The shortage of healthcare professionals increasingly challenges the provision of care for institutionalised older adults. This study investigates healthcare professionals' expectations regarding the added value of social robots in daily care, as their perspective is adamant for implementation of these robots but not yet fully investigated. Two consecutive focus group sessions were conducted across three nursing homes with 24 healthcare professionals. The first session focused on identifying potential ways in which social robots could add value for both staff and residents. After sharing suggestions across all groups, the second session facilitated cross-validation and in-depth discussion of practical implications. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Healthcare professionals expected several benefits from using a social robot, including reduced workload and mental strain, improved work atmosphere, and potentially heightened job satisfaction. For residents, expected benefits included promotion of self-care and self-reliance through reminders and notifications, and provision of companionship during lonely periods. Reported possible barriers included limited technical knowledge and lack of support from residents' families. Participants expected that social robots could help save time and energy, enabling more focused attention on residents needing support-even those who may not actively seek it. Professionals indicated that this might enhance both residents' well-being and the quality and satisfaction of their own work. Implementing some of the specific suggestions from professionals merits further investigation.

Many cancer survivors experience chronic cancer-related fatigue (CCRF). While most psychosocial interventions focus exclusively on cancer survivors themselves, increasing evidence suggests that involving partners may enhance and broaden the benefits of these interventions. The primary objective of this study was to assess the acceptability and potential efficacy of COMPANION, a web-based mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for couples (15–20 weeks). Additionally, we examined the feasibility of the trial procedures. This single-arm pilot trial included cancer survivors and their romantic partners. Participants completed questionnaires prior to starting the therapy (T0), 2 weeks after the therapy (T1), and 1 month following T1 (T2). Predefined benchmark values were used to assess the acceptability and potential efficacy of COMPANION, as well as the feasibility of the trial procedures. Forty-six couples were screened for eligibility, 33 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 21 entered the study. Seventy-one percent of the couples completed COMPANION (n = 15). Most couples were satisfied with the intervention and the couples’ approach. About two-thirds of the cancer survivors showed a clinically relevant improvement in fatigue from T0 to T1. Improvement was also seen in anxiety and depressive symptoms in both members of the couples. The trial procedures were found to be feasible. Based on the benchmark values, we conclude that the intervention is acceptable and potentially efficacious. A randomized controlled trial is therefore warranted to further evaluate the effectiveness of COMPANION. After further testing, the intervention may be offered more broadly and complement much-needed psychosocial interventions to help couples cope with CCRF.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most prevalent and disruptive side effect of cancer and its treatment, significantly impairing patients’ quality of life. While guidelines mandate periodic screening, in-depth assessments, and non-pharmacological treatments for fatigue, the adherence of healthcare professionals (HCPs) to these guidelines is unknown. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on HCPs’ adherence to CRF guidelines. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing searches across six databases and Google Scholar. Studies reporting on CRF management, barriers to CRF care experienced by HCPs, or interventions aimed at improving CRF management were included. A narrative synthesis approach was employed to analyze findings. Of the 7039 identified publications, seventy-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings reveal notable discrepancies between guideline recommendations and clinical practice. Specifically, fatigue screening was inconsistently performed across healthcare settings, comprehensive fatigue assessments were scarce, and pharmacological interventions were commonly used to alleviate fatigue. Barriers such as time constraints and insufficient knowledge hindered optimal CRF management. Findings of this review suggest that HCPs do generally not adhere to clinical guidelines for fatigue management. There is ample room to improve CRF management, with systematic changes essential to addressing barriers to effective fatigue management. As part of these changes, enhancing HCP education can help to frame CRF as a manageable, multifaceted symptom. These improvements will contribute to better fatigue communication, recognition, timely support, and a more coordinated approach to care for patients affected by this debilitating condition.

This study explored wishes, conflicts, beneficial, and wished support of informal caregivers (ICGs) providing care to a palliative ill close other. We interviewed five current and 15 bereaved ICGs (25-75 years), and used thematic analyses. ICGs wished to continue life as normal as possible, spend time together and with their family, comfort their close other, and continue own activities. Caregivers experienced conflicts in balancing caregiving and own activities, quality time with each other and social contacts, the level of professional or informal support preferred, and in their shifting role from partner/child to nurse. ICGs experienced practical support, being heard, and good professional support as helpful. An overview of available support options, one contact for administrative issues, and an environment that pays attention to ICGs' wellbeing could make caregiving easier. Formal carers and digital tools can support caregivers in balancing wishes and boundaries with the requests of caregiving to decrease conflicts.

This study aimed to identify trajectories of BMI, obesity-specific health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), and depression trajectories from pre-surgery to 24 months post-bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS), and explore their associations, addressing subgroup differences often hidden in group-level analyses. Patients with severe obesity (n = 529) reported their HR-QoL and depression before undergoing BMS, and at 12 and 24 months post-operation. Latent Class Growth Analysis was used to identify trajectories of BMI, HR-QoL and depression. BMI and HR-QoL improved significantly for all patients from pre-surgery to 24 months post-operation, though some patients deteriorated in their outcomes after 12 months. Three distinct trajectories of BMI were identified: Low (35.4

Introduction: Chronic cancer‐related fatigue (CCRF) is a common symptom among patients. Current therapies target the patient alone, while evidence suggests that targeting the dyad might be more beneficial.Method: Using a mixed methods design, we conducted two studies that together aimed to provide more insight into the needs, benefits, barriers and preferences regarding a couples therapy for CCRF. In a qualitative study, we conducted focus groups and semi‐structured interviews with a purposive sample of 10 patients and 10 partners with experience of CCRF care, followed by thematic analysis. In a subsequent quantitative study, a convenience sample of patients (n = 172) and partners (n = 55) completed an online survey developed based on the qualitative findings.Results: In the qualitative study, both patients and partners expressed that a couples therapy could help them. Perceived benefits included empowerment of partners to support patients and improved couples communication. In the online survey, the need for a dyadic approach to CCRF therapy was confirmed by both patients (39%) and partners (91%). The benefits reported by most patients and partners were that partners could get attention for their own problems related to the patients’ cancer and fatigue (patients: 72%, partners: 86%) and receive advice on coping with fatigue (66% and 90%, respectively). Participants in both studies identified barriers, such as a fear of burdening partners with a couples therapy (50%). Partner involvement was considered desirable for most therapy elements (e.g., psychoeducation, contact with the therapist, exercises and relapse prevention). Yet, individual preferences varied widely.Conclusion: Results of both studies support the potential acceptability of a couples therapy for CCRF among patients and partners. Based on divergent preferences, we determined that a couples therapy must provide flexibility regarding the degree, intensity and type of partner involvement. Dyadic psychoeducation can be used as a solid starting point to manage expectations and get relief from perceived barriers.

Purpose Chronic pain and obesity often co-occur, negatively affecting one another and psychological wellbeing. Pain and psychological wellbeing improve after bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS), however, it is unknown whether psychological wellbeing improves differently after weight loss between patients with and without chronic pain. We investigated whether weight loss is associated with greater psychological wellbeing and functioning change after BMS, comparing patients with and without preoperative pain syndromes. Methods Depression, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, self-efficacy to exercise and controlling eating behaviours, physical activity, and food cravings were measured before and 24 months after BMS among 276 patients with obesity. The presence of preoperative chronic pain syndromes was examined as a moderator for the relationship between 24-month weight loss and changes in psychological outcomes. Results Chronic pain syndromes were present among 46% of patients. Weight loss was associated with greater improvement in health-related quality of life, self-efficacy to exercise and controlling eating behaviours, self-esteem and greater amelioration in food cravings. Pain syndromes only moderated negatively the relationship between the postoperative weight loss and change in self-efficacy to control eating behaviours ( b = -0.49, CI [-0.88,-0.12]). Conclusion Patients with and without chronic pain showed similar improvements in weight and psychological wellbeing and behaviours after BMS. The relationship between weight loss and the improvement of self-efficacy to control eating behaviours was weaker among patients with chronic pain syndrome. Further work, measuring pain severity over time, is needed to shed light on the mechanism underlying pain and postoperative change in psychological wellbeing and weight loss. Graphical Abstract

Background Young adult caregivers (YACs) are individuals aged 18–25 years who provide care to a loved one (parent, sibling) with frailty, disability, or illness. As young adults, the transition period between adolescence and adulthood can be more challenging for YACs than their peers without care responsibilities (non-YACs), as they have to integrate caregiving with other life areas (education, relationships). This study compared the perceived life balance and the psychological functioning (i.e., burnout, negative and positive affect, and life satisfaction) between YACs and non-YACs. Method An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 74 YACs (85.1% females, 22.0 ± 2.1 years) and 246 non-YACs (76.0% females, 21.8 ± 2.0 years) studying in the Netherlands. The survey assessed demographic characteristics, caregiving characteristics (to be filled out only by the YACs), life balance, and psychological functioning. We used Chi-square tests for categorical variables and independent T-tests for continuous variables to examine possible differences in demographic characteristics between YACs and non-YACs. In addition, we used independent T-tests to compare the perceived life balance and psychological functioning between YACs and non-YACs. Results YACs and non-YACs were similar on all the demographic characteristics, except for living status; fewer YACs (44.6%) than non-YACs (59.3%) lived on their own, with or without other students/friends ( χ 2 = 16.3, p = 0.01 ). YACs perceived slightly less balance in life than non-YACs (d = -.29, p = .03 ). Both groups did not differ in experiencing burnout, affect, and life satisfaction (all p > .05 ). They experienced high levels of burnout and moderate levels of life satisfaction. Discussion Although YACs perceived a little less balance in life than non-YACs, this was not reflected in their psychological functioning. Healthcare professionals and school counselors may need to recognise the critical phase of all young adults and provide the support that could, for example, help them reduce burnout and enhance their quality of life.

PurposeUntil now, it is not clear whether there are differences in patient perception between multi-bedded rooms with two and four beds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the physical (i.e. room type) and psychosocial (i.e. kindness of roommates and extraversion) aspects on the patients' experience (i.e. pleasantness of the room, anxiety, sleep quality) in multi-bedded rooms in an oncology ward.Design/methodology/approachA group of 84 hospitalized oncology patients completed a questionnaire on the day of departure. Room types were categorized into two groups: two-person and four-person rooms.FindingsMultivariate logistic regression analyses with the minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) showed no direct main effects of room type (two vs. four-person room), kindness of roommates and extraversion on pleasantness of the room, anxiety and sleep quality. However, the authors found an interaction effect between room type and extraversion on pleasantness of the room. Patients who score relatively high in extraversion rated the room as more pleasant when they stayed in a four-person rather than a two-person room. For patients relatively low in extraversion, room type was not related to pleasantness of the room.Practical implicationsThe findings allow hospitals to better understand individual differences in patient experiences. Hospitals should inform patients about the benefits of the different room types and potential influences of personality (extraversion) so patients are empowered and can benefit from autonomy and the most appropriate place.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes the importance of including four-person rooms in an oncology ward, while new hospital facility layouts mainly include single-bed rooms.

Purpose Although there is increasing awareness that significant others' perceptions and behavior can affect health outcomes, the role of interpersonal processes between sick-listed workers and significant others in sick leave and return to work (RTW) has hardly been studied. This study aims to examine the associations between illness perceptions, RTW expectations, and behaviors of significant others (engagement, buffering and overprotection) with sick leave duration within dyads of sick-listed workers with chronic diseases and their significant others. Methods We used survey data linked with sick leave registry data of 90 dyads. Pearson correlations were used to study the interdependence within dyads. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between survey data of both dyad members and sick leave duration. Results We found moderate to strong correlations between workers and significant others, indicating interdependence within dyads regarding illness perceptions, RTW expectations and perceived significant other behaviors. Dyad members' illness perceptions (R-2 = .204, p = .001) and RTW expectations (R-2 = .326, p = < .001) were associated with sick leave duration, explaining respectively 12.3% and 24.5% of the variance. We found no associations between sick leave duration and active engagement, protective buffering and overprotection. Conclusions This study indicates that negative illness perceptions and RTW expectations of both workers and their significant others are associated with a longer sick leave duration. Considering the interdependence within dyads, involving significant others when intervening on maladaptive illness perceptions and RTW expectations may be more effective than solely focusing on the worker's perceptions and expectations.

Background Young adult caregivers (YACs, aged 18–25) who take care of a loved one may juggle between caregiving responsibilities and other life areas such as education and social life, leading to an imbalance in their lives. The web-based tool ‘MantelzorgBalans’ aims to support informal caregivers (ICGs) in balancing caregiving tasks and activities in other life areas. However, this tool was designed to support ICGs of loved ones receiving palliative care and is not yet tailored to the needs of YACs. In order to do so, in this study we aim to explore (i) challenges and support needs of YACs in caregiving, (ii) their needs towards the content of the ‘MantelzorgBalans’ tool, and (iii) issues they encountered in using the tool and their preferences for adaptation of the tool. Method We conducted semi-structured interviews and usability testing with 13 student YACs in the Netherlands. Within usability testing, we used three approaches: (i) a thinking-aloud approach (verbalizing thoughts while using the tool), (ii) a task-based performance approach (scoring task completion rate), and (iii) questionnaires. We used thematic analysis to synthesize the qualitative data. For the quantitative data, we calculated frequencies and mean scores. Results Our findings suggest that the majority of YACs faced challenges in balancing caregiving with life areas such as education and social life. They needed support from healthcare professionals who could listen to them without judging them. With respect to the MantelzorgBalans tool, YACs needed more information on how to provide emotional support to their loved one and the emotional support that is available for them. In regards to the aesthetics, they preferred bright colours and more visuals in the tool. Overall, they were satisfied with the information presented in the tool, but they were neutral in their willingness to use it in the future. Conclusion From this study, we learn that YACs may experience specific challenges and needs in general, and towards a web-based tool in specific. In the near future, it will be important to develop digital tools to support YACs that match their specific needs. This may enable healthcare professionals to offer targeted and personalized digital support to YACs in future.

This weekly diary study investigated associations of weekly dyadic coping strategies with caregivers' willingness to care and burden. Multilevel modelling was applied to assess between- and within-person associations for 24 consecutive weeks in 955 caregivers. Greater willingness to care was reported in weeks when caregivers used more collaborative (b = 0.26, p < 0.001) and supportive (b = 0.30, p < 0.001) strategies, whereas uninvolved coping was associated with lower willingness to care (b = -0.44, p < 0.001). Using collaborative coping strategies was associated with lower weekly burden (b = -0.13, p < 0.001). A greater burden was reported in weeks when caregivers used more uninvolved (b = 0.19, p < 0.001) and controlling (b = 0.13, p < 0.001) coping strategies. A full understanding of whether caregivers' willingness to care and burden may be improved owing to weekly dyadic coping is essential for developing timely support for caregivers.

Purpose Oncologists nowadays promote healthy lifestyle choices more often, focusing on diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep, but the question is whether this is enough to establish actual change. As patients will have to achieve a healthy lifestyle at home in daily life, it is important to understand barriers and facilitators for lifestyle change for both patients and their partners. Methods A qualitative interview study was done among patients who received chemotherapy for testicular ( n = 10) or breast cancer ( n = 7) and their partners ( n = 17). The interview focused on how much they remembered the lifestyle advice given in hospital, whether and what they had adapted since diagnosis, and what they deemed as facilitators and barriers in maintaining lifestyle change. Results Results showed that many patients and partners recalled that some advice was given in hospital but experienced this as too general and only at the start of treatment. Social contacts and the entire cancer experience helped facilitate change but were also seen as barriers. Other barriers were not considering healthy behaviors a priority or experiencing unhealthy choices as something nice after a trying time. Conclusions Oncologists and hospitals that provide lifestyle advice should provide cancer- and person-specific lifestyle advice, should offer this advice repeatedly into survivorship, and include the partner, as they are dedicated to improving lifestyle as well. Implication for cancer survivors Staying healthy after cancer is important to both patients and their partners, and both experience their own facilitators and barriers to achieving this. Seeing a healthy lifestyle as a joint goal might facilitate change.

Informal care is a key pillar of long-term care provision across Europe and will likely play an even greater role in the future. Thus, research that enhances our understanding of caregiving experiences becomes increasingly relevant. The ENTWINE iCohort Study examines the personal, psychological, social, economic, and geographic factors that shape caregiving experiences. Here, we present the baseline cohort of the study and describe its design, recruitment methods, data collection procedures, measures, and early baseline findings. The study was conducted in nine countries: Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The study comprised a web-based longitudinal survey (baseline + 6-month follow-up) and optional weekly diary assessments conducted separately with caregivers and care recipients. From 14 August 2020 to 31 August 2021, 1872 caregivers and 402 care recipients were enrolled at baseline. Participants were recruited via Facebook and, to a lesser extent, via the study website or caregiver/patient organisations. Caregiver participants were predominantly female (87%) and primary caregivers (82%), with a median age of 55 years. A large proportion (80%) held at least post-secondary education, and two-thirds were married/partnered. Over half of the caregivers were employed (53%) and caring for a person with multiple chronic conditions (56%), and nearly three-quarters were caring for either a parent (42%) or a spouse/partner (32%). About three-quarters of care recipient participants were female (77%), not employed (74%), and had at least post-secondary education (77%), with a median age of 55 years. Over half of the care recipients were married/partnered (59%), receiving care primarily from their spouses/partners (61%), and diagnosed with multiple chronic conditions (57%). This study examining numerous potential influences on caregiving experiences provides an opportunity to better understand the multidimensional nature of these experiences. Such data could have implications for developing caregiving services and policies, and for future informal care research.

CONTEXT:Prognostic information is considered important for advanced cancer patients and primary informal caregivers to prepare for the end of life. Little is known about discordance in patients' and caregivers' prognostic information preferences and prognostic perceptions, while such discordance complicates adaptive dyadic coping, clinical interactions and care plans. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the extent of patient-caregiver discordance in prognostic information preferences and perceptions, and the factors associated with discordant prognostic perceptions. METHODS:We conducted secondary analyses of a cross-sectional study (PROSPECT, 2019-2021). Advanced cancer patients (median overall survival ≤12 months) from seven Dutch hospitals and caregivers completed structured surveys (n = 412 dyads). RESULTS:Seven percent of patient-caregiver dyads had discordant information preferences regarding the likelihood of cure; 24%-25% had discordant information preferences regarding mortality risk (5/2/1 year). Seventeen percent of dyads had discordant perceptions of the likelihood of cure; 12%-25% had discordant perceptions of mortality risk (5/2/1 year). Dyads with discordant prognostic information preferences (P < 0.05) and dyads in which patients reported better physical functioning (P < 0.01) were significantly more likely to perceive the one-year mortality risk discordantly. CONCLUSION:Physicians should be sensitive to discordant prognostic information preferences and prognostic perceptions among patient-caregiver dyads in advanced cancer care.

Abstract Background Attachment avoidance and anxiety have been linked to overweight and poor health behaviours, yet the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between attachment and health behaviours are not fully understood. Self-esteem and self-efficacy have been found to differ between attachment styles, rendering these variables potential mediators of the relationship. This longitudinal study investigated the serial mediation between preoperative attachment and 2-year post-operative health behaviours through self-esteem and health self-efficacy. Methods Participants were 263 bariatric surgery patients (75.7% females, aged 47.7 ± 10.4 years, BMI 38.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2) assessed before the operation and again one and two years after the surgery. Patients completed the Experiences for Close Relationships Brief Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire, Bariatric Surgery Self-Management Questionnaire, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale and the Exercise Behaviour Scale. Results Higher preoperative attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with lower self-esteem one year after bariatric surgery and poorer health self-efficacy two years after the surgery. Self-esteem and health self-efficacy mediated the relationships between preoperative anxious and avoidant attachment and 2- year post-operative diet adherence and physical activity. Conclusions Helping patients to feel more worthy and reinforcing their beliefs about their own competences could lead to higher engagement with healthy lifestyle and adherence to treatment protocols, ultimately helping patients to achieve their goals for bariatric surgery. Clinical trial registration BARIA: Netherlands Trial Register: NL5837 (NTR5992) https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5837 . Diabaria: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT03330756.

Abstract Purpose To determine the efficacy of the “Training for Occupational health physicians To Involve Significant others” (TOTIS) e-learning module for improving occupational health physicians’ (OHPs) knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy regarding involving significant others in the return-to-work process. Materials and methods A randomized controlled trial with 87 OHPs, involving an intervention group and a wait-listed control group. Between-group differences in knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy outcomes, and retention of effects were assessed using ANOVA and paired t-tests. Reactions to the e-learning module were analyzed with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results We found moderate to large effects on OHPs’ knowledge (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.202), attitudes (p = 0.003, η p 2 = 0.098), and self-efficacy (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.237), with retention of all changes at 10-week follow-up. OHPs graded the e-learning module with a mean score of 7.9 out of 10 (SD = 1.11) and indicated that the module increased their awareness of the role of significant others and encouraged them to address this more often. Conclusions The TOTIS e-learning module and accompanying materials are valuable resources for OHPs to learn how significant others influence work outcomes of workers with chronic diseases and to manage their involvement in the re-integration process. Trial registration This study is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register under trial number NL8744; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8744. Implications for rehabilitation The TOTIS e-learning module is the first evidence-based training to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of occupational health physicians with regard to involving significant others in the re-integration process of workers with chronic diseases. The e-learning module and accompanying tools can increase the awareness of occupational health physicians about the role of significant others and encourage them to address the role of significant others in the re-integration process of sick-listed workers. It could be beneficial to expand on the e-learning module with a face-to-face training program involving group interaction, peer discussion, and skills development.

Title: Minimal Data Set for the Reproduction of Findings in "Elayan et al., Cohort Profile: The ENTWINE iCohort Study, a Multinational Longitudinal Web-Based Study of Informal Care". Study Summary: The data sets provided herein are derived from the ENTWINE iCohort Study, a multinational web-based cohort study employing an intensive longitudinal design. The study integrates a two-wave panel survey (baseline and 6-month follow-up) with optional weekly diary assessments. The cohort comprises caregivers and care recipients from nine countries: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Israel, Germany, Greece, Poland, and Ireland. The study aimed to examine the influence of personal, psychological, social, economic, and geographic factors on caregiving experiences. Participants were eligible if they met the following criteria: 1) residency in a participating country; 2) capability to respond to surveys in English, Swedish, German, Dutch, Italian, Greek, Hebrew, or Polish; 3) access to the internet and ability to use it; 4) at least 18 years of age; 5) self-declared cognitive and physical capacity to complete the surveys; 6) either providing care to an adult (aged ≥ 18 years) with a chronic health condition, disability, or other care need, or receiving care from an adult due to similar conditions. The detailed methodology and results of the study can be found in the associated manuscript. For the complete survey questionnaires, please refer to: Morrison V, Zarzycki M, Vilchinsky N, Sanderman R, Lamura G, Fisher O, et al. A Multinational Longitudinal Study Incorporating Intensive Methods to Examine Caregiver Experiences in the Context of Chronic Health Conditions: Protocol of the ENTWINE-iCohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020821 Data files: The repository contains the following data files: "cg_minimal_dataset" (available in dta, sav, rds, and xlsx formats): This is a minimal data set containing de-identified and processed data derived from the ENTWINE iCohort Caregiver Baseline Survey. The variables present in this data set are detailed in the associated codebook, "cg_minimal_dataset_codebook". "cr_minimal_dataset" (available in dta, sav, rds, and xlsx formats): This is a minimal data set containing de-identified and processed data derived from the ENTWINE iCohort Care Recipient Baseline Survey. The variables present in this data set are detailed in the associated codebook, "cr_minimal_dataset_codebook".