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Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsTransatlantic Speculations: Globalization and the Panics of 1873. By Hannah Catherine Davies. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018. Pp. xxii+226. $65.00 (cloth), $64.99 (e-book).Hartmut BerghoffHartmut BerghoffGöttingen University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 92, Number 3September 2020 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/709923 Views: 88Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

This introductory chapter puts the volume’s contributions in dialogue with three academic fields. First, we show how the historiography of Latin American authoritarian regimes and the corporate sector benefits from debates on the role of big business in Nazi Germany. At the same time, we point out important differences to avoid inaccurate generalizations about such relationships. Second, we discuss the contributions to the dominant interpretations among scholars on Latin American history on the relationship between large corporations and authoritarian regimes, particularly focusing on the dependency and neo-institutional approaches. Lastly, we put the volume in the context of recent findings in labor studies, human rights, and Transitional Justice regarding the role played by corporations during the Cold War military dictatorships in Latin America.

Immigrant entrepreneurs are different, and they are everywhere. They can be unambiguously distinguished from entrepreneurs without a migration background. They operate under distinct conditions and respond to unique opportunities and challenges. They have specific motivational, economic, and social resources at their disposal, for example, ethnic solidarity and international networks. Their knowledge of languages and cultures, as well as the high pressure to integrate themselves into a new society, can be factors that stimulate entrepreneurship and innovation. It is hard to find countries with no immigrant entrepreneurs. In many places like the United States, Canada, or South East Asia, they play a substantial economic role. The ubiquity, dynamism, and significance of immigrant entrepreneurs has led to a spate of research projects since the 1990s, especially by economic sociologists and ethnologists, but also by management scholars and historians. On the basis of their work, the article distinguishes six different ideal types of immigrant entrepreneurs, even though these categories are neither clear-cut nor mutually exclusive. Necessity entrepreneurs react to blocked careers in other areas and often set up small, precarious businesses, out of which in exceptional cases more viable companies emerge. Diaspora merchants are part of commercial networks of people with the same ethnic background who live in foreign countries and trade with each other. Transnational entrepreneurs are not necessarily part of networks and do not always engage in mercantile activities. This category also encompasses individual actors and industrial activities. They are characterized by the ability to mobilize resources in several countries and facilitate activities between different countries. Middleman minorities stand between the majority society and third parties, often minorities. They fill niches that are left by indigenous businesses, which consider these areas as unattractive. Entrepreneurs in ethnic enclave economies live and work with their co-ethnics in neighborhoods defined by their group. Their main function is to cater to their own communities, often with ethnic products such as food or publications from their countries of origin. Refugee entrepreneurs leave their home country involuntarily, often driven out by violence and expropriation. In most cases their emigration is unprepared. Starting conditions in the country of destination are unfavorable. Conversely, the pressure for social integration is pronounced and can act as an impulse for self-employment. There are, however, cases in which refugees are consciously patronized or even summoned by the governments of the receiving countries, turning them into a highly privileged group.

In der Bundesrepublik und in der gesamten westlichen Welt auserhalb der USA wurde Auslandsbestechung bis Ende der 1980er-Jahre als ein legales Mittel der Exportforderung behandelt. Sie war straffrei und sogar steuerlich absetzbar. Das anderte sich erst im Zuge der »Compliance Revolution« der 1990er-Jahre. Der Beitrag analysiert diesen Wandel fur die Bundesrepublik und untersucht die Debatten um die Auslandskorruption. Er konzentriert sich dabei auf die Positionen der Unternehmerschaft und der im Bundestag vertretenen Parteien. Ausgangspunkt ist der stabile Korruptionskonsens der Bonner Republik, der zunachst auch noch in der Berliner Republik Bestand hatte, dann aber unter dem Einfluss einer zunehmend kritischen Zivilgesellschaft und der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft zerbrach. Nachdem es unausweichlich geworden war, die Auslandskorruption zu achten, wurde hartnackig darum gerungen, mit welchen juristischen Mitteln sie zu bekampfen sei. Am Ende eines von vielen Blockaden und Umleitungen verzogerten Prozesses stand ab 2002 die Strafbarkeit aller Arten von Auslandskorruption. Welche Ermittlungsinstrumente eingesetzt werden durften und wie effektiv die Strafverfolgung sein sollte, blieb jedoch weiter strittig. Der Aufsatz zeigt nicht zuletzt die Ruckwirkungen internationaler Rechtsnormen fur die nationalstaatliche Ebene.

Zusammenfassung Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit den Umbrüchen der 1990er Jahre in der Wirtschaft der Bundesrepublik und fragt nach dem Verhältnis von Diskontinuität und Kontinuität. Ausgehend von der Diskussion um die „Varieties of Capitalism“ wird diskutiert, inwieweit sich der koordinierte Kapitalismus deutscher Spielart auflöste. Im Einzelnen werden die Deregulierung des Kapitalmarktes, die Finanzialisierung der Unternehmen und ihre zunehmende Plastizität sowie die Veränderungen von Management und Arbeitsbeziehungen thematisiert. Auch wenn sich tiefgreifende Umbrüche, insbesondere die Aushöhlung traditioneller Sicherheiten nachweisen lassen, löste sich die Deutschland AG keineswegs auf. Vielmehr nahm sie lediglich partiell Elemente des angelsächsischen Modells auf. Insgesamt flexibilisierte und modernisierte sie sich.

White-collar crime is a daily topic in the news but by no means a new phenomenon. The article invites readers to explore the historical dimensions of these very specific offences. It discusses how to define white-collar crime and how to analyse it. It names six characteristics of white-collar crime, namely the preponderance of upper and middle-class delinquents, the motivation of financial gain, non-violence, systemic character, the breach of trust, and diffuse victimisation. It also highlights additional aspects for a working definition which can be applied to various and even rapidly changing historical contexts. The history of white-collar crime draws attention to the intersection of business and the law, and to its interaction with innovation, moral discourse and public perception, as well as with the changing nature of state policies during the past two centuries. The article introduces the special issue and discusses methods and approaches suited to analysing 'shady business'.