Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance occurs in 10-20% of children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and is associated with a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of coronary artery lesions (CALs). Yet the mechanistic basis for why some patients progress from reversible inflammation to irreversible vascular damage after IVIG remains poorly understood. Most existing reviews have focused on risk prediction rather than the mechanistic chain linking resistance to CALs. Here, we synthesize current evidence across three interconnected pathways. First, autophagy dysfunction-particularly impaired mitophagy-sustains inflammation through cGAS-STING activation. Second, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a controversial role in KD vasculitis, with PAD2 and PAD4 possibly acting redundantly via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Third, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), driven by the IL-1β/TNF axis and the USP7-TGFβ2/SMAD pathway, emerges as a core event in vascular remodeling. Building on these findings, we propose the "autophagy-inflammasome axis" as a candidate molecular switch that dictates whether inflammation resolves or persists. This hypothesis is actionable: it generates three explicit, testable predictions linking autophagic integrity to inflammatory outcomes and therapeutic response. Direct experimental validation in IVIG-resistant KD models and patient samples is now urgently needed. This review provides a systematic framework for understanding how IVIG resistance transitions to irreversible CALs. It also identifies candidate biomarkers (e.g., S100A12, mtDNA, and MCM8) and therapeutic targets (autophagy inducers, NLRP3 inhibitors, USP7 inhibitors, and anakinra) that could enable earlier intervention.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and remains a major public health burden. Although amyloid-beta deposition and tau pathology are the defining pathological features of AD, increasing evidence indicates that immune dysregulation and chronic neuroinflammation also contribute to disease onset and progression. However, the specific immune pathways involved in AD and their mechanistic relevance remain incompletely understood. The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigen processing and presentation pathway has attracted growing attention because of its classical role in adaptive immunity and its potential functions within the central nervous system. In this narrative review, we summarize current evidence linking AD to the MHC-I, or human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), pathway from genetic, molecular, cellular, and immunological perspectives. Available studies implicate the broader HLA region in AD susceptibility and suggest that alterations in HLA-I-related loci, antigen-processing machinery, MHC-I-associated molecules, and downstream immune responses may contribute to disease heterogeneity. At the molecular and cellular levels, changes in MHC-I molecules, antigen-processing machinery, and associated signaling pathways have been reported in microglia, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglial lineage cells. In parallel, changes involving β2-microglobulin and the presence of expanded or cytotoxic like CD8+ T cells suggest that adaptive immune mechanisms may participate in AD pathology. Nevertheless, direct evidence demonstrating immune responses specific to particular antigens and restricted by HLA-I in human AD remains limited. Overall, current findings indicate that the MHC-I/HLA-I pathway may represent an important component of AD pathophysiology and contribute to disease progression by influencing immune homeostasis and cellular interactions within the central nervous system. Further studies integrating human tissue analysis, immunopeptidomics, spatial profiling, and paired T cell receptor approaches are needed to clarify its mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic significance.

To advance the sustainability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), this study introduces gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a biodegradable and natural organic small molecule, as an economically viable electrolyte additive to overcome commercialization barriers such as dendrite proliferation and parasitic side reactions for achieving ultrastable zinc metal anodes. Theoretical and experimental results confirm that GABA undergoes preferential chemisorption on the zinc surface. This adsorbed film generates a water-deficient interfacial microenvironment that robustly suppresses detrimental side reactions. At the same time, the GABA adsorption layer guides the homogeneous electric-field. In addition, GABA molecules partially replace H2O molecules in the solvation shell of Zn2+. Remarkably, the GABA-based electrolyte enables Zn//Zn cells to have an outstanding cycling life of nearly 3000 h at 5 mA cm-2, surpassing the performance of the pure ZnSO4 electrolyte by a factor of 10. Moreover, in the Zn//Cu asymmetric cell, a highly reversible Zn plating/stripping process for over 13,000 cycles. Furthermore, the full-cell configurations exhibit outstanding electrochemical durability. The Zn//V2O5 cell maintains an impressive capacity retention of 83.5% over 2200 cycles, and the Zn//NVO cell demonstrates ultralong cyclability exceeding 10,000 cycles at 5 A g-1. This research highlights the potential of eco-friendly and cost-effective electrolyte additives in promoting the development of AZIBs.

The clinical safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is well-established, offering potential as a “one-drug, multi-target” intervention for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, its efficacy remains inconclusive and appears closely related to specific functional properties. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review based on the analysis of prior animal and clinical trials to provide insights for future IVIG-based therapeutic development. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycInfo, ClinicalTrials.gov, SinoMed, and Wanfang databases for the relevant literature published up to 30 October 2025, using terms related to Alzheimer’s, IVIG, and β-amyloid protein. Consequently, IVIG demonstrated clinical safety, though methodologies—including dosages, models, and manufacturers—varied significantly across studies. In most cases, IVIG treatment delayed cognitive degradation in both AD mice and patients. Biologically, Aβ and tau levels increased in plasma while decreasing in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), suggesting a peripheral clearance mechanism distinct from that of monoclonal antibody interventions. Additionally, brain atrophy was alleviated, and pathological plaques were reduced. In the context of plasma exchange (PE) combination therapy, the administration of IVIG further contributed to improvements in language, memory, and praxis. IVIG possesses a favorable safety profile and can ameliorate AD symptoms, yet efficacy varies considerably between trials. To advance treatment, future research should investigate the reasons for these variances and establish a standardized system for evaluating preclinical IVIG interventions, thereby facilitating the development of specific IVIG products for AD.

Chargeable-dischargeable zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) face significant challenges regarding low coulombic efficiency and short cycle life, primarily due to water-induced side reactions and uncontrolled zinc anode dendrite growth. Herein, a Zn-friendly hydrogel electrolyte is developed using ZnCl2-modified lignocellulose (LC), which effectively facilitates the coordination of Zn2+ with -OH by disrupting the strong hydrogen bonding between the LC chains, exposing more -OH binding sites, and thus modulating the deposition behavior and interfacial chemistry of Zn on the Zn electrode. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the formed solvated Zn2+ effectively suppresses the undesirable hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Meanwhile, the abundant -OH groups in LC affect the adsorption conformation of solvated Zn2+. This promotes a directed deposition (0 0 2) process that prevents dendrite growth and facilitates the directed deposition with rapid reaction kinetics at the zinc electrode. As a result, the Zn//Zn symmetric cell demonstrates high reversibility in deposition/stripping behavior with a cycle life exceeding 2800 h. Notably, the assembled Zn//ZnCl2+LC//AC full cell achieves exceptional cycling stability over 11 000 cycles, while the Zn//NVO full cell maintains stable cycling performance for over 3500 cycles.

Uneven lithium deposition and uncontrolled dendrite growth have limited the development and advancement of lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, lithium phthalate (PALi) was coated onto a polypropylene separator (PP) on one side to form lithium phthalate (PALi@PP). When assembling the battery, the coating layer is close to the lithium anode, and PALi as an active substance capable of lithium-ion deposition, has a high lithium-ion conductivity that ensures the rapid transport of ions. In addition, when lithium-ions are deposited into PALi for the first time, it has a smaller lithium deposition over-potential and smaller polarization, and the deposition lithium PALi as a SEI layer further stabilizes the lithium negative electrode, regulates the uniform deposition of lithium over a long period of time, and reduces corrosive reactions between lithium and electrolyte, thus realizing a more stable lithium metal anode. The results show that the Li//PALi@PP//Cu cells have higher Coulombic efficiency and still have uniform and dense lithium deposition morphology under the extreme conditions of 400 mAh cm-2 deposition capacity; Li//PALi@PP//Li symmetric cells show a stable cycle life of more than 220 h at 1 mA cm- 2 and 1 mAh cm- 2; and Li//PALi@PP//LFP full cells maintain 91 % of the discharge capacity after 200 cycles.

Developing sustainable gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) using renewable natural polymers garners significant attention. Lignocellulose (LC), with its excellent mechanical strength and wettability, is an ideal material for polymer matrices. However, the abundant hydroxyl (-OH) groups in LC form extensive hydrogen bonding networks, resulting in a dense structure that severely limits electrolyte uptake and hinders electrochemical performances. Herein, we propose a straightforward strategy by coordinating zinc ions (Zn2+) with the -OH groups in LC, effectively disrupting the hydrogen bond network to form a porous structure, exposing more active sites to remove the solvation of water molecules and provide migration channels for active ions. Moreover, ionic concentration and conductivity of the electrolyte affect EDLC performances. LC-based GPEs are prepared through 1 M Li2SO4, 1 M H2SO4 and 6 M KOH aqueous electrolytes to assemble EDLCs for performance inspection and comparison. The results show that all acidic GPEs exhibit superior double-layer capacitance performance, with ZLG-15 having a high ionic conductivity (48.9 mS cm- 1), lower activation energy (1.32 KJ mol- 1), and retaining 90.7 % of its initial capacity after 30,000 cycles. Impressively, in both acidic and alkaline GPEs, the coordination bonds between Zn2+ and -OH groups are partly broken, allowing Zn2+ to participate in the migration process of the electrolyte ions.

The commercial polypropylene (PP) separator of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffers from abominable thermal runaway, which seriously impedes their wide application in electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, energy storage, and other fields. To resolve this obstacle, herein, we for the first time report the phenomenon of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) crystallizing on the PP separator via natural drying to form structural color, which comprehensively breaks through the safety of LIBs. In-situ thermal monitoring indicates that the chiral nematic liquid crystal phase (CLC) with structural color formed by HPMC under natural drying can uniform the temperature distribution during battery operation. The most important achievement, benefiting from the preeminent thermal stability of CLC special structure, is that the pouch cell assembled with this separator exhibits a lower temperature under nail penetration tests with Φ5 mm and Φ8 mm nail, even without any risk of thermal runaway. The superior cycling stability of the pouch cells under various commercial cathode materials indicates the HPMC coating exists stably in commercial energy storage systems. More impressively, we first achieved robust cycling performance of LIBs assembled in an atmospheric environment for more than 1000 cycles, and the milestone discovery will undoubtedly create a new research direction for LIBs.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIB) are significantly constrained by the poor stability of Zn anodes in aqueous electrolytes, which is caused by uncontrollable deposition behavior and parasitic reactions. The construction of specific crystalline surfaces represents an effective method for stabilizing Zn anodes. Therefore, a stable Malic acid@Zn (MA@Zn) anode with a highly (101) texture configuration is developed through acid etching. The mechanism of MA selective etching is investigated through theoretical calculations, where Zn atoms detach from the (002) crystal surface due to the strong interaction of MA with the (002) surface, leading to the preferential corrosion of the (002) surface and the formation of a unique (101) texture configuration morphology. This texture is conducive to the MA@Zn anode, as it enhances the affinity of MA@Zn for Zn2+ and optimizes the electric field distribution on the surface, thereby facilitating a more stable Zn deposition. Consequently, the MA@Zn symmetric battery is subjected to stable cycling for a period exceeding 2400 h at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. In comparison, the cycle life of the Zn//V2O5 full battery is significantly improved by >6000 cycles, pouch battery also shows better performance.

The service life and performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIB) is contingent upon the stability of the Zn anode surface, which is inextricably linked to the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). The presence of water in IHP can result in the formation of detrimental side reactions, such as the growth of dendrites, which impedes the practical application of AZIB. In this study, a natural electrolyte additive, taurine (TA), was introduced into AZIB, theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrated that the TA additive could be adsorbed on the Zn anode and expelled H2O molecule of Zn anode surface, construct a water-poor IHP, which resulted in a reconfiguration of the ion/molecule distribution and a relatively homogeneous distribution of Zn2+ ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, thus improving the stability of the Zn anode. Furthermore, TA has the capacity to alter the solvation structure of Zn2+ and reduce the desolvation energy barrier, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance of the Zn anode. As a result, the Zn//Zn symmetric cell demonstrates reversible plating/stripping performance for over 1600 h. Furthermore, the Zn//NVO full cell has demonstrated the ability to be cycled stably for over 3500 cycles at a current density of 5 A g- 1 .

Sodium super ion conductor (NASICON) structure materials such as Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) are suitable cathodes for Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their open three-dimensional structure that can provide fast Na+ migration channels. However, low inherent conductivity and capacity restrict the application of NVP. In this paper, NASICON-structured Na2.25V1.25Ti0.75(PO4)3@Y (NT0.75VP@Y) constructed by yeast with the biological template method is successfully synthesized. Theoretical calculations show that the spherical structure of bio-derived carbon formed after calcination produces a local compressive strain that leads to a uniform distribution of electronic states and stronger adsorption of Na+ and NaClO4, thus enhancing the electronic and ionic conductivities of the material. NT0.75VP@Y exhibits a discharge specific capacity of 135 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C and a capacity retention rate of 94.8 % after 500 cycles. Finally, the full cell and the pouch cell are successfully assembled to verify the practicality of NT0.75VP@Y. This paper provides a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly way to synthesize high-performance cathode materials for SIBs.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, and its pathogenesis is complex. In addition to amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau, inflammation and microbial infections also play a role in the development of AD. Currently, there is no effective clinical intervention to cure AD or completely halt its progression. Blood transfusion, a critical life-saving medical procedure widely employed in modern healthcare, faces growing demand due to global population aging. However, whether blood transfusion could increase the risk of AD is still not clear. Aβ and tau play major roles in the pathogenesis of AD and may possess the potential for transmission through blood transfusion. Iron overload and chronic inflammation, which can independently influence AD pathogenesis, may result from repeated transfusions. Additionally, herpesvirus, known to accelerate AD progression, can also be potentially transmitted by blood transfusion. In this study, recent advances in the associations between blood transfusion and the occurrence and development of AD were reviewed, and whether blood transfusion could increase the risk of AD was discussed. Furthermore, the related proposals for blood management and future research were advanced to provide references for the prevention and control of AD.

Organic coordination compounds are promising candidates for anode active materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their unique designable structures, abundant active sites, and simple and mild synthesis routes. Unfortunately, most of these materials face great challenges in practical applications because they result in low reversible specific capacity, poor rate performance, and short cycle life. In this study, three different metal ions (Mn2+, Sn2+, and Fe3+) were coordinated with phthalic acid (PA). Three novel organic anode active materials were synthesized for LIBs, namely, manganese phthalate (MnPA), stannous phthalate (SnPA), and iron phthalate, and their lithium storage properties were studied systematically. Owing to the good coordination between carboxylic acid groups in PA and metal ions, the inherent microstructure and electron distribution of PA were adjusted, and the three anode active materials showed excellent structural stabilities and electrochemical performances. Compared with the same type of anode active materials, MnPA, SnPA, and Fe2PA3 showed superior cyclic stability and reversible capacity of 1100, 910, and 804 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1, respectively, and they exhibited a good capacity retention rate even after 3-4 months of cycle time. Interestingly, Fe2PA3 showed surprisingly fast charge and discharge ability (reversible capacity could reach 200-300 mA h g-1 at a super current density of 5 A g-1 while maintaining a stable cycle); SnPA showed good long cycle performance (stable cycling of more than 600 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g-1 and a reversible capacity of 580 mA h g-1); and MnPA showed better cycle stability than the Fe2PA3 and SnPA (stable cycle of up to 2100 cycles at 2 A g-1 current density). More importantly, physical characterization, DFT calculation and kinetic analysis revealed the influence of three metal centers with different electronic structures on the lithium storage mechanism of the active material. In addition to demonstrating these three high performance organic anode active materials, we expect that this work would be an inspiration for the preparation of other organic active materials for advanced LIBs.

Sodium (Na) super ion conductor (NASICON) structure Na3MnTi(PO4)(3) (NMTP) is considered a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries due to its reversible three-electron reaction. However, the inferior electronic conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics limit its practical applications. Herein, we successfully constructed a three-dimensional cross-linked porous architecture NMTP material (AsN@NMTP/C) by a natural microbe of Aspergillus niger (AsN), and the structure of different NMTP cathodes was optimized by adjusting different transition metal Mn/Ti ratios. Both approaches effectively altered the three-dimensional NMTP structure, not only improving electronic conductivity and controlling Na+ diffusion pathways but also enhancing the electrochemical kinetics of the material. The resultant AsN@NMTP/C-650, sintered at 650 degrees C, exhibits better electrochemical performance with higher reversible three-electron reactions corresponding to the voltage platforms of Ti-4+/(3+), Mn-3+/(2+), and Mn-4+/(3+) around 2.1, 3.6, and 4.1 V (vs Na+/Na), respectively. The capacity retention rate is up to 89.3% after 1000 cycles at a 2C rate. Moreover, a series of results confirms that the Na3.4Mn1.2Ti0.8(PO4)(3) cathode has the most excellent electrochemical performance when the Mn/Ti ratio is 1.2/0.8, with a high capacity of 96.59 mAh g(-1) and 97.1% capacity retention after 500 cycles.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are widely used in energy storage devices due to their high safety and low cost. However, the practical application of AZIBs is constrained by the formation of dendrites and the occurrence of severe side reactions. Herein, these problems are addressed by introducing malic acid (MA) as a multifunctional additive into electrolyte. Theoretical calculations, finite element simulations and experimental tests show that MA can adsorb on the surface of the Zn anode and change the solvated structure of Zn2+ and promote the desolvation of [Zn (H2O)6]2+, thus inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the generation of byproducts, and promoting the uniform deposition of Zn. Additionally, benefiting from this dual effect of solvent structure and interface adsorption regulation, a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.83 % can be achieved for the Zn//Cu half cell in an electrolyte containing a small amount of MA, and an excellent lifetime of beyond 4000 h can be achieved in a Zn//Zn symmetric cell at 5 mA cm- 2 and 1 mAh cm- 2. Even under deep plating/stripping conditions (5 mA cm- 2 and 5 mAh cm- 2), it is still capable of stabling operation for 600 h. In addition, the Zn// V2O5 full cell with MA also exhibited higher capacity and better rate performance. The incorporation of MA improves the electrochemical performance of zinc ion batteries to a great extent relative to the pure ZnSO4 electrolyte.

The conventional commercial polypropylene separator (PP) struggles to inhibit the thermal runaway triggered by dendrite short circuits, and its safety cannot meet the needs of the development of high-energy-density batteries. Herein, an easily commercializable design strategy was employed to induce the aqueous solution of natural polymer hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) to self-assemble on the surface of the PP separator by Na2SO4, MnSO4, and Al-2(SO4)(3) to form the chiral nematic liquid crystal (CLC) with excellent performance, and finally the thermally stable separators (H-Na@PP, H-Mn@PP, and H-Al@PP) were obtained. Theoretical calculations and experiments demonstrate that the CLC induced by Na+, Mn2+, and Al3+ can interact with the electrolyte solvent to form a desolvation structure of Li+, which reduces the migration barrier of Li+ through the separator and accelerate the Li+ transport. Furthermore, the ordered CLC structure can ensure uniform electric field and Li+ flux. Hence, Li//LFP, Li (50 mu m)//LFP, and Li//NCM811cells are assembled using these modified separators, featuring remarkable cycling stability and high Coulombic efficiency. As the result, H-Na@PP, H-Mn@PP, and H-Al@PP separators in Li//LFP cell display a high initial capacity of 141.2 mAh/g, 146.7 mAh/g and 130.7 mAh/g at 1C, respectively and stable cycling performance over 1000 cycles. Notably, the capacity retention rate remains high at 87 %, 69 %, and 59 % even after 700 cycles, respectively, which are higher than the 21 % capacity retention rate of PP separator. Meanwhile, the pouch cells equipped with these separators deliver exceptional electrochemical performance and show a lower temperature distribution without thermal runaway behavior under the Phi 3 mm nail penetration test, indicating its feasibility for high-safety energy storage systems.

Objective To compare the desalination effects of five desalination methods and their effects on the components for human coagulation factor Ⅷ(FⅧ), and provide reference for selection of protein desalination methods. Methods Sephadex G-25 Medium gel, Fractogel EMD BioSEC gel, ultrafiltration, room temperature dialysis and 4℃ dialysis were used to desalt human FⅧ. The desalination effect was evaluated by the removal rate of Na +, citrate ion and glycine. FⅧ protein recovery, FⅧ activity (FⅧ∶C), VWF antigen (VWF∶Ag), VWF activity(VWF∶Ac), VWF polymers and SDS-PAGE analysis before and after desalination were compared to evaluate the effect of desalination on FⅧ components. Results In terms of desalination effect, the removal rate of Na+ was the lowest in ultrafiltration desalination, while that of Fractogel EMD BioSEC gel was the highest [(97.90±0.06) % vs (99.82±0.07) %]. Except that there was no statistical significance between Sephadex G-25 Medium gel desalination and Fractogel EMD BioSEC gel desalination (P=0.90), the removal rates of the other four methods were statistically significant. The removal rate of glycine was the lowest in ultrafiltration desalination, wihle that of Fractogel EMD BioSEC gel desalination was the highest [(95.78±0.42) % vs (99.81±0.08) %]. Significant difference in glycine removal was noticed in ultrafiltration desalination, but not among the other four desalination methods. There was no significant difference in the removal rate of citrate ions among the five methods (P=0.85). For the effect of FⅧ components, FⅧ∶C, VWF∶Ag, VWF∶Ac and protein recovery rates of ultrafiltration desalination were the highest, with (18.34±1.99) IU/mL, (11.81±0.33) IU/mL, (12.26±0.58) IU/mL and (97.13±1.37) %, respectively. There was no significant change in VWF∶Ac/VWF∶Ag before and after desalination by the five methods. SDS-PAGE and VWF polymer analysis showed that different desalination methods had no significant impact on protein composition. Conclusion Although different desalination methods had no significant effect on the composition of FⅧ protein, the desalination effect was different. Moreover, different desalination methods had significant effects on protein recovery, FⅧ∶C, VWF∶Ag and VWF∶Ac. The selection of desalination methods should be more considered during protein processing,

Na4MnV(PO4)(3) (NMVP) has gained attention for its high redox potential, good cycling stability, and competitive price but suffers from poor intrinsic electronic conductivity and Jahn-Teller effect from Mn3+. In this work, cation/anion doping strategy was used for Aspergillus niger-bioderived carbon-coated NMVP (NMVP/AN) to improve the structural stability and electrochemical performance, where Al3+ doping inhibited the dissolution of Mn and enhanced the Mn3+/Mn2+ redox pair activity; besides, F- doping not only weakens the Na-2-O bond but also endows the hierarchical and porous structure of NMVP/AN, which led to a more rapid and fluid transfer of Na+. The elaborately designed Na3.9Mn0.9Al0.1V(PO4)(3)/AN (NMAVP/AN) exhibits 105.9 mA h g(-1) at 0.5 C, and the as-prepared Na3.1MnV(PO3.7F0.3)(3)/AN (NMVPF/AN) delivers 104.1 mA h g(-1) at 5 C. Further demonstration of the hard carbon//NMAVP/AN full cell manifests the good potential of Al3+-doped NMVP/AN for practical applications (100.6 mA h g(-1) at 1 C). These findings open up the possibility of unlocking the high-performance Na superionic conductor (NASICON).

Organic electrode active materials are widely used in the research of electrochemical energy storage devices due to their advantages of low cost, friendly environment, strong sustainability, flexible design and high electrical activity. Although organic active materials (OAMs) are widely studied in organic and aqueous batteries, there are still some challenges to overcome before large-scale commercialization. In this paper, the reaction mechanism of OAM was reviewed, and the application of OAMs including small molecule, polymer and coordination compound in organic battery and aqueous battery and the strategy of improving electrochemical performance were introduced. Finally, the key problems and future research directions of the application of OAMs in batteries were put forward.