The rapid advancement of wearable electronic devices has boosted research on all-in-one soft supercapacitors (ASSCs). However, their critical component-hydrogel electrolytes are susceptible to failure at extreme temperatures and irreversible mechanical damage under external force, severely impairing the electrical performance and long-term durability of ASSCs. Here, the innovative self-healing and wide-temperature-range ionogel electrolytes (CAspxSyGz) based on choline-aspartic acid (1:1 mol) ionic liquid were successfully developed. The synergistic effect of multipe dynamic bonds including metal coordination, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction granted the ionogels outstanding self-healing performance (self-healing efficiency of 87.9 %). Moreover, the CAspxSyGz ionogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 1.13 MPa and elongation at break of 1592 %), anti-freezing performance (90.9 % retention rate of mechanical properties at -20 degrees C relative to room temperature(RT)), and ionic conductivity (4.8 S m- 1). Furthermore, highly integrated ASSCs were successfully constructed by in-situ polymerizing conductive aniline on ionogel electrolyte surfaces, avoiding irreversible interfacial slippage or delamination of traditional laminated ones during deformation. The obtained ASSCs demonstrated a maximum areal special capacitance of 896.1 mF cm- 2 at a current density of 0.3 mA cm- 2, along with excellent power density (1601.8 mu W cm- 2) and energy density (44 mu Wh cm- 2). It also exhibited remarkable self-healing performance (80 % capacitance retention after self-healing), anti-freezing capability (capacitance retention of 71.6 % at -20 degrees C, retaining 94.6 % of its RT value), and high-temperature tolerance (capacitance retention of 93.8 % relative to RT value). Such all-round performance underscored its promise for flexible, extrem-temperature energy storage applications and informs next-gen electrochemical device design.

In the context of increasingly severe antibiotic resistance, choline-amino acid ionic liquids ([Cho][AA] Bio-ILs) have attracted considerable attention as highly promising novel antimicrobial materials due to their excellent antimicrobial activity, against drug resistance, and biocompatibility. However, their antimicrobial mechanism remains unclear, with a notable scarcity of related research. Herein, the antimicrobial mechanisms of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs against E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria), S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and C. neoformans (fungi) were thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the mode of action, phase transition behavior, and thermodynamic behavior of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs against microbial cells were also explored from the microscopic and molecular levels. The results indicated that the antimicrobial mechanism of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs involved a synergistic effect of anions and cations. The structural characteristics of amino acid anions played an important role in regulating the antimicrobial activity of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs. The potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial performance of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs stemmed from their multi-target mechanism, which covered membrane disruption, metabolic inhibition, genetic damage, and oxidative stress. Importantly, the irreversible physical harm inflicted on the cell membrane decreased the likelihood of microbes developing resistance. These findings are expected to deepen our understanding of the antimicrobial mechanism of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs, provide a theoretical basis for the rational design and application of these compounds, and offer new insights and strategies for addressing microbial infections and antibiotic resistance.

Hydrothermally grown KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystals exhibit the advantages of near-stoichiometric composition and low intrinsic vacancy concentration, which provides a new pathway to address issues such as inhomogeneous domain inversion caused by potassium vacancies in flux-grown KTP crystals. This paper systematically investigates the periodic poling behavior of hydrothermal KTP crystals and proposes as well as validates a poling method based on ordered nucleation. By designing a three-stage electric field waveform, the domain nucleation and lateral expansion processes were decoupled, and the effects of electrode width and poling field strength on the morphology and duty cycle of the reversed domains were systematically evaluated. Experimental results indicate that for a 46 mu m period, a high-quality periodic domain structure with straight domain walls and a duty cycle close to 50% can be obtained using a 12 mu m electrode width and a 3.0 kV/mm electric field strength; furthermore, this process demonstrates excellent reproducibility across different batches of crystals. This study reveals the domain inversion dynamics from the perspective of the interaction between the applied electric field and the depolarization field, providing a theoretical basis for the preparation of hydrothermally grown PPKTP crystals with specific periods.

Conductive hydrogels have emerged as key materials in the field of flexible electronics due to their excellent electrical conductivity and flexibility. Addressing the issues of low electrical conductivity and water-phase incompatibility associated with traditional conductive polymer fillers, this study innovatively developed an n-type high-conductivity polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO), which combines ultra-high intrinsic conductivity with exceptional water-phase miscibility. The PAM-PBFDO hydrogel exhibited significantly enhanced conductivity of 43.86 mS m(-1), representing a 4.7-fold improvement over pure polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel. Additionally, PBFDO's ester carbonyl groups established robust hydrogen bonds with PAM's amide groups, enhancing mechanical strength. Simultaneously, its rigid benzene rings served as physical crosslinks, preventing chain slippage while boosting fatigue resistance and durability. The resulting PAM-PBFDO hydrogel demonstrated remarkable properties, including strong self-adhesion (179 kPa), ultra-low mechanical hysteresis (similar to 5.6 %), high sensitivity (4.38-33.96), and fast response time (similar to 40 ms). As a flexible strain sensor, the PAM-PBFDO hydrogel shows great potential in various applications such as human motion monitoring, smart home pressure sensing, and industrial environment monitoring.

Pathogenic bacterial infections represent a major threat to global public health, while the escalating prevalence of antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical challenge in infectious disease management. In this study, a series of amino acid-based ionic liquids ([Cho][AA] Bio-ILs) were synthesized by using the natural compounds amino acids and choline as raw materials. The correlation of amino acid anions and the antimicrobial activities, drug resistance, antibiofilm properties and biosafety of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophobicity and charge density of amino acid anions significantly influenced the antimictobial performance of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs. D-[Cho][AA] Bio-ILs exhibited superior antimicrobial performance compared to L-[Cho][AA] Bio-ILs. The inhibitory effect of [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs on S. aureus and E. coli was superior to that on C. neoformans. In addition, microorganisms exhibited a low propensity to develop drug resistance to [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs. [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs effectively disrupted biofilm formation and eradicated mature biofilms by modulating the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs demonstrated excellent biocompatibility owing to the natural biological origin and unique structural properties of amino acid anions. Compared with conventional antibiotics, [Cho][AA] Bio-ILs exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy while significantly reducing the risk of drug resistance potential and maintaining excellent biosafety profiles. This study provides theoretical foundations for the development of novel antimicrobial materials with high efficacy, low-toxic, and less prone to drug resistance.

Conductive hydrogels have gained significant attention in flexible electronic products due to their excellent flexibility, conductivity, and stimulus responsiveness. However, the high water content in conventional hydrogels inevitably leads to icing at low temperatures, severely hindering their application. To address this issue, frost-resistant ionic conductive hydrogels (AA-X alpha) based on polyionic liquids (PILs) were prepared using vinyl choline-amino acid ionic liquids (Cho-AA-VILs), acrylamide (AAm), and octadecyl methacrylate (C18) as the reactive monomers through micellar polymerization. At the same time, antifreezers including different inorganic salts and organic solvents were introduced into the hydrogel network to further improve the antifreezing properties of AA-X alpha hydrogels. The effects of antifreeze types and amounts on the performance of AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels were systematically investigated. The results showed that the introduction of magnesium salts endowed AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels with higher frost resistance than that of lithium and aluminum salts. Meanwhile, AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels displayed the strongest tensile properties and electrical conductivity at -20 degrees C when the concentrations of inorganic salts were 0.5 molL-1 and 2 molL-1, respectively. In addition, the introduction of glycerol also led to a significant improvement in the antifreezing properties of AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels. Furthermore, the AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels exhibited sensitive, rapid, and stable sensing properties at -20 degrees C. Importantly, the AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels could be used to detect various physiological activities and changes of microexpressions in the human body at low temperatures. These results indicated that AA-X alpha antifreezing hydrogels had tremendous potential for intelligent and flexible electronic device applications.

The double-network hydrogel comprises two asymmetrically structured cross-linked networks, demonstrating exceptional mechanical properties and possessing significant potential for application in the field of flexible sensors. However, conventional hydrogels primarily disperse in water as a medium and continuously lose moisture in natural environments, rendering them incapable of retaining hydration over extended periods and unsuitable for utilization under low-temperature conditions. In this study, we devised an organic hydrogel based on polyacrylamide (PAM), sodium alginate (SA), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Through hydrogen bonding interactions among DMSO molecules, polyacrylamide, and sodium alginate, this organic hydrogel not only exhibits anti-drying and anti-freezing properties but also demonstrates self-healing characteristics. Moreover, the organic hydrogel showcases remarkable mechanical properties and conductivity capabilities that render it suitable for constructing flexible strain sensors to monitor human movements such as finger bending, elbow flexion, knee joint bending, and ankle extension. Additionally, the sensor exhibits excellent stability and durability.

Polyionic liquid hydrogels attract increasing attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. However, research on amino acid-based polyionic liquid hydrogels is still in its infancy stage. Moreover, the effect of amino acid types on the properties of hydrogels is rarely studied to date. In this work, amino acid-based polyionic liquid hydrogels (D/L-PCAA hydrogels) are synthesized by copolymerizing vinyl choline-amino acid ionic liquids and acrylic acids using Al3+ as a crosslinking agent and bacterial cellulose (BC) as a reinforcing agent. The effects of amino acid types on mechanical and antimicrobial properties are systematically investigated. D-arginine-based hydrogel (D-PCArg) shows the highest tensile strength (220.7 KPa), D-phenylalanine-based hydrogel (D-PCPhe) exhibits the highest elongation at break (1346%), and L-aspartic acid-based hydrogel (L-PCAsp) has the highest elastic modulus (206.9 KPa) and toughness (1.74 MJ m-3). D/L-PCAsp hydrogels demonstrate stronger antibacterial capacity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and D/L-PCPhe hydrogels possess higher antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Moreover, the resultant hydrogels exhibit prominent hemocompatibility and low toxicity, as well as excellent self-healing capabilities (86%) and conductivity (2.8 S m-1). These results indicate that D/L-PCAA hydrogel provides a promise for applications in wound dressings. The amino acid-based polyionic liquid hydrogels (D/L-PCAA) are successfully synthesized. Different amino acids have a significant effect on the properties of hydrogels. D/L-PCAA hydrogels possess excellent mechanical properties, self-healing properties, and conductivity, as well as superior antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility. image

A series of self-healing polyionic liquid ionogels based on hydrophobic association were designed and fabricated for application in strain sensors.

Microbial infections pose a serious threat to human health. Although antibiotics from various sources continue to be discovered, antibiotics often induce resistance in microorganisms. Therefore, the development of novel antimicrobial agents or materials based on new mechanisms remains an urgent need. Herein, a series of choline-amino acid polyionic liquids ([Cho][AA] PILs) and the corresponding composite ionogels (BC/PILs) made from [Cho][AA] PILs and bacterial cellulose (BC) were prepared by ex situ method. The antimicrobial properties of PILs and BC/PIL ionogels, as well as the mechanical, conductive and biocompatible properties of BC/PIL ionogels were investigated. The resultant PILs and BC/PIL ionogels exhibited efficient antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the concentration, chirality, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of [Cho][AA] PILs have a significant impact on the antimicrobial performance of these materials. Among them, D-type phenylalanine-based PILs (D-P[Cho][Phe]) and BC/PIL ionogels based on the highest concentration of D-type PILs (D-BC/PIL-1.6 ionogels) showed the strongest antimicrobial properties against microorganisms. The MIC and MBC of D-P[Cho][Phe] could be as low as 32 +/- 1.6 mmol L-1 and 64 +/- 3.2 mmol L-1. Morover, D-P[Cho][Phe] displayed the fastest bactericidal rate and killed bacteria within 2 h. In addition, BC/PIL ionogels with excellent mechanical and conductive properties could be achieved by controlling the concentration and type of [Cho][AA] PILs. Serine-based ionogels (BC/P[Cho][Ser]) possessed the highest mechanical strength. BC/PIL-1.6 ionogels showed the highest conductivity. More significantly, [Cho][AA] PILs and BC/PIL ionogels exhibited good biocompatibility. These results provided novel ideas and a practical basis for the development of new antimicrobial materials and suggested the promising application potential of [Cho][AA] PILs and their corresponding BC/PIL ionogels in the biomedical field.

"New" electro-optical (EO) crystals are hard to find, "old" EO crystals are scarce and each has its own problems, and the demand for high-performance EO crystals by higher power, higher repetition rate, and narrower pulse width laser is realistic and urgent. The EO performance of KTP was recognized as soon as it was discovered, but after more than 40 years of development, the reports, and products of EO devices based on KTP are less than those of other EO crystals, even though KTP is now almost the cheapest nonlinear optical crystal material. In this paper, based on our understanding of the crystal structure of predecessors and ourselves, especially the understanding and practice of quasi-one-dimensional ionic conduction mechanism, we think that crystal growth is the most important reason that affects the controllability of crystal performance. Through a series of science and technology, we realize the growth of large-size crystals with high-optical uniformity, then reduce the absorption of KTP to a very low level, and grow crystals with resistance to electric damage and laser damage. On this basis, reducing the conductivity and improving the uniformity of optical, electrical, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties are emphasized. The extinction ratio, piezoelectric ringing effect, and thermal influence of the EO switch based on KTP crystal are tested, and some publicly available progress of using KTP EO devices in high-repetition rate laser is listed. Finally, we are looking forward to the development of KTP EO crystal for the laser system to EO generator for integrated optics.

Biomimetic ionic skins (i‐skins) have received intensive attention because of their capabilities to emulate various functions of human skin. However, challenges still remain in developing i‐skins with synergistic characteristics such as excellent mechanical properties, high strain sensitivity, freezing tolerance, and antimicrobial activity by a simple method. Herein, a hydrogel‐based i‐skin (P(AAc‐ co ‐CA) x ) is facilely synthesized by one‐pot free radical copolymerization of vinyl choline‐asparagine ionic liquid (Cho‐Asn VIL) and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers using Al 3+ as a crosslinker and bacterial cellulose (BC) as reinforcing agent, respectively. The resultant hydrogels integrate multiple excellent performances, including skin‐like modulus (100–300 KPa), superstretchability (2345 ± 97%), high self‐healing efficiency (93.7 ± 4.6%), recovery ratio (139.3 ± 7%) and conductivity (1.28 ± 0.06 S m −1 ), as well as transparency, self‐adhesiveness, antimicrobial activities, and biocompatible properties. Moreover, the i‐skins based on P(AAc‐ co ‐CA) x hydrogels exhibit high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) of 2.77), rapid response time (300 ± 15 ms), and excellent durability to both tensile and compressive deformation, and thus can be used to monitor and distinguish human motions. Significantly, P(AAc‐ co ‐CA) x hydrogels can still maintain notable mechanical property, conductivity, and sensibility even at −20 °C. These integrated multiple advantages make P(AAc‐ co ‐CA) x hydrogels highly promising in the fields of i‐skins, flexible wearable sensors, and artificial intelligence.

Conductive hydrogels have recently attracted extensive attention due to their broad application prospects in flexible electronic devices and artificial intelligence. However, it is still a great challenge to develop integrated conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, efficient self-healing ability and high sensitivity. Moreover, most conductive hydrogels have no antimicrobial activity, which may lead to microbial infection during their applications. Herein, a series of versatile ionic conductive hydrogels based on choline-amino acid polyionic liquids(Cho-AA PILs) were designed by double network (DN) methodology. Owing to the reversible nature of dynamic coordination interaction, including metal coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, the resultant PIL hydrogels exhibited efficient self-healing ability, high energy dissipation capacity and outstanding fatigue resistance. The incorporation of Cho-AA PILs endowed hydrogels with not only high antimicrobial activity but also sensitive, rapid and stable strain sensing ability. The gauge factor(GF) and response time of PIL flexible sensors were 2.65 and 100 ms, respectively. During 1000 cycles, the electrical response signal of the strain sensor still remained stable. Significantly, PIL flexible sensors were able to monitor and distinguish large human body motions and subtle physiological activities and show sensitivity to pressure and handwriting. In addition, PIL hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility. These results predicted that the prepared PIL hydrogels possess promising application prospects in the fields of artificial intelligence and biomedical engineering.

The poor mechanical properties of self-healing hydrogels limited their applications in the fields of biomedicine and industry. Here, a series of self-healing polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) hydrogels with high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity were prepared through hydrophobic association. Hydrophilic monomer vinyl ionic liquids (VILs) based on choline and amino acids, acrylamide (AAm) and hydrophobic monomers stearyl methacrylate (C18) were copolymerized in a micellar solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); meanwhile, bacterial cellulose was introduced to enhance the mechanical strength of hydrogels. The resultant hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical strength (5.8 MPa), extensive elongation at break (4250%) and outstanding self-healing efficiency (85%) without any external intervention. Even after healing, the tensile strength of most hydrogels could reach 2.5–3.9 MPa. At the same time, the incorporation of ILs endowed hydrogels with good electrical conductivity (a maximum of 1.258 S/m). These excellent properties predicted the potential application of the obtained PIL hydrogels in the fields of biomedicine and industry.

Denitrifying bacteria-Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) composite material was biosynthesized to get rid of Nitrate-N. FeNPs were synthesized by the biological reducing capacity of denitrifying bacteria without additional chemical reagent. And then they were loaded in the denitrifying bacteria to fabricate composite material which were characterized by UV?Vis spectra, XPS, FTIR and TEM confirming the FeNPs are embedded in the bacteria and fully protected by the bacteria. The composite material can remove nearly 100% nitrate?N in 420 min without more ammonia-N generation. FeNPs loaded in the Denitrifying bacteria-FeNPs composite material can act as the electron donor for denitrifying bacteria to complete the biological denitrification process which will accelerate denitrification rate without releasing additional Ammonia-N. The denitrifying bacteria can protect FeNPs from being oxidized in the environment and from reacting with nitrate-N to produce ammonia-N. FeNPs recovering process and denitrification process are in progress at the same time since denitrifying bacterium can synthesize FeNPs by recovering Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the system at all times.

A novel salt-tolerant heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacterium was isolated and identified as Halomonas venusta TJPU05 (H. venusta TJPU05). The nitrogen removal performance of H. venusta TJPU05 in simulated water (SW) with sole or mixed nitrogen sources and in actual wastewater (AW) with high concentration of salt and nitrogen was investigated. The results showed that 86.12% of NH4+-N, 95.68% of NO3−-N, 100% of NO2−-N and 84.57% of total nitrogen (TN) could be removed from SW with sole nitrogen sources within 24 h at the utmost. H. venusta TJPU05 could maximally remove 84.06% of NH4+-N, 92.33% of NO3−-N, 92.9% of NO2−-N and 77.73% of TN from SW with mixed nitrogen source when the salinity was above 8%. The application of H. venusta TJPU05 in treating AW with high salt and high ammonia nitrogen led to removal efficiencies of 50.96%, 47.28% and 43.19% for NH4+-N, NO3−-N and TN respectively without any optimization. Furthermore, the activities of nitrogen removal-related enzymes of the strain were also investigated. The successful detection of high level activities of ammonia oxygenase (AMO), hydroxylamine oxidase (HAO), nitrate reductase (NAR) and nitrite reductase (NIR) enzymes under high salinity condition further proved the HN-AD and salt-tolerance capacity of H. venusta TJPU05. These results demonstrated that the H. venusta TJPU05 has great potential in treating high-salinity nitrogenous wastewater.

Ideal wound dressing materials should be active components in the healing process. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted a great deal of attention as novel wound dressing materials; however, it has no intrinsic antimicrobial activity. To explore the practical application values of BC and develop novel wound dressing materials, a series of composite membranes based on BC and polymeric ionic liquids (BC/PILs, composed of BC, and PILs formed by choline and different amino acids) with antimicrobial activity were synthesized by an ex situ method. The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility of these membranes were systematically investigated. The results indicated that BC/PIL membranes with excellent properties could be obtained by adjusting the concentration and type of PILs. Several kinds of BC/PIL membranes exhibited good biocompatibility and high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungus. The anionic PILs played important roles in the antimicrobial activity of BC/PIL membranes. The obtained membranes provided a novel promising candidate for wound dressing materials.

Bacterial cellulose(BC) is a kind of extracellular polymer synthesized by bacteria and it has very wide applications in many fields. However, the application of BC in a large commercial scale can still not be fulfilled due to the low yield and demanding for BC membranes with very different properties. To this end, a new BC-producer Komagataeibacter rhaeticus TJPU03 was isolated from rotten orange peel, which produced 8.28 ± 0.27 g/L(dry weight) in standard HS medium at the 10th day. The membrane is easier to be purified by one-step alkaline treatment and the produced BC(K-BC) membranes possess homogeneous, looser and more porous three-dimensional network composed by thinner cellulose fibrils. However, the wet K-BC possesses stronger mechanical properties and exhibits lower toxicity and higher cytocompatibility to mammalian cell. Owing to the more porous and homogeneous network, K-BC possesses high loading capacity of cell and protein drugs. Also, it exhibits sustained-controlled release ability for proteinaceous drug. The high yield of this strain and the special characteristics of K-BC predict this strain to be a very promising BC-producer and broad applications of K-BC in the fields of wound healing, scaffolds of tissue engineering, tissue repair and regeneration.