Cities experience rapid environmental change; thus, vegetation changes in urban areas can provide insights into how vegetation responds to future environmental change. Although previous research has reported a global rise in indirect effects (ωi) of urban vegetation growth, the specific temporal patterns and changes in this growth improvement remain inadequately investigated. To address this, ωi trends over the past two decades were analyzed, and data-driven artificial intelligence models were developed to predict future growth under various climate scenarios in 4,983 cities worldwide. The analysis revealed that ωi exhibited a logistic increase over time, culminating in an approximate 70% enhancement by 2020. However, predictions from the six models indicate a transition to a slower, linear growth pattern moving forward, with additional growth ranging from 16% to 30% between 2020 and 2100. This marks a stark contrast to the rapid growth observed between 2000 and 2020. The analysis identified CO2 as the primary driver of growth enhancement over the past two decades, but its future influence is expected to decline. Instead, land surface temperature, precipitation patterns, and urban population dynamics are projected to become the dominant factors driving future ωᵢ of vegetation growth. These findings offer critical insights into the future acclimation of urban vegetation, supporting improved forecasting and urban planning under global change.

Coastal wetlands play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and contribute significantly to climate change mitigation. However, climate change, reclamation, and restoration have been causing substantial changes in coastal wetland areas and carbon exchange in China during recent decades. Here we compiled a carbon flux database consisting of 15 coastal wetland sites to assess the magnitude, patterns, and drivers of carbon fluxes and to compare fluxes among contrasting natural, disturbed, and restored wetlands. The natural coastal wetlands have the average net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) of -577 g C m(-2) year(-1), with -821 g C m(-2) year(-1) for mangrove forests and -430 g C m(-2) year(-1) for salt marshes. There are pronounced latitudinal patterns for carbon dioxide exchange of natural coastal wetlands: NEE increased whereas gross primary production (GPP) and respiration of ecosystem decreased with increasing latitude. Distinct environmental factors drive annual variations of GPP between mangroves and salt marshes; temperature was the dominant controlling factor in salt marshes, while temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were co-dominant in mangroves. Meanwhile, both anthropogenic reclamation and restoration had substantial effects on coastal wetland carbon fluxes, and the effect of the anthropogenic perturbation in mangroves was more extensive than that in salt marshes. Furthermore, from 1980 to 2020, anthropogenic reclamation of China's coastal wetlands caused a carbon loss of similar to 3720 Gg C, while the mangrove restoration project during the period of 2021-2025 may switch restored coastal wetlands from a carbon source to carbon sink with a net carbon gain of 73 Gg C. The comparison of carbon fluxes among these coastal wetlands can improve our understanding of how anthropogenic perturbation can affect the potentials of coastal blue carbon in China, which has implications for informing conservation and restoration strategies and efforts of coastal wetlands.

Monitoring ecological resource change in mountainous and hilly areas (MHAs) is vital for theoretical and practical advancements of ecological resource utilization and management in complex ecosystems. The factors driving structural and functional changes in green eco-spaces (GES) in these areas are complex and uncertain, with notable spatial scale effects. However, analyzing the multi -scale driving mechanisms of ecological and socioeconomic factors at a fine spatiotemporal scale presents significant challenges. To address these challenges, we analyzed dynamic changes in GES and eco-socio-economic development in Shanghang County, a typical mountainous region in southern China. We used multiple linear regression and multi -scale geographically weighted regression model to identify key factors driving GES changes and their multi -scale effects at both global and local levels. Over the past two decades, the GES area in the study area has exhibited a consistent pattern of decline, characterized by phases of gradual decline (2000 -2005), sharp decline (2005 -2009), slow decline (2009 -2019). Key global factors driving GES changes included elevation (ELE), slope (SLOPE), population density (PD), distance to settlements (SETTLE), and distance to administrative centers (ADMIN). These factors exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity and multi -scale effects on GES changes. Specifically, SETTLE, PD, SLOPE, and ELE consistently drove GES changes at the local level, while ADMIN only showed significant localized effects during 2005 -2009. The synergy between SETTLE and SLOPE had a considerable impact on GES changes, increasing over time, whereas ELE and PD demonstrated a consistent trade-off effect. These findings provide detailed spatiotemporal insights into the driving mechanisms of natural ecological resources, offering crucial guidance for environmental management, land source management, regional economic development, and biodiversity conservation in Shanghang and analogous subtropical hilly regions worldwide.

Ecological vulnerability and poverty are interrelated and must be addressed together. The resolution of this issue will help us to meet the challenges during the process of implementing concrete actions for realizing the 2030 UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). Ecological restoration projects (ERPs) can enhance ecosystem services (ESs) while providing policy support for improving people's livelihoods. However, processes and mechanisms of ERPs on the ecological environment and socioeconomic development in poverty-stricken and ecologically fragile areas have rarely been studied. To address these issues, we conducted a comparative analysis on the changes of land use and land cover (LULC), ecosystem services (ESs), and socioeconomic development in Bijie City, a karst rocky desertification area in southwest China, before and after the implementation of ERPs in 2000, as well as the complex relationship between these factors. ERPs have affected LULCs, ESs, socioeconomics, and poverty reduction significantly since 2000. Specifically, the total ecosystem service value (ESV) in the study area has increased by more than 3 times in the past 30 years, with the ESV of tourism services and carbon storage increasing the most, from CNY 0.001 and 337.07 billion in 1990 to CNY 11.07 and 108.97 billion in 2019, respectively. The correlation between ESs is mainly synergistic, while the tradeoff between carbon storage and water yield is in a fluctuating upward trend. LULC conversion of cropland to green, and cropland to water, wetland and shrubs has positive effects on carbon storage and water yield, respectively. During study period, GDP, urbanization increased by over 70 times, 5 times, respectively, whereas poverty population, poverty incidence, and employment rate of various sectors (i.e., agriculture, forest, animal, and fishery, or AFAF) decreased by 96.4%, 97.7%, and 18.24%, respectively. Our findings emphasized that ERPs can effectively help poor and ecologically fragile areas to get out of the poverty trap and achieve the “win-win” goals of ecological and socio-economic sustainable development. These results have profound environmental management references to China and other developing countries around the world in realizing ecological restoration, poverty reduction, and the SDGs.

新疆地区是我国棉花产业的主产区,且产出的棉花品质较好.新疆棉花品质较好的原因有以下三点:一是新疆地区普遍海拔较高,日照时间长,符合棉花生长的需要;二是新疆地区降水较少,气候干旱,有助于提高棉花的品质;三是土壤条件适合棉花的生长.新疆阿克苏地区的阿瓦提县尤其适于长绒棉的种植,长绒棉的棉花纤维长度普遍长于36 mm.

Urbanization shows continuous expansion and development, ushering in the co-evolution of urban environments and vegetation over time. Recent remote sensing-based studies have discovered prevalent vegetation growth enhancement in urban environments. However, whether there is a temporal evolution of the growth enhancement remains unknown and unexplored. Here we expanded the existing framework for assessing the long-term impact of urbanization on veg-etation greenness (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) using long time series of remote sensing images and applied it in Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province in China. Results showed that vegetation growth experienced widespread enhancement from 2000 to 2017, and increased 1.8 times from 2000 to 2017, suggesting strong continuous adaptive capability of vegetation to urban conditions. Although the overall impact of urbanization was negative due to the re-placement of vegetated surfaces, the growth enhancement nevertheless offset or compensated the direct loss of vege-tated cover during urbanization in the magnitude of 28 % in 2000 to 44 % in 2017. Our study also revealed large spatial heterogeneity in vegetation growth response among various districts at different urbanization levels and found an emergent trend under the observed spatial heterogeneity toward an asymptotic maximum with urbanization, showing EVI converges to 0.22 in highly urbanized areas. We further found that the positive effect of urbanization on vegetation growth is a function of urbanization intensity and time, which implies that the effect of the urban environ-ment on vegetation can be simulated and predicted, and can be verified in more cities in the future. Our study is the first to successfully quantify long-term spatial patterns on the co-evolution of urbanization and vegetation, providing a new understanding of the continuous adaptive responses of vegetation growth to urbanization and shedding light on predicting biological responses to future environmental change.

粮食烘干技术在保证粮食安全方面有重要的意义,我国的粮食烘干技术在快速发展,而我国的烘干技术存在着烘干塔内结构不合理,粮食烘干质量差等问题.本文基于ANSYS软件对仓内粮食的速度场及温度场分部进行模拟和仿真分析,优化了粮食通道的结构及布局方案,给出了烘干塔最优结构参数.

Human activities and climate are two key factors affecting hydrological and soil erosion processes. Understanding their impacts on water discharge and sediment transport is very important for sustainable development of watersheds, particularly in subtropical regions with high precipitation and high sediment loads. We here compared the long-term dynamics of water discharge and sediment transport in four large contiguous watersheds in subtropical China and explored the importance of the main influencing factors including climate, nature endowment such as geology, and human activities. Significant differences have been observed between watersheds in terms of sediment and water discharge (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparison among the four basins demonstrated significant differences in sediment modulus among 5 of the 6 pairs (p < 0.05). The sediment modulus in the Lishui Basin was significantly higher than those in other basins, mainly due to the substantial presence of steep slopes in the mountainous region, which is prone to soil erosion. Temporally, sediment transport in the four basins was well synchronized showing significant decreasing trends with abrupt change points (p < 0.001). In contrast, no trends and abrupt change points were detected in water discharge, mainly influenced by precipitation. Human activities played a predominant role to the reduction of sediment transport (80% to 102%) compared with those of climate (-2% to 19%) across the four basins. Additionally, our study also showed land cover had various basin-independent impacts on the change of sediment transport. Through cross-basin comparisons of the long-term changes in water discharge and sediment transport, our study revealed the similarities and differences in their driving mechanisms, providing valuable information for land use planning and water resource management in large subtropical basins.

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) has yielded significant impacts on ecosystem structure and functions. Gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux in the terrestrial carbon cycle, has been drastically changed by various LUCC activities. However, the indirect impacts of LUCC on GPP (i.e., local environment changes induced by LUCC), particularly those related to landscape dynamics, remain unclear. Here, we explored the relationships between GPP and landscape metrics of forest ecosystems in China along a forest coverage gradient from 2001 to 2019, using an up-to-date GPP dataset derived from Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and a widely used landcover product MCD12Q1. Results showed that forest landscape features (e.g., core area index, CAI) synchronized with GPP spatially as shown by the distribution of their hot/cold spots on correlations. Furthermore, two nonlinear change patterns of GPP and landscape metrics along forest coverage gradient were found. One is a hump-shaped pattern, which indicated that GPP and some landscape features (e.g., annual median GPP, annual change rate of forest composition) peaked in medium (about 70–80%) forest-cover regions. Another is a super-linear curve, revealing the rapid and accelerated growth of some landscape features (e.g., annual median CAI) in high forest-cover regions. Finally, forest coverage affected the sensitivity of GPP to landscape features in a nonlinear fashion, characterized as an inverted ‘hook’ curve peaking in intermediate (around 70%) forest-coverage regions. Our study proposed the optimal landscape regulation hypothesis to explain the nonlinear pattern: forest GPP is most responsive to the landscape pattern regulation at intermediate to low levels of disturbance, implying that forest coverage has various impacts on landscape features; together they affect GPP nonlinearly. Regulating the forest landscape composition and configuration can enhance the performance of forest ecosystems in addition to managing forest coverage. Thus, we recommend the adoption of suitable region-specific forest management practices to improve GPP and other ecosystem services of forest ecosystems via manipulating landscape composition and configuration.

Ecosystem services (ES) are directly affected by land use and land cover changes (LUCC); however, the impacts of extended period LUCC on ES are poorly explored. Here, we mapped the 1998–2019 annual land use and land cover in the Dongting Lake Region (China) and explored the spatiotemporal evolution of LUCC and landscape patterns (i.e., composition, shape, and aggregation) and their relationship with ES, including carbon storage, gross primary production (GPP), water conservation capacity, and crop yield in the region. The results showed a significant increase in forest areas and impervious surfaces and a decrease in croplands and bare lands with spatial heterogeneity. Carbon storage was strongly correlated with forest, cropland, waterbody, impervious surface, and bare land, and there was a nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES. The trade-offs and synergies (correlations) among ES varied considerably, with crop yield being significantly synergistic with carbon stocks, GPP, or GPP with carbon stocks. This study revealed the nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES, and the mechanism of landscape characteristics on ES. The findings can provide scientific support for regional land use planning, ES regulation, and landscape optimization in the lake region.

The Gross Primary Production (GPP) of forest ecosystems plays an important role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. Understanding forest GPP dynamics and distribution in the context of intensive human activities (land cover change) is crucial for landscape sustainability, especially under the background of global environmental change. (1) To quantify the response of GPP to landscape composition and configuration features (e.g., LCCFs); (2) To identify the dominant climatic factors of GPP-LCCFs relationships across different vegetation-climate zones. We quantified the relationship between forest GPP and coverage (i.e., PLAND) in China from 2001 to 2019 using the ordinary least squares regression. We explored the GPP-LCCFs relationships using the standard major axis regression at 10-km resolution. We calculated the effects of climate drivers on GPP-LCCFs relationships using correlations and partial correlations analysis. Landscape composition, particularly forest coverage, has a nonlinear impact on GPP, with the highest GPP in medium forest coverage (PLAND: 20–80

棉花是新疆主要的农产品,其中长绒棉凭借其优良的品质成为棉花中的精品,被广泛用作高端纺织品的主要原料.由于长绒棉对生产环境要求高,种植面积小,且机械化采摘程度相较于细绒棉而言较低,因此针对机采长绒棉的清理加工装置的研究较少,缺少专用的清理设备.为了研制针对长绒棉的加工设备,提高机采长绒棉的加工质量,本文介绍了不同阶段棉花清理所需的清理加工设备,对这些设备的特点与工作原理进行了总结和分析,指出了机采棉花清理加工中存在的问题并给出了具有针对性的建议,以期为未来机采长绒棉加工设备的设计研发提供思路.

Forest disturbance has a profound impact on the ecological function of forests. Although there are already global forest disturbance products, how accurate and whether they can be further improved remains to be seen. Moreover, due to the scarcity of disturbance characteristics (location, size, severity) data, the uncertainty of carbon estimation and the bottleneck of sustainable forest management are formed. In this study, Hunan was used as the research area to explore the most suitable detection methods for subtropical forest disturbance. We used the LandTrendr algorithm to generate a forest disturbance dataset from 1991 to 2021 and analyzed their spatio-temporal variation and disturbance characteristics. The overall accuracy of forest disturbance monitoring in Hunan Province was 86.39%, which was higher than that of Global Forest Change (GFC) products (82.89%). A total of 11103.25 km2 of forest has been disturbed in Hunan Province over the past 30 years, which represents 10.54% of the total forest area. Over the period 1991-2021, the disturbance area generally increased first and then decreased but varies greatly across regions. The maximum disturbance rate of Changsha city occurred in the period from 2006 to 2010 at 0.95%, while that of Zhangjiajie City is only 0.15%, appeared in the period from 2011 to 2015. Both patch size and severity of forest disturbances have shown a gradual upward trend, and the proportion of disturbance events with large areas and high severity is increasing. This study explored suitable spectral index combination for change detection, and then revealed the spatio-temporal characteristics of forest disturbance in the study area, providing important spatio-temporal information of disturbance regime change that is critical for near-real-time adaptive forest management.

第一章 2022年度我国棉花加工企业现状及发展趋势 一、棉花加工现状 (一)产业数字化愈发明显 随着"十四五"数字经济发展规划的印发,数字中国建设的不断深入,棉花行业的数字化进程在不断提速,棉花加工生产工艺的智能化、信息化反应在新技术、新工艺中愈加突出.棉花质量数字化也成为未来支撑棉花加工、贸易、流通等环节关键节点的支持作用.

The proper management of multiple ecosystem services (ESs) in a balanced manner is an important and challenging responsibility. However, due to infrastructural constraints, we need to understand more about the spatial interactions among ESs in most African countries. Therefore, we took 48 African countries, 5 African geopolitical regions, and the African continent as case studies to diagnose the spatial trade-offs and synergies among 17 ESs and 8 types of land use and land cover (LULC) in 2000 and 2019. The implications of our findings at the national, regional, continental, and global levels were explored. To achieve this, we mapped the spatial distributions of the 17 ESs at the continental level using classified land cover data from MODIS remotely sensed data, with a spectral band between 0.405 and 14.385 µm and a spatial resolution of 500 m. Then, we used Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the spatial interactions among the 17 ESs. The results show that regulation services showed synergies at the continental level in gas regulation (0.66), climate regulation (0.71), disturbance regulation (0.14), water regulation (0.53), water supply (0.71), and waste treatment (0.06). Moreover, we found moderate levels of interactions among most ESs in the 48 countries, with most regulating services and supporting services exhibiting trade-offs with other categories of ESs, among other findings. The results will inform scientific communities and authorities at all levels on how to deliver human well-being and quality of life, and usher in a sustainable change where we expect better ecosystem management and ecological conservation.

Soil microbial communities potentially serve as indicators for their responses to changes in various ecosystems at scales from a region to the globe. However, changes in wetland soil bacterial communities and how they are related to urbanization intensities remains poorly understood. Here, we collected 60 soil samples along urbanization intensity gradients from 20 wetlands. We measured a range of environmental factors and characterized bacterial communities structure using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing that targeted the V4-V5 region. Our results revealed the dominant soil bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria (39.3%), Acidobacteria (21.4%) and Chloroflexi (12.3%) in the wetlands, and showed a significant divergence of composition in intensive urbanization area (UI_4) than other places. A critical 'threshold' exists in the soil bacterial diversity, demonstrating different patterns: a gradual increase in the areas of low-to-intermediate disturbances but a significant decrease in highly urbanized areas where metabolic functions were significantly strong. Additionally, soil pH, total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4 (+)-N) made a significant contribution to variations in bacterial communities, explaining 49.6%, 35.1%, 26.2% and 30.7% of the total variance, respectively. pH and NH4 (+)-N were identified as the main environmental drivers to determine bacterial community structure and diversity in the urban wetlands. Our results highlight collective changes in multiple environmental variables induced by urbanization rather than by the proportion of impervious surface area (ISA), which were potentially attributed to the spatial heterogeneity along different urbanization gradients.

一、棉花打包机的技术进展（一）棉花打包机智能化的进展智能打包机（见图17）采用了适合棉花加工生产线工况的打包机智能调速技术，具有动态性能好、液压油发热少、故障率低的特点，相比非调速打包机耗电减少20%以上。以棉花打包机智能调速、智能捆扎为任务的课题“棉花智能成包与装卸关键技术及装备研发”是国家重点研发项目“棉花智能化提级加工关键技术装备研发”的五个课题之一，智能调速打包机的技术创新推广使用后，能够带来可观的社会与经济效益等。

It is undeniable that the process of urbanization in China is a massive phenomenon of scale and speed in humanity history. The relentless march of urbanization poses a critical challenge for creating a comprehensive analysis of the integrated characteristics of contemporary cities. Here, we integrated 30 m continuous and consistent human settlement areas to quantify spatiotemporal dynamics of urban development in 344 prefectural-level cities of China from 1987 to 2017 via Gibrat's law. Results indicated that China had experienced a rapid urbanization process during the past three decades with annual expansion and annual growth rates of 3877.93 km2 and 5.84%, respectively. A key finding was that city growth rate was inversely proportional to initial city size, therefore contradicting Gibrat's law, whose performance was relevant to shifts in urbanization policies. Furthermore, results also highlighted interregional disparities between the southwest and northwest and other regions, as well as intra-regional differences within geographical, urban sizes, and administrative levels. Exploring the validity of Gibrat's law involving the links between city size and growth rate in China deepens our theoretical insights and, more importantly, will make policymakers aware of the need to adopt a holistic approach by considering the uneven nature of urbanization toward better sustainability.

Abstract Vegetation dynamics and land use information are significant for a better understanding of the ecological consequences of multiple mining activities. However, the high spatial heterogeneity of mine sites and diverse disturbance and recovery pathways make it a challenge to understand the dynamics of multiple mine sites over large areas. Here, we proposed a general framework for continuous monitoring of land use and vegetation dynamics in multiple mine sites and applied it to Pingxiang, China. First, annual land use and land cover (LULC) maps from 2000 to 2019 were generated using a modified Continuous Change Detection and Classification approach (CCDC). Second, the locations and extents of 86 mine sites on different scales were mapped individually and then aggregated into five groups according to the similarity and differences of vegetation change. Vegetation dynamics showed great heterogeneity across sites driven primarily by the spatial‐temporal variation in types and intensity of land use activities in and around the mine sites. We found the impact distance was typically 500–700 m in the region, but can be smaller than the potential impact distance in areas with land use activities. The long‐term slow recovery of vegetation conditions at some sites indicates that it might be a challenge to improve vegetation conditions naturally in a short time and human‐assisted restoration measures may be required. The systematic framework proposed in this study can be used to establish comprehensive and spatially‐explicit mine datasets at the regional scale, essential for understanding the dynamics and ecological consequences of multiple mining activities and coordinated management and restoration of heterogeneous mine sites.

•Landsat time series revealed unprecedented details of waterbody dynamics.•Areas of small, medium, and large waterbodies changed at various rates and directions.•Size-abundance relationship of water bodies exhibited temporal change.•High geographic variability of change was driven by land use and climate change.