Considerable effort has been put toward the development of intelligent and natural interfaces between users and computer systems. In line with this endeavor, several modes of information (e.g., visual, audio, and pen) that are used either individually or in combination have been proposed. The use of gestures to convey information is an important part of human communication. Hand gesture recognition is widely used in many applications, such as in computer games, machinery control (e.g., crane), and thorough mouse replacement. Computer recognition of hand gestures may provide a natural computer interface that allows people to point at or to rotate a computer-aided design model by rotating their hands. Hand gestures can be classified into two categories: static and dynamic. The use of hand gestures as a natural interface serves as a motivating force for research on gesture taxonomy, its representations, and recognition techniques. This paper summarizes the surveys carried out in human--computer interaction (HCI) studies and focuses on different application domains that use hand gestures for efficient interaction. This exploratory survey aims to provide a progress report on static and dynamic hand gesture recognition (i.e., gesture taxonomies, representations, and recognition techniques) in HCI and to identify future directions on this topic.

The goal of static hand gesture recognition is to classify the given hand gesture data represented by some features into some predefined finite number of gesture classes. The main objective of this effort is to explore the utility of two feature extraction methods, namely, hand contour and complex moments to solve the hand gesture recognition problem by identifying the primary advantages and disadvantages of each method. Artificial neural network is built for the purpose of classification by using the back- propagation learning algorithm. The proposed system presents a recognition algorithm to recognize a set of six specific static hand gestures, namely: Open, Close, Cut, Paste, Maximize, and Minimize. The hand gesture image is passed through three stages, namely, pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. In the pre-processing stage some operations are applied to extract the hand gesture from its background and prepare the hand gesture image for the feature extraction stage. In the first method, the hand contour is used as a feature which treats scaling and translation problems (in some cases). The complex moments algorithm is, however, used to describe the hand gesture and treat the rotation problem in addition to the scaling and translation. The back-propagation learning algorithm is employed in the multi-layer neural network classifier. The results show that hand contour method has a performance of 71.30% recognition, while complex moments has a better performance of 86.90% recognition rate.

Considerable effort has been put toward the development of intelligent and natural interfaces between users and computer systems. In line with this endeavor, several modes of information (e.g., visual, audio, and pen) that are used either individually or in combination have been proposed. The use of gestures to convey information is an important part of human communication. Hand gesture recognition is widely used in many applications, such as in computer games, machinery control (e.g., crane), and thorough mouse replacement. Computer recognition of hand gestures may provide a natural computer interface that allows people to point at or to rotate a computer-aided design model by rotating their hands. Hand gestures can be classified into two categories: static and dynamic. The use of hand gestures as a natural interface serves as a motivating force for research on gesture taxonomy, its representations, and recognition techniques. This paper summarizes the surveys carried out in human--computer interaction (HCI) studies and focuses on different application domains that use hand gestures for efficient interaction. This exploratory survey aims to provide a progress report on static and dynamic hand gesture recognition (i.e., gesture taxonomies, representations, and recognition techniques) in HCI and to identify future directions on this topic.

This paper presents a novel technique for hand gesture recognition through human–computer interaction based on shape analysis. The main objective of this effort is to explore the utility of a neural network-based approach to the recognition of the hand gestures. A unique multi-layer perception of neural network is built for classification by using back-propagation learning algorithm. The goal of static hand gesture recognition is to classify the given hand gesture data represented by some features into some predefined finite number of gesture classes. The proposed system presents a recognition algorithm to recognize a set of six specific static hand gestures, namely: Open, Close, Cut, Paste, Maximize, and Minimize. The hand gesture image is passed through three stages, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In preprocessing stage some operations are applied to extract the hand gesture from its background and prepare the hand gesture image for the feature extraction stage. In the first method, the hand contour is used as a feature which treats scaling and translation of problems (in some cases). The complex moment algorithm is, however, used to describe the hand gesture and treat the rotation problem in addition to the scaling and translation. The algorithm used in a multi-layer neural network classifier which uses back-propagation learning algorithm. The results show that the first method has a performance of 70.83% recognition, while the second method, proposed in this article, has a better performance of 86.38% recognition rate.

The goal of static hand gesture recognition is to classify the given hand gesture data represented by some features into some predefined finite number of gesture classes. This paper presents a novel technique for hand gesture recognition through human–computer interaction based on shape analysis. The main objective of this work is to explore the utility of two algorithms that are used for extracting the features to recognize the hand gestures. Artificial neural networks technique is used as a recognizer to assign these features to their respective hand gesture classes. The proposed system presents a recognition method to recognize a set of six specific static hand gestures, namely, Open, Close, Cut, Paste, Maximize, and Minimize. The hand gesture image is passed through three stages, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In preprocessing stage, some operations are applied to extract the hand gesture from its background and prepare the hand gesture image for the feature extraction stage. In the first method, the hand contour is used as a feature which treats scaling and translation of problems (in some cases). The complex moment algorithm is, however, used to describe the hand gesture and treat the rotation problem in addition to the scaling and translation. The classification algorithm used is a multi-layer neural network classifier which uses back-propagation learning algorithm. The results show that the first method has a performance of 70.83% recognition, while the second method, proposed in this article, has a better performance of 86.38% recognition rate.

Fingerprint systems have received a great deal of research and attracted many researchers' effort since they provide a powerful tool for access control and security and for practical applications. A literature review of the techniques used to extract the features of fingerprint as well as recognition techniques is given in this paper. Some of the reviewed research articles have used traditional methods such as recognition techniques, whereas the other articles have used neural networks methods. In addition, fingerprint techniques of enhancement are introduced.

The ultimate aim is to bring Human Computer Interaction to a regime where interactions with computers will be as natural as an interaction between humans, and to this end, incorporating gestures in HCI is an important research area. Gestures have long been considered as an interaction technique that can potentially deliver more natural, creative and intuitive methods for communicating with our computers. This paper provides a summary of previous surveys done in this area and focuses on the different application domain which employs hand gestures for efficient interaction. The use of hand gestures as a natural interface serves as a motivating force for research in gesture taxonomies, its representations and recognition techniques. Also provides an analysis of existing literature related to gesture recognition systems for human computer interaction by categorizing it based on different parameters. The main goal of this survey is to provide researchers in the field with a summary of progress achieved to date and to help identify areas where further research is needed.

Sensitive and confidential information is vulnerable to various kinds of misuse when data contained in, or transmitted to / from computer systems they may exposed to passive and / or active threats . Consequently, mechanisms must be provided for the protection of unauthorized access, undetected deletion, modification or insertion of the false information. To meet these requirements cryptographic techniques, must be employed which include, encryption algorithms, that encipher the message (plain text), into unintelligible cipher text, using ciphering key. Decryption algorithm is an inverse transformation used to recover the original message . The cryptography is currently an engineering subject in which there are more facts and rules .The digital image I (x, y) is represented as two-dimensional array of data, where each Pixel value corresponds to the brightness of the image at point (x, y). Digital image types can be divided into four categories, the first is called Binary Images, for example the text that can be considered as simplest type and can take on two values, typically black and white 0 and 1, the second type is called Gray-Scale Images.

A multi database consists of a collection of autonomous local databases. Systems used to manage multi databases are called multi database systems (MDBSs). In such a system global transactions are executed under the control of the MDBS. Independently local transactions are submitted directly to a local Database system (LDBS) by local applications. An Multi Database System should provide a mechanism to globally manage transactions. However global transactions are long- live and involve operation on multiple and autonomous local databases. Moreover MDBSs do not have any information about the existence and execution order of local transactions. The aim of this research is to propose a design that integrates three Heterogeneous multi databases with the same model relational but different software environments.

This paper presents a novel technique for hand gesture recognition through human–computer interaction based on shape analysis. The main objective of this effort is to explore the utility of a neural network-based approach to the recognition of the hand gestures. A unique multi-layer perception of neural network is built for classification by using backpropagation learning algorithm. The goal of static hand gesture recognition is to classify the given hand gesture data represented by some features into some predefined finite number of gesture classes. The proposed system presents a recognition algorithm to recognize a set of six specific static hand gestures, namely: Open, Close, Cut, Paste, Maximize, and Minimize. The hand gesture image is passed through three stages, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In preprocessing stage some operations are applied to extract the hand gesture from its background and prepare the hand gesture image for the feature extraction stage. In the first method, the hand contour is used as a feature which treats scaling and translation of problems (in some cases). The complex moment algorithm is, however, used to describe the hand gesture and treat the rotation problem in addition to the scaling and translation. The algorithm used in a multi-layer neural network classifier which uses back-propagation learning algorithm. The results show that the first method has a performance of 70.83% recognition, while the second method, proposed in this article, has a better performance of 86.38% recognition rate.