Argania spinosa oil, extracted from the kernels of the Argan tree, has been traditionally valued for its therapeutic and healing properties. However, its potential as a bioengineered solution for wound healing and skin regeneration has not been comprehensively explored. This study bridges that gap by evaluating the chemical composition, biological activity, and safety profile of Argania spinosa oil for potential biomedical applications. The oil was extracted using ethanol and hexane and characterized by its physicochemical properties. Gas chromatography and spectrophotometric analyses revealed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, primarily oleic acid (44.40 %) and linoleic acid (36.69 %), alongside significant levels of phytosterols (134.05 mg/100 g) and a-tocopherol (7.44 mg/100 g). The ethanolic extract showed strong antioxidant potential, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 67.47 mu g/mg and 31.90 mu g/mg, respectively. Biological assessments in rabbits demonstrated that wounds treated with the oil achieved 98.7 % closure by day 12, compared to 93.77 % in controls, confirming its efficacy in accelerating tissue repair. The healing effect is attributed to its bioactive compounds that enhance vascularization and tissue regeneration. Safety evaluations, including acute toxicity, ocular irritation, and dermal irritation tests, confirmed that the oil is non-toxic and non-irritating, with no mortality observed up to doses of 70 mL/kg (oral) and 6 mL/kg (intraperitoneal) in mice. Additionally, no adverse reactions were observed on rabbit skin or rectal mucosa. Key phenolic constituents, such as quinic acid (4.09 mu g/g), coumarin (1.60 mu g/g), and hesperidin (0.50 mu g/g), were identified, contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The high polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio (3.10) further underscores its therapeutic and nutritional significance. This study establishes Argania spinosa oil as a promising, natural, and safe candidate for bioengineered skin applications. By addressing the gap in empirical data on its wound-healing mechanisms and safety, the research supports its use in developing sustainable, temporary, and permanent engineered skin substitutes for regenerative medicine. Future studies should focus on elucidating its molecular pathways, optimizing extraction techniques, and assessing long-term clinical safety.

(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chroman-3,5,7-triol compound corresponds to catechin, which is from the flavanol class of flavonoids and has many pharmacological effects such as anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, dermatological, antihypertensive, antiviral, antimutagenic, antidiabetic. The aim of this study is to investigate novel drug candidates for several human diseases composed of catechin and boronic acid derivatives. Catechin was modified by various types of boronic acid compounds. In the derivatization experiment, phenyl boronic acid, 6-methoxy naphthalene boronic acid, 1,4-phenyl diboronic acid, 3-formyl phenyl boronic acid, and 4-methoxy-3-formyl phenyl boronic acid, 4-methoxy phenyl boronic acid were firstly used to modify catechin. The newly obtained compounds were structurally elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS spectral techniques. All novel derivatives were examined for antioxidant (with particular methods such as ABTS, DPPH, and CUPRAC), enzyme, and antibiofilm activities. Most compounds were determined to be more active or effective than those standard compounds. Among all derivatives, CB-2 showed the highest inhibition of enzymes and the highest antioxidant activities. Biological results revealed that the boronic-modified compounds could be designed as potential antioxidants, enzymes, antimicrobials, and antibiofilm agents.

Pistacia species are widely used in traditional medicine, particularly for wound healing. This study investigated the fatty acid composition of fruits from four Pistacia species collected from various regions of Algeria. Dried fruits of Pistacia lentiscus L. were extracted using hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracted lipids were subjected to acid hydrolysis and then converted into their corresponding methyl esters by refluxing with methanolic sulfuric acid prior to analysis. These methylated fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The major fatty acids identified were oleic acid (C18:1n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and stearic acid (C18:0). Multivariate statistical analysis using R software (version 4.3.3), including principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, was applied to explore patterns among the fatty acid profiles. Oleic acid was dominant in PL3 (51.18%), linoleic acid in PL1 (21.86%), and palmitoleic acid in PL2 (3.26%). These findings support the ethnomedicinal relevance of Pistacia species and provide the first detailed chemometric profiling of their fruit fatty acid content.

Increasing environmental pollution increases the risk of human exposure to toxic metals. Therefore, there is a need for substances to protect individuals against the harmful effects caused by toxic metals. This study investigates the 1:1 and 1:2 mole ratios of 3-methoxy catechol with 1,4-phenyl diboronic acid, resulting in the synthesis of 1,4-bis(4-methoxybenzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaborol-2-yl)phenyl)boronic acid (M86) and 1,4-bis(4-methoxybenzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaborol-2-yl)benzene (M87), and evaluates their protective effects against lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) toxicity in the THLE-2 liver cell line. The structures of synthesized compounds M86 and M87 were characterized by 1 H, 13 C NMR, LC-MS-IT-TOF, UV-Vis., FTIR. The biological activities of these compounds were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, anticholinesterase, antiurease and antithyrosinase tests. 2D and 3D cell models were used in THLE-2 cell line. The protective effects of M86 and M87 against Pb, Cd and As toxicity were examined by XTT test and ATP colorimetric method and IC50 values were determined. In antioxidant tests, it was observed that M86 and M87 exhibited high activity in ABTS, DPPH and CUPRAC tests compared to standard antioxidants α-tocopherol (α-TOC) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Enzyme inhibition tests showed that M86 and M87 significantly suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme activities. These compounds were found to reverse the decrease in cell proliferation following Pb, Cd and As exposure. In conclusion, M86 and M87 have the potential to be versatile therapeutic agents that provide effective protection against metal toxicity. In the future, with the evaluation of the efficacy of these compounds in in vivo models and clinical studies, it is thought that their use against metal toxicity may be possible.

ABSTRACTIn this study, the structure of a new boron compound obtained using 3‐methoxy catechol and 4‐methoxy phenyl boronic acid was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, LC‐MS‐IT‐TOF, UV‐Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the newly synthesized compound were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS quation radical scavenging and CUPRAC copper reducing capacity methods. Anticholinesterase activities were determined by acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor assays. Antiurease and antithyrosinase enzyme inhibition activities were also examined. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated on healthy cell lines and breast and colon cancer cell lines using MTT method. The results showed that the synthesized compound has high antioxidant activity. Especially the average antioxidant activity values obtained at 10 μg/mL concentration were found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the reference values of α‐TOC and BHT. When the antioxidant activity data (IC50) were compared separately with α‐TOC and BHT reference values, the new compound was found to be more effective. In acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition, the average activity values were found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the galantamine reference value. However, no statistically significant difference was observed at BChE (% inhibition) level with galantamine reference value. In terms of urease and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition activities, the urease activity of the synthesized compound was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the thiurea reference value. Tyrosinase activity was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than kojic acid reference values. The synthesized and characterized compound was found to have no toxic effect on healthy cell lines and did not show any cytotoxic effect on breast cancer (MCF‐7) and colon cancer (HT‐29) cell lines.

Chromium pollution has emerged as a critical environmental concern, prompting extensive research into the chemical and mineralogical properties of refined ferrochrome (RFC) slag, the leaching of chromium using sulfuric acid, and the adsorption of chromium cations onto natural zeolite. The aim of the study is to analyze the chemical and mineralogical properties of purified ferrochrome slag (RFC) from the Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant and its leaching with sulfuric acid, as well as to study the effectiveness of Shankanai zeolite in the adsorption of chromium cations from a sulfuric acid solution to improve waste management in the ferrochrome industry. Semi-quantitative X-ray analysis reveals that the dominant phase in RFC slag is olivine (50.7% Ca2SiO4). The optimal chromium transition rate (16.67%) occurs in dilute H2SO4 (23%) after 145 min of leaching, while the highest transition efficiency (18.0–18.5%) is achieved at 90 °C with a leaching duration of 145–180 min. Chromium in the RFC slag cake is predominantly in the divalent state, existing as pentahydrate chromium (II) sulfate (CrSO4•5H2O). The chromium sorption process was studied in a sulfuric acid solution obtained after leaching of ferrochrome slags. The process of chromium sorption by Shankanai zeolite from sulfuric acid has been studied for the first time, and the influence of the main technological parameters of the process on the degree of its purification has been established. It was determined that the highest degree of purification of a chromium-containing sulfuric acid solution is achieved with a ratio of zeolite:chromium-containing sulfuric acid solution equal to 1:10, heated to 35 °C for 15 min, and it reaches (63.6–69.0%). The natural zeolite of the Shankanai deposit is an effective, and inexpensive sorbent for cleaning aggressive media, particularly media contaminated with chromium-containing sulfuric acid. X-ray diffraction analysis further confirmed that both chromium and sulfur ions participate in the sorption process, as evidenced by microstructural changes in the zeolite, including pore filling and smoothing observed in microphotographs. These findings underscore the potential of natural zeolite as an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for the remediation of chromium-contaminated solutions following sulfuric acid leaching. Its ability to adsorb chromium ions highlights its significant applicability in environmental cleanup efforts. This study contributes to sustainability by offering an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for chromium removal, reducing industrial waste impact and promoting circular economy principles by utilizing natural zeolite, a readily available and recyclable adsorbent.

Objective: Boron structures play a crucial role in biological treatments due to their unique chemical properties. They are used in pharmaceuticals for their potential as enzyme inhibitors and as anti-inflammatory agents. Boron-containing compounds are also explored in drug delivery systems, leveraging their ability to cross cell membranes effectively. Additionally, boron-based materials are studied for their applications in biomaterials, such as wound healing and tissue engineering, highlighting their diverse applications in biological treatments. Methods: The study aims to elucidate the biological properties of catechin, a natural phenolic compound, by modifying it with phenylboronic acid. The Catechin-based boronic compound (CBC) was synthesized. The antioxidant and enzyme activity were studied. Histopathological experiments to vital organs and molecular docking studies were also conducted. Results and Discussion: The (CBC) showed meaningful antioxidant and enzyme activity when compared to standards. The effect of the (CBC) on tissues was demonstrated by in vivo experiments. Histopathological evaluation of vital organs in male Sprague Dawley rats was demonstrated by Hematoxylin–Eosin staining. The study has supported the antioxidant property of (CBC), also has a natural origin based on its structure. Besides, the antiurease and antityrosinase activities of catechin were tested for the first time. Furthermore, in silico approaches also supported the acceptable biological activity results that were experimentally examined. The interactions of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes with the (CBC) were investigated theoretically via molecular docking, and the binding parameter values were also shared. The (CBC) demonstrated radical scavenging activity. The in vivo experiments on rats were carried out and the (CBC) showed no negative effects on the vital organs. It was seen that the experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. Conclusions: The analysis of the crystal structures of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes in relation to the compound (CBC) yielded striking results, highlighting the compound’s promising potential as a therapeutic agent.

Iron(II) hexacyanoferrate is highly reactive to various metals, including indium and gallium. Systematic studies on the sorption process of In3+ and Ga3+cations by iron(II) hexacyanoferrate were conducted using the model system "Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 center dot 5 & Ncy;2 & Ocy; - In3+- Ga3+- & Ncy;2 & Ocy;." It has been revealed that iron(II) hexacyanoferrate exhibits sorption properties concerning the studied cations. The sorption kinetics of indium(III) and gallium(III) ions were studied under static conditions, employing the limited volume method. The highest degree of sorption of In3+ cations at all concentrations was observed at 25 degrees C. For a system with & Scy;In = 50 mg/l & Kcy;& scy; = 49%, & Scy;In = 80 mg/L - 43%, & Scy;In = 125 mg/L - 40% and & Scy;In = (170-200) mg/L - 38%. Gallium(III) cations are sorbed by iron(II) hexacyanoferrate to a lesser extent. The degree of their sorption does not exceed 40-44%. Physicochemical methods (IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy) substantiate the regularities and peculiarities of the sorption process of In3+ and Ga3+cations by iron(II) hexacyanoferrate. It was found that iron hexacyanoferrate(II) exhibits preferential sorption ability with respect to In3+cations. The sorption of indium cations by iron(II) hexacyanoferrate follows a zeolite absorption-like process. Iron hexacyanoferrate(II) efficiently sorbs In3+ and Ga3+ ions, thus offering benefits in water purification, chemical separation, industry, and pollutant removal.

The structure characteristic and polyfunctionality of humic substances makes it possible to obtain new products by chemical modification. The aim of this work is to study the regularities of sodium humate modification processes with phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum with polyacrylamide (PAA) mixture, to establish the composition and properties of obtained organomineral composite materials. Methods. Chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Results and discussion. The possibility of obtaining new types of products by modifying sodium humate with phosphogypsum and its mixture with PAA is shown. The dependence of the composition and properties of obtained organomineral composite materials on the modifier nature has been revealed. The chemical modification has been shown to increase the content of COOH groups to 0.24 mg-eq/g, phenolic OH groups to 1.83 mg-eq/g, total pores to 0.44 cm3/g, static exchange capacity to 27.25 mg-eq/g, P2O5 to 1.34%, nitrogen up to 1.71% and the humic acid yield - up to 42.83%. The reaction between sodium humate and phosphogypsum proceeds leads to an increase in the content of total, digestible and water-soluble forms of P2O5. Conclusion. It has been established that the use of phosphogypsum for humic substances modification contributes to the phosphorus production waste processing. Organo-mineral materials obtained by modifying sodium humate acquire growth-stimulating, fertilizing, reclamation, water-retaining, and sorption properties. The complexity and multi-component composition of synthesized compositions is determined by DTA, IR, SEM methods. It has been shown that when sodium humate is modified with phosphogypsum, ion exchange reactions and complex formation occur.

Quercetin is an essential compound belonging to the flavanol group, which is a derivative of bioflavonoids found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin has various pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antihistamine, and antitumor. Based on these important properties, the quercetin compound was modified with various boronic acids and new types of quercetin-based boronic (QB) compounds were synthesized. In the current study, we have synthesized quercetin-based boronic compounds to obtain more effective molecules by doping the biological activity properties of quercetin naturally in its structure. In this purpose, 6-methoxy naphthalene boronic acid, 1,4-phenyl diboronic acid, 4-methoxy phenylboronic acid, 6-methoxy-3-pyridinylboronic acid, 3-formyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid compounds were used. The synthesized compounds were structurally enlightened by mass, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Then, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and toxic-cytotoxic effects of these molecules were tested. QB compounds synthesized and examined in vitro in the study were also analyzed by molecular docking. Molecular docking, one of the structure-based drug design methods, has been applied to support experimental data. It was determined that QB compounds showed more significant efficacy than the reference substance employed in antioxidant and enzyme activity studies. As a result of molecular docking analysis, the binding energy parameter values and active binding site amino acid residues of the compounds were determined. Obtained novel boronic compounds might be associated as drug candidate due to consistent results both in experimental and molecular docking results.

Boronic acid compounds and the natural flavonoid compound quercetin were handled to synthesize two novel ligands encoded as B1(2,2 '-(1,4-phenylenebis (benzo [1,3,2] dioxaborole-2,5-diyl)) bis (3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one) and B2(3.3.6. 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaborol-5-yl)-4 H-chromene-4). Antioxidant activities of ligands were investigated by DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC methods. Cholinesterase inhibition effects of ligands were determined by acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition methods, cytotoxic effects of ligands were applied to healthy breast and colon cancer cell lines by MTT method, and urease and tyrosinase enzyme activities were determined. Antimicrobial properties of the compounds were analyzed by detecting their anti-QS potentials on Chromobacterium violaceum biosensor strain. Both compounds were found to have significant antioxidant effects compared to controls. It was determined that the compound B1 at 1-10 mu g/mL was more active than the reference compounds (alpha-TOC and BHT). Moreover, the enzyme activity studies on ligands demonstrated that acetylchoinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitions were higher than the reference compounds. As expected, boron derivatives exhibited respectable activity against the biofilms of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). These results demonstrate the potential applicability of boron derivatives in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections and provide a practical strategy for the design of new boron-based antimicrobial materials. In silico molecular docking studies were performed on ligands to identify newly synthesized compounds. The binding parameter values and binding sites of the compounds were also determined. In conclusion, our studies showed that newly synthesized hybrid compounds could be solutions for antimicrobial resistance and enzyme-related disorders.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities and chemical fingerprint profiles of the extracts obtained from twelve Achillea L. species (A. lycaonica, A. biebersteinii (syn: A. arabica), A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. schischkinii, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. sintenisii, A. setacea, A. teretifolia, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii (syn: A. santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii), A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. spinulifolia). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic effects were evaluated to investigate their bioactivity profiles. Furthermore, the total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined and LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to reveal the phytochemical profile of the investigated extracts. A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were detected to have very high antioxidant potential as well as high total phenolic content (260.00 ± 3.38 and 282.97 ± 3.14 ?g of PEs mg extract?1, respectively). According to the LC-MS/ MS results, A. kotschyi and A. nobilis species were found to contain very high concentrations of chlorogenic acid (55812.20 and 46407 ?g analyte g extract?1). Besides, the bioactivities and phenolic composition of these species were chemometrically analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) techniques. It has also been determined that Achillea species generally exhibit quite high cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line. The studied species showed high urease enzyme activities.

Being traditionally utilized mainly as appetizers and herbal teas as well as used to ease abdominal pains, colds and gastrointestinal issues, the genus Salvia L. has gained significant consideration owing to its remarkable phytochemicals and industrial importance. The present study aimed to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of 19 fingerprint phytochemicals in six endemic Salvia species. The validation parameters of the developed LC-MS/MS method were repeatability (intermediate precision), recovery (accuracy), limits of detection and quantification, linearity and uncertainty (U% at 95% confidence level (k = 2)). Reversed-phase HPLC separation and mass spectrometry parameters were optimized for each analyte. Ethanol extracts of the studied Salvia species collected in three consecutive years were screened for their fingerprint phytochemicals by using the developed and validated LC-MS/MS method. Moreover, studied Salvia species were subjected to multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis techniques to demonstrate the variabilities in phytochemical contents by years and parts of the samples. Roots, flowers, leaves, branches and whole plant of the Salvia species collected in 2015, 2016 and 2017 were used for the analyses. It was observed that the roots and branches of Salvia species were similar in terms of their salvianolic acid A, caffeic acid, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone components. Accordingly, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, salvianolic acid B, and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone were notable phytochemicals that were present in the studied Salvia species.

Boronic acid compounds and natural flavonoid compound quercetin were handled to synthesize novel two ligands encoded as B1(2,2'-(1,4-phenylenebis (benzo [1,3,2] dioxaborole-2,5-diyl)) bis (3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H- chromen-4-one) and B2 ( 3.3.6. 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxaborol-5-yl)-4H-chromene-4). Antioxidant activities of synthesized compounds were examined in vitro . Antioxidant features of B1 and B2 were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and CUPRIC reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Anticholinesterase effects of ligands were determined by acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase methods, cytotoxic effects of ligand (B2) were applied to healthy breast and colon cancer cell lines by MTT method, as well as urease and tyrosinase enzyme activities were determined. Moreover, antibacterial properties of the compounds were analyzed by detecting their anti-QS potentials on Chromobacterium violaceum biosensor system. Both compounds were found to have significant antioxidant effects compared to controls. It was determined that the compound B1 at 1-10 µg / mL was more active than the standards (α-TOC and BHT). It was determined from some enzyme activity studies of B1 and B2 compounds that acetylchoinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitions were higher than the standard used. In addition, in vitro antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm tests were performed. As expected, boron derivatives exhibited good activity against the biofilm of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Biofilm analysis proved the inhibitory effect of boron derivatives by disrupting biofilm formation, reducing the thickness of biofilms and the number of viable bacteria. These results demonstrate the potential applicability of boron derivatives in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections and provide a practical strategy for the design of new boron-based antimicrobial materials. It was determined that compound B2 did not show any toxic effect on living cell lines and breast and colon cancer cell lines.

Boronic acids constitute an important class of synthetic intermediates due to their high chemical stability, ease of use, moderate organic Lewis acid properties, reduced reactivity profiles and numerous biological activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The present study documents the synthesis and characterization of a novel boronic ester compound (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (2-phenyl benzo [d] [1,3,2] dioxaborol-5-yl) -4H-chromen-4-a) which was derived from phenyl boronic acid and quercetin. The new boron-based compound was used in the cream formulation after evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-enzyme, anticancer activities and electrochemical oxidation behaviour. Furthermore, the cream has been dermatologically and microbiologically tested. Also, histological evaluation of the agent was estimated on multiple rat organs by hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Antioxidant potential of the new compound was tested by ABTS cation radical (IC50: 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL), DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50: 0.14 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5: 1.73 ± 0.16 µg/mL) methods, respectively. The compound determined to have a dominant antioxidant activity. In addition, the synthesized compound had no toxic effect on the healthy cell line (PDF), while having a very high (IC50: 18.76 ± 0.62 µg/mL) cytotoxic effect on the cancerous cell line (MCF-7). In general, the compound showed moderate acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (IC50: 115.63 ± 1.16 µg/mL), high butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 3.12 ± 0.04 µg/mL), antiurease (IC50: 1.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL), and antithyrosinase (IC50: 11.52 ± 0.46 µg/mL) enzyme activities. In addition, the compound was found to be effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria studied at concentrations of 6.50 mg/mL. Moreover, the test results of the boronic ester compound used in the cream formulation demonstrated that it was microbiologically and dermatologically appropriate. Histologic analysis showed that the control group and experimental group were at similar properties without significant change. The phenyl boronic acid derivative compound synthesized from quercetin may have higher biological activity potential than quercetin. Due to the high biological activity potential of the synthesized compound, it has the potential to be used in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

The study was conducted to determine the situation in terms of groundwater heavy metal contamination at 18 sampling stations close to the Diyarbakir Oil Production Area in Turkey. The heavy metal contamination indices were used during the assessment process. To further investigate the potential sources of heavy metals, multivariate statistical techniques were applied. Concentrations of heavy metals were found to decrease as: Cd > Mn > Fe > Pb > B > As > Zn > Al > Se > Hg. In the diagram of pH and metal load, the majority of samples (88.89%) were classified as “near neutral–low metal.” In general, the study’s results showed the groundwater HPI value to be lower than the critical value of 100. Based on the HPI values, 100% of the samples were classified as having a “medium” level of pollution. The HEI results showed that 83.3% of the samples were classified as having a “medium” level of pollution, and 3% as “low.” The Cd (contamination index) results revealed that all of the samples in the study area were found to be substantially “high” in their level of heavy metal pollution. The study’s factor analysis found that seven factors explained 79.2% of the total variation in the data. In the cluster analysis, good outcomes were seen with three different similarity groups. These results show that the factors responsible for heavy metal pollution primarily relate to oil exploration-production activities, mining, industrial and domestic waste disposal, agricultural activities, as well as being of geogenic origin.

Allium species are widely consumed as food all over the world. The phenolic profile of ethanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of 12 Allium species, collected from five different Eastern Anatolia regions, were studied using LC-MS/MS. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also tested. The multivariate analyses were performed using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Seventeen of 27 standard compounds were detected in all Allium species. The major components were mainly identified as quinic acid, malic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid. The aerial parts possessed better antioxidant activity than roots. Aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense exhibited high cytotoxic activity against DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines (IC50 12.5 mu g/mL). A. shatakiense and A. vineale demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC 75 mu g/mL). According to chemometric analysis, differences were detected between aerial parts and the roots. The aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense could be potent in the pharmaceutical industry while A. shatakiense and A. vineale in the food industry after further investigations.

This work aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extracts and their fractions of two edible halophytic Limonium species, L. effusum (LE) and L. sinuatum (LS). The total phenolic content resulted about two-fold higher in the ethyl acetate fraction of LE (522.82 ± 5.67 mg GAE/g extract) than in that of LS (274.87 ± 1.87 mg GAE/g extract). LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that tannic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in both species (71,439.56 ± 3643.3 µg/g extract in LE and 105,453.5 ± 5328.1 µg/g extract in LS), whereas hyperoside was the most abundant flavonoid (14,006.90 ± 686.1 µg/g extract in LE and 1708.51 ± 83.6 µg/g extract in LS). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and TAC assays, and the stronger antioxidant activity in ethyl acetate fractions was highlighted. Both species were more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram negatives and showed considerable growth inhibitions against tested fungi. Interestingly, selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed with LE and LS. Particularly, the water fraction of LS strongly inhibited AChE (IC50 = 0.199 ± 0.009 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fractions of LE and LS, as well as the n-hexane fraction of LE, exhibited significant antityrosinase activity (IC50 = 245.56 ± 3.6, 295.18 ± 10.57 and 148.27 ± 3.33 µg/mL, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract of LS also significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 83.76 ± 4.19 and 162.2 ± 7.29 µg/mL, respectively). Taken together, these findings warrant further investigations to assess the potential of LE and LS as a bioactive source that can be exploited in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries.

In this work, pure potato starch (PPS) purified from waste potato starch, was recovered and used. PPS was modified by 3-APTMS (3-(aminopropyl) trimethoxy silane) to manufacture a crosslinked film. To obtain a bilayer PPS-3APTMS-PLA film, the polylactic acid (PLA) was employed with PPS-3APTMS by casting method. The resulting materials, PPS-3APTMS and PPS-3APTMS-PLA were characterized by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), x-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The silane-doped bilayer films have more thermal stability compared to PPS. The mechanical, solubility, swelling, water vapor permeability, optical properties and biodegradability under controlled compost conditions were examined. When the tensile strength of the PPS, PPS-3APTMS and PPS-3APTMS-PLA films were evaluated, the tensile strength (TS) were to 1.017 +/- 0.35 MPa, 1.437 +/- 0.19 MPa and 10.918 +/- 1.30 MPa, respectively. The PPS and PPS-3APTMS films were not elongation at break, while it was found about 21.94 +/- 9.48 for the bilayer PPS-3APTMS-PLA film. The solubility, swelling, water vapor permeability, and transparency decreased for bilayer films. The water vapor permeability of PPS, PPS-3APTMS and PPS-3APTMS-PLA films were obtained as 31.69 +/- 0.4 x 10-7 g s-1 m-1 Pa-1, 28.96 +/- 0.4 x 10-7 g s-1 m-1Pa-1,and 14.26 +/- 0.3 x 10-7 g s-1 m-1Pa-1, respectively. Then, the biodegradability of films was performed under controlled compost conditions for 46 days according to ISO-14,855 standard. The biodegradation of PPS, PPS-3APTMS and PPS-3APTMS-PLA was also calculated as 9.30%, 5.45% and 5.08%. Biodegradation of PPS-3APTMS film decreases compared to PPS. Furthermore, the biodegradation value of bilayer film, PPS-3APTMS-PLA, was also decreased due to the slower degradation tendency of PLA. The contribution to the reusability of waste starch and the modifying of starch for food packaging and coating applications are the novelty aspects of the current study. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.