The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represents a major global health challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The declining effectiveness of conventional antibiotics has emphasized the need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the treatment of bacterial infections. This study investigated the synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of hybrid Pt/ZrO₂ nanoparticles against MDR bacterial pathogens, namely, Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) and Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis). Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO₂NPs), and hybrid Pt/ZrO₂NPs were synthesized using chemical methods and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and TEM analyses. FESEM analysis revealed spherical PtNPs with an average size of 29 ± 12 nm and ZrO₂NPs with an average size of 24 ± 8 nm. Following Pt deposition, hybrid Pt/ZrO₂NPs formed three-dimensional aggregates with an average size of 40 ± 12 nm, confirming successful loading of Pt onto the ZrO₂ surface. The characterization results demonstrated preservation of the crystalline structure of ZrO₂ and strong evidence of interaction between Pt and ZrO₂ within the hybrid nanostructure. FTIR spectra showed characteristic bands at 3437 cm⁻1 (O–H stretching), 2926–2854 cm⁻1 (C–H stretching), and 418 cm⁻1 (Pt–O vibration). XRD analysis revealed crystalline platinum peaks at 38.9°, 46.2°, and 67.2° with crystallite sizes ranging from 6 to 8 nm, together with well-defined monoclinic zirconia peaks. Peak broadening after platinum deposition further supported successful hybrid nanoparticle formation. Biological evaluation demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against both bacterial species. The MIC values of Pt/ZrO₂NPs were 18.75 ± 0.11 µg mL⁻1 for A. baumannii and 4.69 ± 0.34 µg mL⁻1 for S. hominis, while MBC values showed similar results confirmed the bactericidal nature of the nanocomposite. At 300 µg mL⁻1, Pt/ZrO₂NPs produced inhibition zones of 32.00 ± 1.13 mm against A. baumannii and 40.00 ± 2.10 mm against S. hominis, demonstrating superior antibacterial efficacy compared with the individual nanoparticles. Furthermore, the hybrid nanocomposite exhibited enhanced antibiofilm activity, attributable to the combined effects of platinum and zirconia. In addition, Pt/ZrO₂NPs showed favorable hemocompatibility and significant antioxidant activity. Overall, the findings indicate that the enhanced biological performance of Pt/ZrO₂NPs arises from synergistic metal–support interactions within the hybrid nanostructure, highlighting their potential as a promising platform for combating MDR bacterial infections.

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) poses a serious threat to public health, particularly in hospital environments. Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) and Staphylococcus hominis (S.hominis) are key pathogens associated with bloodstream infections in surgical patients. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) synthesized via green (using Mangifera indica leaf extract) and chemical methods. The nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antibacterial activity was tested against clinical isolates obtained from patient blood samples. The results showed that chemically synthesized PtNPs (PtNPs-Che) exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to green-synthesized PtNPs (PtNPs-Green), as indicated by lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and larger inhibition zones. At 100 µg/mL, inhibition zones reached 20.9 mm for A. baumannii and 25.6 mm for S. hominis, while green PtNPs showed 14.0 mm and 21.0 mm, respectively. Additionally, chemically synthesized PtNPs demonstrated stronger antibiofilm activity, whereas green PtNPs exhibited enhanced stability due to natural capping agents. Both nanoparticle types showed low hemolytic activity at tested concentrations. Molecular docking supported the experimental findings by revealing higher binding affinity of chemically synthesized PtNPs toward bacterial targets. Overall, PtNPs represent a promising strategy for combating MDR bacterial infections.

The development of nanoparticles (NPs) has enabled their usage in numerous biological, physico-chemical, and functional biomedical applications, especially as anti-cancer therapy. In this study, a cancer-healing conjugate composed of resveratrol (RES) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was formulated via liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) covered with numerous layers of chitosan (+ charge) and hyaluronic acid (- charge), through a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method. The nanoparticle delivery drug systems based on lipids were used to assess therapeutic efficacy and biocompatibility against the cells of cancer. Many procedures described the production of RES/HCQ-LbL-LCNPs, such as zeta potential (ZP) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro properties of RES, HCQ, and RES/HCQ-LbL-LCNPs were compared to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) through gene expression. Through studying Bcl-2, Bax, Beclin-1, and light chain 3 (LC3). The decrease in Bcl-2 expression promotes apoptosis, while the increase in Bax expression also activates apoptosis; additionally, the decrease in Beclin-1 expression reduces autophagy initiation, and finally, the decrease in LC3 expression diminishes autophagy. All these genes are good indicators that RES, HCQ, and RES/HCQ-LbL-LCNPs affect the HepG2 cell line.

Current study report the preparation of zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) by Nd: YAG laser ablation in water at different laser energies. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD studies reveal that the synthesized ZnO QDs are crystalline in nature with a hexagonal structure. The optical energy gap of the ZnO QDs decreased from 4.15 to 3.4 eV as laser energy increased from 60 mJ to 120 mJ. The morphological properties of the prepared nanosized particles and QDs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which confirms the formation of spherical ZnO QDs with diameters in the range of 3–6 nm prepared at a laser energy of 60 mJ. While the TEM investigation shows that the ZnO prepared with laser energy of 120 mJ has nanoparticles of sizes ranging from 16 to 22 nm. The antibacterial activity of the prepared ZnO QDs and NP colloids was investigated against two types of pathogens: one gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and one gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) using nutrient broth and nutrient agar. The results indicate that the ZnO QDs with a mass concentration of 110 µg/mL have higher antibacterial activity than ZnO NPs of 430 µg/mL for both kinds of bacteria. Application of ZnO QDs also potentially reduced E. coli and S. pyogenes biofilm formation and had minimal effects on normal rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells, suggesting a satisfactory therapeutic index. According to current findings, this study suggests that the size and concentration of the zinc oxide nanoparticles play a crucial role in their effectiveness as antibacterial agents.

The ever-growing interest in natural remedies for a variety of ailments and as solutions for food, cosmetics, and natural oil applications in human health and well-being has necessitated the need for better and sustainable end products. These desires led the field of natural products into the realm of nanotechnology. As the impact of nano-technique has been observed in synthetic drug delivery, diagnostics, and other biomedical disciplines, the observations also prompted the integration of natural products applicability into the workable nanoformulations. This renovation started a paradigm shift in the efficacy of natural products in terms of enhanced therapeutic control, bioavailability, targeted delivery, and minimized toxicity. The choices in techniques, types of employable nanocarriers, and preparative feasibilities have led to advancements through which offered the natural products have enhanced solubility, transitional stability, and desired delivery characteristics with intended directedness and improved shelf-life. The issues in regulatory affairs, ecological and toxicological hurdles, as well as future prospects and direction of development of the nanotechnological advances in the natural products have been conclusively discussed. The new paradigm also circumvented the undeniable synergy between the natural products as traditional remedies and nanoscale formulations, thereby opening a new horizon in modern perspective of emerging nanomedicine as a strong and transformative imprint on human health well-being, and development of evidence-based and personal medicine.

Global healthcare faces severe challenges from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial biofilms. This study developed a targeted ZnONPs/Cs/Fic/FA nanosystem, integrating the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) core with chitosan (Cs) and ficin (Fic), followed by folic acid (FA). Following the comprehensive structural characterization (FT-IR, XRD, and TEM), the prepared nanosystem demonstrated superior antibacterial potency against four major pathogens, including A. baumannii and S. aureus. The key results showed Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) as low as 6.07 µg mL−1 and inhibition zones up to 25 mm, notably outperforming the conventional antibiotics, i.e., ciprofloxacin. Also, the nanosystem achieved ∼90% biofilm inhibition and exhibited high biocompatibility in anti-hemolytic assays. Under in vivo trials confirmed significantly accelerated and complete wound closure compared to individual components. These findings established the ZnONPs/Cs/Fic/FA as a powerful, multi-modal nanosystem for treating resistant infections and enhancing the infected tissue repair.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are defined by the gradual degeneration of neuronal cells, wherein the accumulation of misfolded proteins can lead to memory impairments, motor dysfunctions, and other deteriorations. Despite the widespread impact, there are currently no viable pharmaceuticals to treat these disorders. The mTOR protein is a crucial regulator of cell survival, growth, autophagy, and apoptosis. Targeted modulation of mTOR signaling holds promise for mitigating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, ALS, and Parkinson's disease. Understanding its interactions with pathways such as PI3K/Akt, AMPK, and SIRT1 is essential for developing effective therapeutics.

This study investigates the phytochemical constituents and hepatoprotective properties of Onopordum cyrenaicum Maire & Weiller, a traditional medicinal herb. Phytochemical analysis revealed phenolic acids and flavonoids at concentrations of 3.06 GAE/g and 1.02 CE/g, respectively. LC-ESI-MS/MS identified 35 compounds known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In vitro antioxidant assays showed scavenging abilities against DPPH and ABTS free radicals with IC50 values of 198.68 and 151.19 µg/mL. Rats treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) exhibited liver injury. Still, those treated with O. cyrenaicum showed nearly normal liver anatomy and significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory markers compared to the HCC group. Additionally, anti-oxidative stress biomarkers were higher in the treated groups. The higher dose improved DEN-induced liver damage while maintaining healthy hepatocyte structure. Molecular docking indicated potential bioactivity of Onopornoids against specific enzymes, with favourable ADMET characteristics suggesting O. cyrenaicum's potential as a natural therapeutic agent for liver protection and cancer treatment.

This review critically summarizes the up-to-date knowledge base on the volatile compositions of Eucalyptus essential oils (EOs), focusing on their comparative phytochemical profiles, the wide range of biological properties, and the significant impacts from environmental and processing conditions among worldwide cultivation areas. Eucalyptus plants are also well known for their abundant content of monoterpenes, mainly 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and limonene. Although its chemical composition is known, it varies widely due to species differences as well as genotypic and environmental factors (such as climate and geography, including temperature, humidity, altitude, etc.). This variation determines their commercial value, high-cineole chemotypes ( E. globulus, E. camaldulensis ) selected for pharmaceutical and antimicrobial purposes, and citronellal-rich oils ( E. citriodora ) favored for perfumery and insect repellents. Additionally, the EOs yield and quality are much affected by the extraction methods, where modern tools such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could secure a better conservation of bioactive compounds than traditional hydro distillation (HD). A broad range of applications in food preservation, cosmetics, and veterinary medicine are based on their strong biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, despite promising achievements and fast market growth, the review reveals significant research gaps, including the absence of clinical validation, standardization, and exhaustive toxicological characterization. The development of Eucalyptus cultivation for economic growth and natural-product innovation in various environments is pivotal, and future efforts must concentrate on hybrid breeding programs, bioclimatic zoning, and sustainable agronomic practices.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The fundamental cause of PD is not completely confirmed. However, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are intricate in the progressive accumulation of mutant α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc. PD is frequently linked with other age-related diseases such as benign prostatic hypertrophy, which is treated by the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Particularly, 5α-reductase, which is expressed in the prostate, is also expressed in the brain for the biosynthesis of the neuroprotective neurosteroids. Thus, 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may adversely affect the pathogenesis of PD. Nevertheless, numerous preclinical and clinical investigations highlight that finasteride may have a neuroprotective effect against the development and progression of PD. Despite this effect of finasteride, prolonged use of a 5α-reductase inhibitor is associated with the development of dementia in the initial periods after starting treatment. However, reducing the magnitude of the association over time suggested that the risk may be completely or in part due to increased dementia detection among patients with benign prostate enlargement. The fundamental mechanism by which 5α-reductase inhibitors are related to cognitive impairment is indistinct. Therefore, the possible role of finasteride in PD is not completely clarified. Consequently, the objective of the present review was to explain and discuss the precise role of finasteride in PD.

Flavonoids constitute a substantial category of polyphenolic compounds derived from plants, certain food constituents, and food supplements. They have garnered significant attention for their potential roles during pandemics. These natural products have a long history of use in folk medicine and exhibit a diverse array of bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies indicate that they play a crucial role in combating viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting viral replication and modulating immune system responses. Flavonoids enhance the host’s immune system while simultaneously reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are exacerbated during pandemics. Their capacity to regulate coagulation pathways and safeguard cardiac function renders them increasingly promising as a therapeutic intervention for complications arising from viral infections. Nanotechnology enhances the absorption and targeted delivery of flavonoids, potentially increasing their efficacy in clinical applications. Ongoing research suggests that the numerous advantages of flavonoids may play a crucial role in developing integrative treatment strategies, rendering them highly beneficial for public health, particularly during pandemics. This review emphasizes the necessity for further investigation into the functions and mechanisms of flavonoids and advocates for their incorporation in future preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Background Subtilisin (serine protease) can be produced from Bacillus subtilis, to which the enzyme is named. Earlier research elucidated the high cytotoxicity of subtilisin toward cancer cell lines. This work aims to develop compounds with a new architecture to immobilize subtilisin and enhance its accessibility to target areas. Aim The aim is to assess the anticancer effects of Au NPs and Au/subtilisin nanocomposites on MCF-7 cells and examine their stability, binding strength, and toxicity. Methods We designed and characterized a new compound to immobilize subtilisin on gold nanoparticles GNPs coated with glutamic acid. Subtilisin was immobilized on AuNPs through the chemical reactions between their surfaces. The activity of Au/subtilisin nanocomposites against the breast cancer cells has been demonstrated, and a potential mechanism that stimulates apoptosis has also been identified. Molecular docking and dynamics studies were used to analyze binding behavior, stability, and potential toxicity. Results The results demonstrate the notable antiproliferative effect for MCF-7 cells induced by Au/subtilisin nanocomposites . The results also confirm the apoptotic effect of Au/subtilisin nanocomposites through activating caspase-8. The findings of this study confirm that Au/subtilisin nanocomposites exhibit a higher toxic effect on MCF-7 cells than GNPs alone. Conclusion Our work focuses on the efficiency of AuNPs immobilized with subtilisin inducing toxicity toward MCF-7 compared to AuNPs alone. Au/subtilisin nanocomposites are a therapeutic compound that can treat breast cancer cells through apoptosis stimulation.

Abstract Current work investigates the phytochemical components and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil using both in vitro and in silico methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 23 volatile constituents, with piperitone (32.62%), elemol (25.27%), and β-eudesmol (15.22%) as the predominant ones. The oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC50 values of 99.20 and 89.01 µg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial evaluations against MRSA, Shigella sonnei, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus revealed marked effects, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 µg/mL and inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) ranging from 30±0.6 to 10±0.6 mm. The oil demonstrated a strong, dose-dependent antibiofilm effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), achieving 78% inhibition at 10 µg/mL. The essential oil demonstrated a marked antiviral effect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), with a selectivity index (18.6) superior to that of remdesivir (15.11). Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of major constituents to key enzymatic targets, including SARS-CoV-2’s receptor-binding domain, and bacterial PBP2a and Gyrase B, with sesquiterpenes showing higher binding energies than monoterpenes. These results scientifically validated the traditional uses of C. schoenanthus and highlighted its potential as a source of natural anti-infective agent.

Antiviral multitarget inhibitory capacity of certain structural candidates against antiviral targets, M-pro, PLpro, and RBD-ACE2 interface were assessed in a modular approach. Among the structures analyzed, the compound tiliroside, present in Zygophyllum coccineum, emerged as the potent multitarget inhibitor in the molecular docking studies. Molecular dynamics simulations, performed for 100 ns in triplicate, confirmed the binding stability of the compound to M-pro, PLpro, and RBD-ACE2 interface, together with MM-GBSA binding affinities of similar to -93.55, -68.55, and -62.39 kcal/mol, respectively. The protein backbone RMSDs for these complexes remained within the range of similar to 1.7 to 2.8 & Aring;, indicating stable complexes. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analysis, secondary structure monitoring, principal component analysis, clustering, and Gibbs free energy landscape assessments supported the stability of these complexes. Additionally, residue-specific interaction analysis and binding energy decomposition provided insights into the key elements driving these bindings. The results underscored the potential of the tiliroside as a multitarget inhibitor of viral proteins.

Several factors impact the yields and quality of essential oils from aromatic plants, particularly the drying duration and the process of drying. The current study investigates the effects of extended shade-drying on the essential oil yields and componential quality of the Artemisia herba-alba, a notable aromatic and medicinal plant herb. The fresh plant material samples (B1) were dried for one (B2), two (B3), and three weeks (B4), followed by hydrodistillation to yield the corresponding essential oils that were further analyzed by GC-MS. The highest essential oil yields were obtained from the B2 (one-week drying) batch. The GC-MS analyses showed significant differences in the oil constituents, and the number of identified compounds across these batches was diversified, with batch B1 containing 23 compounds, B2 21, B3 16, and B4 12 compounds. Notably, the sesquiterpenes were highly prevalent in the fresh plant materials' oil batch (B1), particularly, the presence of davanone and gamma-cadinene was notable, while the monoterpenes were more concentrated in the dried batches. It was also observed that the shade-drying of the plant materials enhanced the antioxidant activity of A. herba-alba essential oils, with batch B4 exhibiting the highest reducing and free-radical scavenging activity, which were measured at 21.02 and 79.58 mg of Trolox-equivalents, respectively. Among the batches, the B2 demonstrated significant inhibitions of breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, as compared to the normal cell lines, HSF, with the IC50 values of 4.99 and 56.4 & micro;g/mL, respectively. The oil from batch B2 induced necrosis and showed late apoptotic effects in MCF-7 cell lines in a time-dependent manner, as compared to the untreated cells. The increased concentrations of eucalyptol in batch B2 oil may have contributed to its anti-cancer effects, as it interacted with the crucial amino acids in the Caspase-3 crystal structure observed during the modeling analyses. Based on these findings, a timedefined drying process for A. herba-alba is recommended, which has the potential to be parallelized for plant materials drying of other phylogenetically related essential oil-bearing aromatic plants to garner high essential oils yields with superior oil constituent richness and overall enhanced quality and quantity of the oil, perhaps in terms of sesqui- and monoterpenic constituents.

Green nanotechnology offers promising opportunities for the development of multifunctional therapeutic agents derived from plant bioresources. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using Crataegus azarolus fruit extract (CaFrE) and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, zeta potential, and DLS analyses. Biological evaluation revealed that CaFrE-AgNPs had a greater antioxidant capacity than the plant extract, with DPPH IC50 values of 47.75 mu g/mL, ABTS IC50 values of 67.4 mu g/mL, and FRAP EC0.(5) values of 156.25 mu g/mL. These values represent an improvement on those of CaFrE alone. Antimicrobial assays revealed potent bactericidal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.95 to 15.62 mu g/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values from 3.90 to 31.24 mu g/mL, as well as notable antibiofilm efficacy. Additionally, CaFrE-AgNPs were found to induce cytotoxic effects in A549 lung cancer cells via Annexin V-FITC/PI analysis. This test revealed a substantial increase in early apoptotic cells (38 %) following treatment, confirming apoptosis as the predominant mechanism of cell death. To explore the potential molecular mechanisms, molecular docking was performed using the major phytochemicals identified in C. azarolus. Flavonoids, such as quercetin, exhibited strong binding affinities toward proteins associated with the regulation of oxidative stress, bacterial virulence, and apoptosis pathways. This supports their potential contribution to the biological activity of the nanoparticles. Overall, these results suggest that CaFrE-AgNPs are a multifunctional, phytochemical-capped nanoplatform that combines antioxidant, antibacterial, and apoptosis-inducing properties. This highlights the potential of plant-mediated nanomaterials in developing sustainable strategies against diseases related to oxidative stress, antimicrobial resistance, and cancer.

Portable analytical platforms are rapidly transforming point-of-care chemical analysis by enabling fast, on-site measurements with minimal instrumentation, reduced cost, and simplified operation. Among emerging approaches, smartphone-assisted sensing systems have attracted considerable attention due to their accessibility, integrated imaging capabilities, and potential for quantitative analysis without sophisticated laboratory equipment. In this study, a smartphone-based colorimetric sensing platform is developed for sensitive and selective glucose determination using bimetallic cobalt-nickel co-modified graphitic carbon nitride (Co-Ni/g-C3N4) nanoparticles as efficient peroxidase-mimicking nanozymes. The Co-Ni/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesized through a hydrothermal-assisted reduction method and characterized by SEM, HRTEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD, confirming successful incorporation of Co and Ni within the g-C3N4 structure. The sensing strategy relies on an enzyme-nanozyme cascade reaction in which glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid, producing hydrogen peroxide that is subsequently utilized by the Co-Ni/g-C3N4 nanozyme to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, generating a blue color signal proportional to glucose concentration. The color intensity was recorded using a smartphone camera and quantitatively analyzed through RGB extraction with ImageJ software. Under optimized conditions, the platform exhibited linear detection ranges of 10–500 µM (UV–Vis) and 10–300 µM (smartphone analysis) along with low detection limits, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity toward glucose against common interferents. The smartphone-based measurements showed strong agreement with conventional UV–Vis results, demonstrating the reliability of the portable approach. This simple and cost-effective sensing system highlights the potential of integrating bimetallic g-C3N4 nanozymes with smartphone colorimetry for decentralized glucose monitoring and point-of-care biochemical analysis.

Introduction:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most commonly diagnosed metabolic diseases. Notably, two-thirds of diabetic patients may develop diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a life-threatening condition for which no curative treatment currently exists. Methods:This study aimed to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of caffeine against DCM development, utilizing a novel oral sustained-release caffeine-loaded Pickering emulsion formula stabilized by calcium carbonate nanoparticles to enhance its pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties. Eighty-four rats were divided into seven groups: control, caffeine, nano-caffeine, diabetic, diabetic + rosuvastatin, diabetic + caffeine, and diabetic + nano-caffeine. Results:Our findings demonstrated that the newly developed nano-caffeine formulation significantly downregulated myocardial injury markers (CK-MB, cTnI, ALT, AST, and LDH) and markedly ameliorated myocardial tissue injury and fibrosis, as confirmed by histopathological examination and desmin/α-SMA expression analysis. Additionally, the nano-caffeine treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), attenuated hyperlipidemia, decreased iNOS and NO myocardial concentrations, and upregulated protective antioxidants (Nrf2, GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, and catalase) compared to the control group. Importantly, the cardioprotective effects of nano-caffeine were more pronounced than those observed in caffeine-treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, a novel, simple, and validated HPLC method was employed to quantify caffeine levels in cardiac tissues in all groups. The analysis revealed significantly higher caffeine concentrations in the nano-caffeine group compared to other groups, indicating improved tissue delivery. Conclusion:The formulation significantly enhances the cardioprotective effects of caffeine against myocardial injury in T2DM rats by optimizing its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.

In recent years, the use of nanomaterials in cancer therapy has gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties. This study focuses on the synthesis of vanadium disulfide nanoparticles (VS2NPs) via the solvothermal route, followed by their characterization and evaluation of anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, FESEM, and EDS investigations were used to find out the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the material. With an average crystallite size of about 41.22 nm and a band gap of 3.88 eV, the results indicated a hexagonal shape, suggesting their potential for biological applications. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized VS2 nanoparticles was assessed using the MTT assay. The results indicated the anti-proliferative effect of VS₂ nanoparticles toward MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 34.55 µg/mL. Moreover, the synthesized VS2 induced apoptosis in the breast cancer cells, MCF-7, as confirmed by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining and demonstrating morphological alterations including cell shrinkage and the formation of apoptotic bodies. The genotoxicity of the prepared nanoparticles, VS2 nanoparticles, was evaluated using a comet assay, indicating DNA fragmentation and gene-damaging effects. The molecular docking simulation study was used to predict the stability of the nanoparticle-receptor complex under physiological conditions.