Hessian fly resistance in the spring barley variety ‘Golf’ is controlled by a new gene located in the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 4 H. Hessian fly (HF) is a devastating pest of cereal crops around the world and can cause significant economic losses. However, the genetic basis of HF resistance in barley is poorly understood. In this study, 219 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between the HF-resistant variety ‘Golf’ and the susceptible line ‘95SR316A,’ were used to investigate and map HF resistance in ‘Golf.’ A total of 122 susceptible and 97 resistant lines were identified and suggested that HF resistance is controlled by a single gene. Genotyping the RIL population with the barley 50 k SNP array and molecular mapping indicated that the HF resistance gene in ‘Golf’ is located in the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 4H. Based on the associated markers and the recombinants, a 1.76-Mb genomic interval carrying a cluster of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes was identified. The region overlapped with the previously identified resistance gene HvRHF1 in the barley variety ‘Minerva.’ The HF resistance in ‘Minerva’ and ‘Golf’ was evaluated with seven HF biotypes, and the results indicated that while both the genotypes exhibited similar responses to vH13, D, L, C and GP biotypes, they exhibited different responses to biotypes B and O, thus suggesting that the HF resistance in ‘Golf’ may be controlled by a distinct resistance gene or allele. This research identifies a new and first gene showing HF resistance at elevated temperature named HvRHF3 and provides useful information for improving barley HF resistance and other research.

Crop adaptation to environmental change will require genetic resources that are different from those currently deployed. The rapid global shift to both warmer temperatures and unpredictable atmospheric events must be considered in developing new breeding populations for local environments. Oats (Avena spp.) are annual grasses that represent a diversity of species and ploidy levels. The most notable, spring oat (Avena sativa L.), is a heart-healthy and gluten-free cereal crop that is grown worldwide as a source of food, feed, and cosmetics products. In the past decade, global oat production has been increasingly challenged by environmental stress and its economic value has suffered due to competition with other high-value grain crops. Although genomic resources are growing for spring oat, there is limited information about the landraces that served as founders to modern varieties. To improve knowledge of adaptive genetic variation and phenotypic diversity of spring oat founders, a set of 758 global A. sativa landrace accessions from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection was investigated, herein dubbed the "Oat Landrace Diversity (OLD) Panel." High-depth genotyping-by-sequencing was conducted to assess genetic diversity, perform genome-wide association mapping for environmental variables, and provide insight into whether quantitative trait loci identified in the OLD Panel have been deployed in modern cultivar populations. Finally, we discuss the importance of leveraging genetic variation attributable to environmental adaptation to reinforce plant breeding programs from ecological instability.

The Hessian fly (Hf) and greenbugs (Gb) are major pests of wheat, causing severe economic losses globally. Deploying resistant wheat is the most effective strategy for managing these destructive insects. However, the resistance is not effective against all Hf or Gb biotypes and can impose selection pressure on insects, resulting in the development of virulent biotypes. These challenges must be met through the discovery of new and novel sources of resistance to these pests. Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat (SHW)-developed cultivars are a rich source of resistance against a diverse array of pathogens and pests. In this study, 80 SHW lines were evaluated for their resistance to Hf and Gb under controlled environmental conditions. Of these, a total of 36 SHW lines showed resistance independently to Hf biotype L and Gb biotype E, while 27 lines showed combined resistance to both Hf and Gb. Further, a subset of 10 SHW lines showed resistance to additional Hf biotypes, Great Plains and vH13. The identification of SHW lines resistant to multiple insects and biotypes offers an invaluable resource to breeders who are looking to stack resistance traits to develop elite cultivars as a strategy to alleviate economic impacts upon global wheat production.

Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) represent a unique superfamily of DNA transposons as they can capture host genes and cause higher frequency of mutations in some eukaryotes. Despite their essential roles in plant evolution and functional genomics, MULEs are not fully understood yet in many important crops including barley (Hordeum vulgare). In this study, we analyzed the barley genome and identified a new mutator transposon Hvu_Abermu. This transposon is present at extremely high copy number in barley and shows unusual structure as it contains three open reading frames (ORFs) including one ORF (ORF1) encoding mutator transposase protein and one ORF (ORFR) showing opposite transcriptional orientation. We identified homologous sequences of Hvu_Abermu in both monocots and dicots and grouped them into a large mutator family named Abermu. Abermu transposons from different species share significant sequence identity, but they exhibit distinct sequence structures. Unlike the transposase proteins which are highly conserved between Abermu transposons from different organisms, the ORFR-encoded proteins are quite different from distant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Abermu transposons shared closer evolutionary relationships with the maize MuDR transposon than other reported MULEs. We also found phylogenetic incongruence for the Abermu transposons identified in rice and its wild species implying the possibility of horizontal transfer of transposon. Further comparison indicated that over 200 barley genes contain Abermu-related sequences. We analyzed the barley pan genomes and detected polymorphic Hvu_Abermu transposons between the sequenced 23 wild and cultivated barley genomes. Our efforts identified a novel mutator transposon and revealed its recent transposition activity, which may help to develop genetic tools for barley and other crops.

Soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in Georgia and the U.S. Southeast (SE) region. Hence, new cultivars with high yield potential, high resistance levels to predominant pests, and adequate quality parameters are required to capture and maximize regional market values. Therefore, the University of Georgia SRWW breeding program in collaboration with the SUNGRAINS breeding programs, aims to develop and release SRWW cultivars adapted to Georgia and the SE wheat region with high yield, quality, and pest resistance. 'GA 051207-14E53' SRWW (Reg. no. CV-1168, PI 689518) was developed and released by the University of Georgia and licensed to AGSouth Genetics Company in 2017 under the name AGS 3040. GA 051207-14E53 is well adapted to Georgia and the SE region. It has high yield and high resistance to leaf rust, stripe rust, and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. It has medium resistance to powdery mildew and to biotypes C and O of Hessian fly and is resistant to biotypes B and L. GA 051207-14E53 has good Fusarium head blight resistance. GA 051207-14E53 possesses H9, Sbm1, and the 2NS:2AS alien introgression from Aegilops ventricosa Tausch, having the Yr17/Lr37/Sr38 genes that protect it against these pests. Grain volume weight and milling and baking qualities of GA 051207-14E53 are good and meet the SRWW grade standards.

Soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.), historically a major crop in Georgia and the U.S. Southeast (SE) region, has been challenged by numerous biotic and abiotic constraints resulting in decreased hectarage in recent years. Hence, an urgent need exists to release new cultivars with high yield potential, good resistance to predominant diseases and insects, and acceptable quality attributes to capture and maximize value in regional markets. The SRWW breeding program at the University of Georgia (UGA), in collaboration with the Southeastern University GRAINS (SUNGRAINS) breeding programs, is responding to these challenges by developing and releasing superior SRWW cultivars adapted to Georgia and the SE wheat region. 'GA 07353-14E19' (Reg. no. CV-1179, PI 689520), a SRWW cultivar developed by the UGA small grains breeding program, was released by the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and licensed to Stratton Seed Company in 2017 as GO WHEAT 2032. GA 07353-14E19 is adapted to the SE region with high yield, good resistance to prevalent diseases, including leaf and stripe rusts, Fusarium head blight, powdery mildew, and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. GA 07353-14E19 also showed good resistance to current biotypes of Hessian fly. GA 07353-14E19 possesses the H13, Sbm1, and Yr17-Lr37-Sr38 genes that protect it against the above pests. It has very good grain volume weight and good milling and baking quality as a SRWW.

Abstract Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a re‐emerging disease, posing a significant threat to durum wheat production worldwide. The limited number of stem rust resistance genes in modern cultivars compels us to identify and incorporate new effective genes in durum wheat breeding programs. We evaluated 8,245 spring durum wheat accessions deposited at the USDA National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) for resistance in field stem rust nurseries in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia and St. Paul, MN (USA). A higher level of disease development was observed at the Debre Zeit nursery compared with St. Paul, and the effective alleles of Sr13 in this nursery did not display the level of resistance observed at the St. Paul nursery. Four hundred and ninety‐one (∽6%) accessions exhibited resistant to moderately susceptible responses after three field evaluations at Debre Zeit and two at St. Paul. Nearly 70% of these accessions originated from Ethiopia, Mexico, Egypt, and USA. Eight additional countries, namely Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Canada, Chile, Australia, Syria, and Tunisia contributed to 19% of the resistant to moderately susceptible entries. Among the 491 resistant to moderately susceptible accessions, 53.8% (n = 265) were landraces, and 28.4% (n = 139) and 11.4% (n = 55) were breeding lines and cultivars, respectively. Breeding lines and cultivars displayed a higher level and frequency of resistance than the landraces. We concluded that a large number of durum wheat accessions from diverse origins deposited at the NSGC can be exploited for diversifying and improving stem rust resistance in wheat.

Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is a widespread and recurring threat to wheat production. Emerging P. graminis f. sp. tritici variants are rapidly overcoming major gene resistance deployed in wheat cultivars and new sources of race-nonspecific resistance are urgently needed. The National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) contains thousands of wheat landrace accessions that may harbor unique and broadly effective sources of resistance to emerging P. graminis f. sp. tritici variants. All NSGC available facultative and winter-habit bread wheat landraces were tested in a field nursery in St. Paul, Minnesota, against a bulk collection of six common U.S. P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. Infection response and severity data were collected on 9,192 landrace accessions at the soft-dough stage and resistant accessions were derived from single spikes. Derived accessions were tested in St. Paul a second time to confirm resistance and in a field nursery in Njoro, Kenya against emerging races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to many known resistance genes including Sr24, Sr31, Sr38, and SrTmp. Accessions resistant in the St. Paul field were also tested at the seedling stage with up to 13 P. graminis f. sp. tritici races, including TTKSK and TKTTF, and with 19 molecular markers linked with known stem rust resistance genes or genes associated with modern breeding practices. Forty-five accessions were resistant in both U.S. and Kenya field nurseries and lacked alleles linked with known stem rust resistance genes. Accessions with either moderate or strong resistance in the U.S. and Kenya field nurseries and with novel seedling resistance will be prioritized for further study.

New races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae ( Pga ) threaten global oat production. An A. strigosa accession known to carry the broadly effective oat stem rust resistance gene, Pg6 , was crossed with two susceptible A. strigosa accessions to generate 198 F 2:3 families and 190 F 5:6 RILs. The RIL population was used to determine that Pg6 was a single dominant gene located between 475 and 491 Mbp on diploid chromosome AA2 of the A. atlantica genome. This region was further refined by identifying SNPs associated with Pg6 resistance in a panel of previously sequenced A-genome accessions. Twenty-four markers were developed from SNPs that showed perfect association between the Pg6 phenotype and 11 sequenced Avena diploid accessions. These markers were validated in the RILs and F 2:3 families and the markers most closely linked with resistance were tested in a diverse panel of 253 accessions consisting of oat stem rust differentials, all available diploid Avena spp. accessions, and 41 A. vaviloviana accessions from the National Small Grains Collection. One SNP marker located at 483,439,497 bp on AA2, designated as AA2_483439497, was perfectly associated with the Pg6 phenotype in Avena strigosa diploids and was within several Kb of a resistance gene analog, RPP13. The marker results and seedling testing against Pga races DBD, KBD, TJS, and TQL enabled the postulation of Pg6 and potential new sources of resistance in the Avena panel. These results will be used to infer Pg6 presence in other germplasm collections and breeding programs and can assist with introgression, gene pyramiding, and cloning of Pg6 .

In Georgia and the southeast region of the United States, acreage of soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) has decreased in recent years. There is an urgent need to release new cultivars with high yield potential, resistance to yield-limiting diseases and insects, and good baking quality to maximize value in regional markets. To address this, the SRWW breeding program at the University of Georgia (UGA), in collaboration with the SUNGRAINS breeding programs, developed 'GA JT141-14E45' (Reg. no. CV-1183, PI 689519), a SRWW cultivar released by the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and licensed to AGSouth (AGS) Genetics as AGS 3030. GA JT141-14E45 is widely adapted to the U.S. Southeast, having high yield, good resistance to diseases such as leaf rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and to current biotypes of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say). It has good resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab. GA JT141-14E45 has good grain volume weight and acceptable milling and baking quality. GA JT141-14E45 was derived from the cross of 'AGS 2026'/'Jamestown'. Jamestown was used in the cross mainly for its resistance to FHB (FHB QTL 1A-Neuse and 1B-Jamestown). AGS 2026 is a UGA cultivar released in 2007 with very good disease resistance to rusts (Yr17/Lr37/Sr38), Hessian fly resistance (H13), and excellent yield.

Dwarf bunt-resistant bread wheat accessions and SNP markers associated with DB resistance identified in this study are valuable resources for characterization and deployment of DB resistance in bread wheat. Dwarf bunt (DB), caused by Tilletia controversa J.G. Kühn, can significantly reduce grain yield and quality on autumn-sown wheat in regions with prolonged snow cover. DB can be managed with the use of resistant cultivars. The objectives of the present study were to characterize DB resistance in a large set of bread wheat accessions from the National Small Grains Collection and use a genome-wide association study approach to identify genetic loci associated with DB resistance. A total of 292 accessions were selected using historical DB resistance data recorded across many trials and years in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) and re-tested for DB resistance in replicated field nurseries in Logan, UT, in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Ninety-eight accessions were resistant with DB normalized incidence ≤ 10%, and twenty-eight of these were highly resistant with DB normalized incidence ≤ 1% in both GRIN and the field nurseries. Based on the presence of marker haplotypes of the four published dwarf bunt QTL on 6DS, 6DL, 7AL, and 7DS, highly resistant accessions identified in this study may provide novel resistance and should be further evaluated. This study validated one previously identified QTL on 6DS and identified an additional locus on 6DS. These loci explained 9–15% of the observed phenotypic variation. The resistant accessions and molecular markers identified in the present study may provide valuable resources for characterization and deployment of DB resistance in bread wheat.

Hessian fly is among the major pests of wheat (Triticum spp.) around the world. We evaluated 18 tetraploid (4X) or durum accessions [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren], which were sourced from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection. Two of the most virulent strains of Hessian fly, vH9 and Biotype L, were used to assess the reaction of germplasm to larval attack. A susceptible hexaploid wheat accession (CItr 17790, also known as 'Len') and a resistant tetraploid wheat accession (PI 134942, which is a donor of resistance gene H33), were included as controls during the test. We confirmed previously reported resistant germplasm and identified two novel germplasm accessions that exhibited a clear resistance against vH9 and Biotype L infestation. The data showed that Trigo 87 (Reg. no. GP-1046, PI 519832, a durum accession from Lebanon) and Iumillo (Reg. no. GP-1047, PI 519716, a durum accession from India) are both resistant to vH9 infestation. In addition, Trigo 87 is also resistant to Biotype L infestation, while the resistance of Iumillo to Biotype L was inconclusive. These wheat lines can be used directly in durum breeding programs. Moreover, the resistance genes can be transferred to hexaploid wheat backgrounds for use especially in the eastern and southeastern United States, where few options for resistance are available.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ranks fourth in global cereal grain production and is an important crop for animal feed, malting, and human consumption. Identification of two-row barley germplasm with drought tolerance can increase genetic diversity and facilitate future barley breeding efforts. The present study evaluated 480 two-row spring barley accessions from the USDA National Small Grains Collection across two years of irrigated and terminal drought trials for grain yield, test weight, protein content, thousand-kernel weight, and kernel size. Twenty accessions were identified that showed stable high yield, high test weights, and low protein content across trials. An additional 10 accessions were identified with stable high yield, high test weights, and high protein across trials. Genome-wide association mapping with 6,366 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers revealed 15 drought-stable genetic loci significantly (false discovery rate-adjusted P < .05) associated with at least one agronomic trait across and within treatments. One locus, on chromosome 2H between 27.2 and 29.8 Mbp, was significantly associated with heading date, plant height, and kernel size across treatments in this study, and the PPD-H1 mutation in a previous study. Genetic loci on chromosomes 2H and 3H were significantly associated with increased test weight, and loci on chromosomes 3H and 5H were significantly associated with decreased grain protein content across treatments. Accessions and SNP markers significantly associated with agronomic trait stability across terminal drought and irrigated environments can assist with the development of drought-tolerant barley germplasm.

'Hilliard' (Reg. no. CV-1163, PI 676271), a soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed and tested as VA11W-108 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in March 2015. Hilliard was derived from the cross '25R47'/'Jamestown'. Hilliard is widely adapted, from Texas to Ontario, Canada, and provides producers with a mid-season, medium height, awned, semi-dwarf (Rht2) cul tivar that has very high yield potential, good straw strength, and intermediate grain volume weight and quality. It expresses moderate to high levels of resistance to most diseases prevalent in the eastern United States and Ontario. In the 2016-2018 USDA-ARS Uniform SRW Wheat nurseries, Hilliard ranked first in grain yield in the southern nursery across all 3 yr (5,147-5,758 kg ha(-1)). In the uniform eastern nursery, it ranked first for grain yield in 2016 (6,159 kg ha(-1)) and 2017 (5,633 kg ha(-1)) and second in 2018 (5,515 kg ha(-1)). Grain volume weights of Hilliard were similar to overall trial averages in the uniform southern (73.4-75.2 kg hl(-1)) and eastern (70-75.8 kg hl(-1)) nurseries. Hilliard has soft grain texture with flour softness equivalent values varying from 58.1 to 61.7 g 100 g(-1). Straight grade flour yields on a Quadrumat Senior mill varied from 66.8 to 68.4 g kg(-1). Flour protein concentration varied from 7.0 to 9.1 g 100 g(-1) and gluten strength from 108 to 128 g 100 g(-1), as measured by lactic acid solvent retention capacity. Cookie spread diameter varied from 18.3 to 18.6 cm.

Genebanks conserve worldwide crop genetic diversity in systematically assembled and maintained ex situ collections for use by plant breeders and geneticists to improve the productivity, value, and sustainability of agriculture. Challenges faced in genebank management include providing sufficient and accurate trait information to facilitate searching the collection; controlling redundant accessions, seed mixtures, and mislabeled accessions; and identifying gaps in diversity. To help address these issues, a system that employs genotyping using 24 trait-specific markers (TSMs), fingerprint markers (FPMs), or markers that are unique to subspecies was implemented for the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) for rice (Oryza sativa L.). Trait-specific markers were used to validate phenotypic data for fragrance, pericarp color, apparent amylose content, starch pasting properties, gelatinization temperature, resistance to rice blast disease, plant pubescence, and plant height. Discrepancies between genotypic and phenotypic data are useful for quality control during curation or may present opportunities for identifying novel alleles, particularly for TSMs. Over 2,000 accessions were classified by species, O. sativa or O. glaberrima Steud.; subspecies, Indica or Japonica; and subpopulation, aromatic, indica, aus, temperate japonica, or tropical japonica using the subspecies marker and FPMs. This small panel of TSMs and FPMs was also adequate for differentiating important U.S. cultivars, which are primarily of tropical japonica background. As a result of this study, TSM and FPM descriptors will be added to the rice NSGC database, redundancies reduced, and mislabeled accessions corrected, thus increasing the value of the rice NSGC for breeding programs and providing new opportunities for gene discovery.

Two hundred one hexaploid wheat accessions, representing 200 years of selection and breeding history, were sampled from the National Small Grains Collection in Aberdeen, ID, and evaluated for five root traits at the seedling stage. A paper roll-supported hydroponic system was used for seedling growth. Replicated roots samples were analyzed by WinRHIZO. We observed accessions with nearly no branching and accessions with up to 132 cm of branching. Total seminal root length ranged from 70 to 248 cm, a 3.5-fold difference. Next-generation sequencing was used to produce single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and genomic libraries that were aligned to the wheat reference genome IWGSCv1 and were called single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After filtering and imputation, a total of 20,881 polymorphic sites were used to perform association mapping in TASSEL. Gene annotations were conducted for identified marker-trait associations (MTAs) with − log10P > 3.5 (p value < 0.003). In total, we identified 63 MTAs with seven for seminal axis root length (SAR), 24 for branching (BR), four for total seminal root length (TSR), eight for root dry matter (RDM), and 20 for root diameter (RD). Putative proteins of interest that we identified include chalcone synthase, aquaporin, and chymotrypsin inhibitor for SAR, MYB transcription factor and peroxidase for BR, zinc fingers and amino acid transporters for RDM, and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase for RD. We evaluated the effects of height-reducing Rht alleles and the 1B/1R translocation event on root traits and found presence of the Rht-B1b allele decreased RDM, while presence of the Rht-D1b allele increased TSR and decreased RD.

Yield and agronomic data from a regional soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) nursery—consisting of 604 advanced breeding lines (ABLs) and 36 testing locations over a 21‐yr period—were evaluated to understand recent genetic gains in wheat and determine the impact of selection location and environment on cultivar performance and adaptation. Relative mean yield improvement of ABLs with respect to historical cultivar AGS 2000 was 106 kg ha−1 yr−1 (1.58 bu acre−1 yr−1), equating to an annual genetic gain of 1.6%. Yield gains for wheat during this timespan were attributed to an increase in both yield potential and stability across environments. However, a strong tradeoff (r = −0.36, p < 2.2 × 10−16) was observed between yield potential and stability. Additionally, distance between selection and evaluation environments was significantly correlated with yield, with yield decreasing as distance between locations increased. Advanced breeding lines had a +221, +126, and −29.6 kg ha−1 yr−1 (+3.29, +1.88, and −0.44 bu acre−1) yield difference over the location mean when the selection location was within, adjacent, and nonadjacent to the trial location zone, respectively. Advanced breeding lines in general performed poorly in production environments west of their selection site. Based on data analyzed, elevation and latitude are significant geographic parameters to consider when determining optimal selection location for a production environment. Meanwhile, change in growing degree days between selection and evaluation location had a stronger influence on yield than precipitation. Findings demonstrate the importance and benefits of breeder collaborations and multienvironment testing on crop improvement, which will be needed to maximize yield gains in the 21st century.

This study was conducted to determine the variation in Pre-Prohibition and modern barley malting genotype beta-amylase activities and thermostabilities with differing Bmy1 intron III alleles. Sequencing of the endosperm specific beta-amylase gene Bmy1 intron III of two- and six-row of Pre-Prohibition barley varieties revealed that both two- and six-row varieties had the Bmy1.a intron III allele. This is unusual in that previously there has been only one documented case of a two-row cultivar having the Bmy1.a intron III allele. In this study, all modern cultivars were found to have the expected Bmy1.b intron III allele and Bmy1.a intron III allele for two- and six-row cultivars, respectively. On a fresh weight or unit protein basis, the mean grain beta-amylase activities of modern malting cultivars were significantly higher (P< 0.0001) than the mean for Pre-Prohibition malting varieties. This indicates that the many years of selection for diastatic power (DP) since the end of Prohibition in North America have increased the beta-amylase activity significantly. Many studies have shown that DP strongly correlates with beta-amylase activity. The beta-amylase activities of modern cultivars with the highest beta-amylase activity were significantly higher (P <0.0001) than all Pre-Prohibition varieties. The beta-amylase activities of Pre-Prohibition varieties with the lowest beta-amylase activity were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than all modern cultivars. Modern cultivars were significantly higher (P = 0.022) than for Pre-Prohibition varieties; although, the differences for most genotypes, be they Pre-Prohibition or modern, were not large. The two-row Pre-Prohibition varieties Hanna and Hannchen were the exceptions, being highly significantly lower (P<0.0001) in thermostability than all other Pre-Prohibition and modern genotypes.

The Triticeae‐CAP spring wheat nested association mapping population (Reg. No. MP‐10, NSL 527060 MAP) consisting of recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from 32 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions each crossed to a common spring wheat parent, ‘Berkut’, has been released. The spring wheat accessions consisted of 29 landraces and three cultivars. Each population consists of approximately 75 lines for a total of 2325 RILs (Reg. Nos. GSTR No. 14701–GSTR 17133). The RILs have all been genotyped with the Illumina wheat iSelect 90K single nucleotide polymorphism array using the Infinium assay method and through genotype‐by‐sequencing. This nested association mapping population provides a genotyped germplasm resource for the wheat community. A potential strategy for use of the material is to screen the parents for a trait of interest, followed by analysis of RIL of populations that are likely to be segregating for a target trait or sequence.