The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) against Helicobacter pylori , and to optimize the culture conditions of LFF for maximum production of natural antibiotics against H. pylori . To accomplish this, a screening assay was first conducted among 19 species of LFF. The extract of Nephromopsis pallescens (KOLRI-040516) exhibited the strongest anti-ff. pylori activity. Bioautograghic TLC and HPLC analysis identified usnic acid as the main antibacterial substance produced by JV. pallescens . The growth of JV. pallescens and production of antibacterial substances produced by the fungus were then investigated under several culture conditions including the culture media, initial medium pHs, incubation temperatures, and the degree of aeration. The results indicated that culture in MY medium with an initial pH of 6.0, a temperature of 15°C and a low degree of aeration supported the largest usnic acid production of the fungus (16.4 ug usnic acid/g dry biomass). Especially, aeration was found to be an important factor that affect both growth and usnic acid production of N. pallescens .

Lichens, a symbiotic organism of fungi and algae, cause serious damage to national heritages of stone master piece and costly trees for gardening. The present study was conducted to screen effective fungicides against lichen-forming fungi to control the biological agents deteriorating stone heritages and trees. Five commercial fungicides (Fenarimol EC, Etridiazole EC, Iminoctadinetriacetate SL, Difenoconazole+lminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC) were tested against the lichen-forming fungi (LFF) isolated from seven saxicolous (Caloplaca sp., Ramalina sp., Xanthoparmelia sp., and Xanthoria sp.,) or corticolous (Parmelia sp.,) lichen species. Preliminary screening test showed that no LFF could grow on the MY (malt-yeast extract) agar medium amended with the recommended concentrations of each fungicide. Further screening was conducted at 1%, 10% and 20% of the recommended concentrations of the fungicides. After 7 week incubation at in the dark, Difenoconazole+Iminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC completely inhibited the fungal growth of all the tested LFF, even at 1% of the concentration. Two fungicides of Fenarimol EC and Iminoctadinetriacetate SL exhibited a moderate inhibition activity at the lower concentrations. Etridiazole EC was less effective in the fungal growth inhibition than the other four fungicides. The results suggested that lichens colonizing on precious stone heritages and trees can be eradicated by applying Difenoconazole+Iminocatadinetriacetate ME and Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin SC even 1% of the recommended concentrations. Selected fungicide application at such a low concentration will facilitate the chemical use to prevent and preserve stone heritages from biological deterioration induced by lichens and the allied microbes.

The effect of plant hormones on the growth of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) was evaluated. The use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and indole-3-butyric acid resulted in a 99% and 57% increase in dry weight of the lichen-forming fungus Nephromopsis ornata. The results suggest that some plant hormones can be used as inducers or stimulators of LFF growth for large-scale culture.

The effect of nutritional-environmental interaction on cholinesterase (ChE) activity of brain and adrenal glands of rats was in vestigated. Malnutrition was induced by feeding a low protein purified diet to lactating dams thus reducing milk supply for suckling pups, and after weaning at 3 weeks of age a low protein diet was fed for an additional 4 weeks followed by a high protein diet for rehabilitation. This optimal diet was fed to controls throughout the study. Three levels of environmental manipulation, normal, isolated and enriched, were provided to each of the dietary groups during the first 7 weeks of life after which normal conditions of both diet and environment were followed until the study was terminated at 20 weeks of age. Consistent with previous findings, early protein-energy malnutrition resulted in long-lasting elevation of brain ChE activity. In control-fed rats, environmental isolation resulted in increases in ChE specific activity, whereas, in early malnourished rats, isolation led to lowered ChE activity. Environmental enrichment did not affect ChE in control-fed rats and as a result, ChE specific activity of enriched animals was lower than was found in isolated animals. Adrenal ChE activity was increased in pre viously malnourished rats. No further increase was noted due to environ mental manipulation, but in control-fed rats both enriched and isolated animals had elevated adrenal ChE activity. J. Nutr. 106: 342-349, 1976.

북한 지의류 표본은 2006년부터 3년 동안 헝가리 자연사박물관으로부터 총 222점, 23과 54속 119종을 확보하였으며, 현재 모든 표본들은 국립수목원 표본실에 보관되어 있다. 이번에 확보된 지의류 표본에는 한반도에서 아직 보고되지 않은 12종이 포함되어 있다. 또한 헝가리 자연사박물관에서 입수한 미보고 묘향산 분포 지의류 목록을 재정리한 결과, 총 26과 57속 179종이 확인되었으며 이 중에는 한반도에서 아직 보고되지 않은 17종이 포함되어 있었으며 이번 북한 지의류 목록 정리 작업을 통하여 29종의 한반도 미보고 지의류 목록을 확보할 수 있었다. 북한 지의류에 대한 본 보고는 한반도 분포 지의류 연구를 위하여 매우 귀중한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Total 222 lichen specimens of North Korea including 23 family, 54 genera and 119 species were newly obtained from the Hungarian Natural History Museum for the last 3 years. Among them, 12 species were added to Korean lichen checklist as new. All the species were deposited at the herbarium of Korea National Arboretum. In addition, unpublished list of lichen species distributed in Mt. Myohang was kindly donated from the Hungarian Natural History Museum. The list was originally prepared by North Korean lichenologists and kept in the museum from 1988. In the list, 26 family, 57 genera and 179 species of lichens were described and 17 species were included as new reports. This list provided 29 lichen species as new to the Korean Peninsula. This information will make significant contribution to lichenological study in the Korean Peninsula.

Lichen-forming fungi (LEF) were isolated from 67 Hungarian lichen species from ascospores or thallus fragments. LFF were successfully isolated from 26 species with isolation rate of 38.8%. Of the total number of isolation from ascospores (27 species) and thallus fragments (40 species), 48% and 32.5% of the species were successfully isolated, respectively. Comparison of rDNA sequences of ITS regions between the isolated LFF and the original thallus confirmed that all the isolates originated from the thallus fragments were LEF. The following 14 species of LEF were newly isolated in this study; Acarospora cervina, Bacidia rubella, Cladonia pyxidata, Lasallia pustulata, Lecania hyaline, Lecanora argentata, Parmelina tiliacea, Parmotrema chinense, Physconia distorta, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Sarcogyne regularis, Umbilicaria hirsuta, Xanthoparmelia conspersa and X. stenophylla. Antifungal activity of the Hungarian LFF was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. Among the 26 isolates, 11 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of at least one target pathogen. Especially, LFF of Evernia prunastri, Lecania hyalina and Lecanora argentata were remarkably effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of all the tested pathogens with antibiotic mode of action. On the other hands, five isolates of Cladonia furcata, Hypogymnia physodes, Lasallia pustulata, Ramalina fastigiata and Ramalina pollinaria exhibited fungal lytic activity against all the three pathogens. Among the tested fungal pathogens, C. coccodes seemed to be most sensitive to the LFF. The Hungarian LFF firstly isolated in this study can be served as novel bioresources to develop new biofungicides alternative to current fungicides to control hot pepper anthracnose pathogenic fungi.

Antifungal activity of Korean and Chinese lichen-forming fungi (LFF) was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungus of Colletotrichum acutatum, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. This is the first attempt to evaluate antifungal activity of LFF, instead of lichen thalli, against C. acutatum. Total 100 LFF were isolated from the lichens with discharged spore method or tissue culture method. Among the 100 isolates, 8 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of the target pathogen. Especially, Lecanora argentata was highly effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of C. accutatum at the rate of 68%. Antifungal activity of other LFF was in the order of Cetrelia japonica (61.4%), Ramalina conduplicans (59.5%), Umbilicaria esculenta (59.5%), Ramalina litoralis (56.7%), Cetrelia braunsiana (56.5%), Nephromopsis pallescensn (56.1%), and Parmelia simplicior (53.8%). Among the tested LFF, 61 isolates of LFF exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the target pathogen at the inhibition rates from 30 to 50%. Antifungal activity of the LFF against C. acutatum was variable at the species level rather than genus level of LFF. This study suggests that LFF can be served as a promising bioresource to develop novel biofungicides.

Antifungal activities of natural substrances from Eucalyptus darlympleana, E. globules, E. gunnii and E. unigera were evaluated against postharvest pathogens of kiwifruits, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Diaporthe actinidiae, to screen effective natural substances as an alternative to chemical fungicides. Methanol extract of the Eucalyptus trees showed strong antagonistic activity against the pathogenic fungi. Among them, E. unigera and E. darlympleana effectively inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogens. For chemical identification of the antifungal substances, the methanol extract of E. darlympleana leaves was successively partitioned with CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O. Among the fractions, CH,Cl, and n-BuOH showed strong inhibitory activity of mycelial growth of the fungi. Five compounds were isolated from EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions subjected to SiO2 column chromatography. Two phenolic compounds (gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid) and three flavonoid compounds (quercetin, quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) were identified by H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR spectroscopy. Among them, only gallic acid was found to be effective in mycelial growth and spore germination of B. cinerea at relatively high concentrations. The results suggest that gallic acid can be a safer and more acceptable alternative to current synthetic fungicides controlling soft rot decay of kiwifruit during postharvest storage.

Antifungal activity of Korean and Chinese lichen-forming fungi(LFF) was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, Diaporthe actinidiae, Pestalotiopsis longiseta, Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium cepivorum. The LFF were isolated from Cladonia scabriuscula, Melanelia sp., Nephromopsis asahinae, Nephromopsis pallescens, Parmelia laevior, Pertusaria sp., Ramalina conduplicans, Ramalina sinensis, Ramalina sp., Umbilicaria proboscidea and Vulpicida sp. with discharged spore method. The isolates were deposited in the herbarium of Korean Lichen Research Institute(KoLRI) in Sunchon National University. The LFF of Melanelia sp., P. laevior, Pertusaria sp., R. conduplican and Ramalina sp. exhibited strong antifungal activity against all of the pathogenic fungi examined. Among them, LFF of P. laevior showed more than 90% of inhibition in fungal hyphae growth, compared with control. The results imply that LFF can be served as a promising bioresource to develop novel biofungicides. Mass cultivation of the LFF is now under progress in laboratory conditions for chemical identification of antifungal substances.

Isolation of Inonotus obliquus from Betula costata in KoreaTaxonomic Study on Some Unrecorded Taxa of Korean AphyllophoralesSurveys of Host Plants of Pestalotiopsis spp. in KoreaBacillus subtilis B...

s of the 2005 Fall Meeting of the Korean Society of Mycology 257 groups. The first group included one species, C. militaris. The second group included four species, C. yongmoonensis, C. pruinosa, Shimozuomyces poradoxa. The third group was one species, C. scarabaeicola.With the comparison of sixteen isolates of C. militaris, we found that there was not exists intraspecific variation in the gpd gene of C. militaris. Notes on Two Species of the Laboulbeniales from Tibet Yong-Bo Lee 1 *, Chae-Kyu Lim 2 , Dong-Kyoung Jang 3 , In-Ha Jung 3 , Sang-Hee Park 3 , In-Hwa Jang 3 , Sung-Eun Yun 3 and Hansu Park 4 1 Division of Science Education, College of Education, Chosun University. 2 Dept. of Herbal Medicine Resources development, Naju College. 3 Major in Biology Education, Graduate School of Education, Chosun University. 4 Major in Biology Education, Graduated School, Chosun University Two species of the Laboubeniales based on the preparations of Tibet are described. They are new to the mycological flora of Tibet. Laboulbenia polypaga were found on several parts of Amara majuscula, this species have the outer appendages not ramified, simple. Peyritschiella protea were found on the lower abdomen of Philonthus wuesthoffi, this species have two perithecia and two antheridia produced on the third layer of receptacle. Phylogenetic Analysis of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Intergenic Spacer (IGS) I Region of Genus Agaricus Young Hyun Ryu 1 *, Woo Sik Jo 1 *, Sung Guk Choi 1 *, Jong Guk Kim 2 , Jae Tak Yoon 3 and Jung Sik Park 4 1 Dept. Plant Environment, GyungBuk ATA. 2 Dept. Microbiology, Kyungpook Natl. Univ. 3 GyungBuk ATA. 4 NIAST, RDA Phylogenetic relationship of genus Agaricus was studied by comparing the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) I region and structural characteristics was analyzed. IGS I region of 5 species (A. bisporus, A. edulis, A. bitorquis, A. campestris, A. potobella) of Agaricus was from 1,323 bp (A. bisporus ASI 1056) to 1,491 bp (A. potobella ASI 1210) long and GC contents were 47% (A. bisporus) to 49% (A. potobella). Size difference of IGS 1 region among Agaricus species was caused by sequence insertion in 3' end region, especially A. potobella. and inserted sequence was higher GC content than other IGS sequence and have repeated GG/GC patterns. ITS region was widely used in phylogenetic relation of basidiomycetes, but fungal ribosomal IGS region was not well understood and applied yet. Our study indicated that IGS region can be a good tool in phylogenetic study of basidiomycetes. The Identification and Characterization of Halophilic Fungi, Eurotium spp., Isolated from Marine Anchovies Su Young Kim 1 , Hee-Gon Choi 1,2 , Mira Jin 1 and Kwang-Yeop Jahng 1,3 * 1 Division of Biological Sciences, Chonbuk National University. 2 Research Institute of Water Environment, CNU. 3 Basic Science Research Institute, CNU We have isolated halophilic fungi from Korean traditional food, jeotkal, which is madeof salted anchovies. These filamentous fungi that formed the sexual structure cleistothecium could not grow without salt in growth medium. Spores were lysed by osmostress under no salt condition so that they could not germinate. All strains from anchovy jeotkal were also isolated from the surface tissue such as scales and gills of raw anchovy, but not from liver and digestive organs, implying that these isolates originated from sea water. The phylogenetic analyses based on the sequence comparison of 18S, 28S and ITS region of rDNA suggested that they classified into the genus Eurotium. Species of Eurotium typically produce bright yellow cleistothecia and dull green spinose conidia which are formed from phialides only. The nucleotide sequence of 28S region of isolates showed 100~99% identity to that of E. herbariorum and E. rubrum, suggesting that they should be highly related to these species. Morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics further supported that these fungal isolates belong to halophilic species of the genus Eurotium. Fungal Volatile from a Strain of PGPF, Cladospoprium sp. CL1 can Enhance Plant Growth and Induce Systemic Resis-