques, including Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-vis spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, confirming structural integrity and optical properties. Its chemical structure and functional groups were elucidated, and its photophysical properties were investigated to assess optical behavior and electronic transitions. Electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, revealing an optimal response at pH 5. The sensor demonstrated exceptional selectivity for Mercury(II), exhibiting minimal interference from competing metal ions such as Cadmium(II), Zinc(II), Copper(II), Manganese(II), and Lead(II) at 10 mu M concentrations. With a detection limit of 6 nM, a linear response range of 0.006-10 mu M, and a sensitivity of 6.939 mu A mu M-1, the sensor proves highly effective for Mercury detection. Excellent stability and reproducibility in real sample analysis yielded recovery rates between 96% and 103%, underscoring its robustness and accuracy for practical applications. A novel electrochemical sensor was designed for the selective detection of Hg2+ ions.The sensor demonstrated high specificity for Hg2+ ions, showing negligible interference from competing metal ions like Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Pb2+.The sensor achieved a detection limit of 6 nM with a linear response range of 0.006-10 mu M, making it suitable for environmental monitoring applications.

Accurate detection of urea (UA) is essential for food safety, environmental monitoring, and quality control in the dairy industry. However, conventional detection methods are often expensive or rely on enzymatic systems, which can limit their practicality and long-term stability. To overcome these limitations, we report the development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on the zinc(II) meso-tetrakis(3-acetoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin complex, [Zn(TMAPP)], for the sensitive and selective detection of UA. The successful synthesis of the [Zn(TMAPP)] complex was confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and fluorescence analysis, confirming both its structural and optical integrity. The electrochemical properties of the sensor were subsequently evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity for urea, maintaining reliable performance even in the presence of various potential interferents, which are commonly present in biological samples. It exhibited a low detection limit of 0.075 mu M and a wide linear response range from 0.075 to 100 mu M, highlighting its high sensitivity and suitability for practical applications. Finally, to assess the sensor's practical utility, it was tested on real samples, demonstrating excellent recovery rates ranging from 98.3% to 102.0%.