The Peloponnesian War was a protracted conflict fought between the city-states of Sparta and Athens, along with their respective allies, in ancient Greece from 431 to 404 BC. The War was a significant and devastating event that resulted in immense economic and military strains on both sides. It is studied by many for its historical significance and the lessons it provides on the impact of prolonged conflicts. The parallels between the Peloponnesian War and modern-day conflicts, particularly in relation to a Rising Power vis-à-vis a Declining Power, are often used to understand the power dynamics and strategic considerations in modern-day warfare. The focus of this study is to take the strategies implemented by the conflicting parties in the Peloponnesian War, with a sub-focus on the modern era, namely the conflict in the South China Sea as a form of hegemony over the Asia Pacific. This research was conducted using an interpretive qualitative analysis method which was carried out through a literature study until November 2024. This research attempts to take some lessons from the Peloponnesian War, especially as a reference for developing a comprehensive and effective defense strategy today, to be used by Indonesia and ASEAN countries with the hope of creating peace in the IndoPacific region.

This article examines China’s strategic environment in the South China Sea (SCS), focusing on political, economic, and geopolitical factors influencing its regional policies and their implications for Indonesia. By incorporating the concepts of total war and people’s war, along with Indonesia’s maritime strategy and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), this study provides a comprehensive analysis of power dynamics in the region. The research highlights Indonesia’s strategic challenges, including breaches of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in Natuna, the growing economic reliance on China, and the necessity for diplomatic and military adjustments to safeguard national interests. Indonesia’s role in ASEAN and its balanced foreign policy are essential in mitigating these challenges. Future research could further explore Indonesia's long-term strategic adjustments to counter China's influence while maintaining economic cooperation.

This study examines how Bela Negara Education improves Indonesia's main islands' asymmetric defensive strategy. Our narrative assessment identifies effective and contextually acceptable state military education programs that match the topography of these important islands. The main island’s defense plan (P3B) implements the comprehensive defense strategy by designating the main islands as defensive bases from outer to inner mandala. Bela Negara Education is vital to public knowledge and active participation in the defense system. The 3CS Bela Negara Education program has promoted Bela Negara values and attitudes. Bela Negara Education should be based on five values: patriotism, sacrifice, nation-state consciousness, Pancasila as the guiding ideology, and Bela Negara capability development. This schooling should use four learning paths. This study advocates a welfare-first approach before teaching national values and developing stakeholder synergy for Bela Negara Education. Keywords: Asymmetric Threats, Defense Strategy, Main islands, National Sovereignty, Bela Negara Education, Total Defense System

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how defense science philosophy fits into efforts to strengthen the nation’s fundamental defense capabilities. With the researcher serving as the primary research instrument and a descriptive and explanatory design approach, the research employs a descriptive qualitative methodology. With this method, a literature evaluation of the research that has been done is used to obtain more precise and in-depth information, some of which is gained later on by the researchers. Only by studying the philosophy of defense science using a succinct approach to outline the philosophy of defense science will it be possible to improve national defense capabilities through the application of an in-depth understanding that is critical, systematic, methodological, and fundamental. The emergence of the globalization, science, and technology eras can be advantageous to a nation, but they can also be dangerous for its security and defense. particularly about the state’s necessity to fulfill its national objectives, where security can only be attained via defense. Stated differently, defense is an essential human urge that cannot be suppressed. The fundamental idea behind this acknowledgment is that everyone and every person has a duty and responsibility to take part in defending their nation, which includes working to instill a strong sense of nationalism, patriotism, and fighting spirit in the Indonesian state

Recognizing and identifying unidentified aerial objects or black flights has been a challenge for the National Air Operations Command Radar Unit. For this reason, a recognition and identification system that utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is needed. But in the absence of such a system interface with the current Radar system, research has built an interface that connects the Radar system with an AI-based recognition and identification system. The main requirement is that this interface is simple and easy to operate considering the dynamics in airspace surveillance is very fast. By understanding the working mechanism in recognition and identification, a User-Case Diagram has been successfully designed that shows the working mechanism of the interface between these systems which is implemented to support the exchange of information between the Radar system and the AI-based recognition and identification system.

The purpose of this study is to determine how international law affects the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach used in this research is literature study, which entails gathering pertinent material from books and journals, evaluating it, and drawing conclusions. Concerns regarding the socio-economic circumstances of Palestinians have been highlighted by the fast-spreading COVID-19 epidemic. Overcoming two issues at once is becoming more and more difficult. Considering the harm done to infrastructure for sanitation, hygiene, and water, the Palestinians’ situation is getting better. The COVID-19 virus is being stopped by impeding the flow of essential supplies into the Palestinian state and causing environmental harm, both of which may affect public health. International humanitarian law is in place to prevent these kinds of tragedies, but the Israeli government and military disobey these laws. From an international law standpoint, this research helps understand how the state of Israel behaved toward Palestine during the COVID-19 epidemic. References to a wide range of national and international periodicals and books were used in the preparation of this research. In addition, it makes use of the most recent news about the subjects covered. The findings of this review of the literature indicate that despite an increase in attacks on Palestinian civilians, the situation between Israel and Palestine has not improved

In achieving its main tasks, the Indonesian Air Force carries out defense diplomacy, which is manifested in various fields of cooperation with the Air Forces of friendly countries. One of the goals is to increase intelligence capabilities. The research problem is that the implementation of defense diplomacy in increasing the Indonesian Air Force's intelligence capabilities has not been optimal. The aim of the research is to analyze the implementation of defense diplomacy carried out by the Indonesian Air Force and the defense diplomacy strategy in increasing the Indonesian Air Force's intelligence capabilities. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive design. Data was obtained from predetermined informants and then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The research results illustrate that defense diplomacy has an influence on the strength and capabilities of the Indonesian Air Force, one of which is related to intelligence capabilities. The Indonesian Air Force has implemented defense diplomacy in the form of cooperation with the Air Force of friendly countries in various activities or fields, but it is still limited in the intelligence sector, thus having an impact on the Indonesian Air Force's intelligence capabilities. The defense diplomacy strategy implemented in increasing Indonesian Air Force intelligence includes, among others, through technology transfer agreements for each purchase of defense equipment, increasing the exchange of information and collection techniques, utilizing access to foreign military facilities, increasing the role of the Defense Attache, developing and strengthening agreements with the Air Forces of friendly countries, expanding partnerships in the field of education, through exchange programs and research collaboration. All of these steps are directed at increasing the Indonesian Air Force's intelligence capabilities through a defense diplomacy approach.

ASEAN as a regional organization is considered slow and less unified in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic. In the midst of these problems, ADMM as the main defense cooperation organization was more agile in responding to the pandemic that had begun to spread. This study aims to analyze ADMM's strategy in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of defense diplomacy. The research uses a quasi-qualitative approach with interactive model analysis technique and with data obtained from literature study technique. The findings show that ADMM has carried out securitization of Covid-19, which has had an impact on the formation of regional perceptions regarding the threat of a pandemic that attacks common interests. To overcome the pandemic, ADMM has deployed defense cooperation in the fields of military medicine and CBR. In the midst of space and time constraints, ADMM was forced to modify their defense diplomacy strategy into virtual defense diplomacy. This model of defense diplomacy is an important lesson for ASEAN's defense diplomacy activities to face the same threat in the future

The enduring effectiveness of the "divide and conquer" political strategy employed by foreign powers remains evident in contemporary times, demonstrating ongoing challenges in achieving unity within Indonesia's diverse population under the framework of NKRI. The Papua Separatist Movement (PSM) seeks international support for an alternative referendum to the 1969 Pepera, aiming to achieve independence from Indonesia through political, covert, and armed means, despite the government's closure of referendum options. This qualitative research, based on a comprehensive literature review, aims to explore efforts to address and improve key issues exploited by the PSM's political front, including economic inequality, education disparities, healthcare gaps, infrastructure limitations, and security challenges. Additionally, the study will examine initiatives aimed at curbing the activities of the PSM's armed front, which has been implicated in numerous human rights violations against indigenous Papuans, civilians, foreigners, security personnel, and the military. President Jokowi has emphasized the need for a comprehensive solution to this issue, underscoring the importance of addressing root causes while maintaining the government's soft power approach, which focuses on normative and functional integration. Furthermore, the Indonesian government actively engages in diplomatic interactions with other nations, organizations, and international communities, with the ultimate objective of resolving the conflict through the harmonious integration of Papua into Indonesia's vision of a secure and prosperous nation.

Indonesia's current dynamic of tourism activities brings about positive impacts such as increasing the GDP and making good diplomatic relations. On the other hand, it can also create security threats, including terrorism, crime, and a new variant of the COVID-19 virus appearance. These issues impacted many stakeholders from the states up to the society. This research aims at explaining the securitization of tourism activities interfered with the defense of Indonesia's national interests by conducting a descriptive analysis method based on data from books, previous research, and some regulations. It portrays many challenges faced by Indonesia and the opportunities they get to defend national interest from the securitization of tourism activities. It also shows that the government's strategy in measuring security threats needs to be done hand-in-hand with all stakeholders to increase the effectiveness.

Black flight or unknown and unidentified air objects entering sovereignty airspace can be hostile and endangering the nation's Center of Gravity (CoG), so they must be tackled quickly and precisely by the National Air Operation Command (NAOC). Intercepting a hostile object needs an accurate estimation of its type and characteristics to minimize the risks that might be experienced during the execution of an air defense operation. However, such an object will cover its identity as much as possible by turning off its Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) transponder. Therefore, the only way to recognize and identify such an object is by using its characteristics extracted from the Radar system, such as Speed, Altitude, and Radar Cross Section (RCS) displayed on the Position Plan Indicator (PPI) console. We did experiments using several Machine Learning techniques to carry out object recognition and identification of several aircraft. From the experimental results on a self-made dataset consisting of five aircraft types, namely F-16C, Su-30MKK/MK2, C-130 Hercules, Boeing 737–200, and Boeing 737–900, with 100 data samples, the RandomForest classifier achieved the highest identification performance with the accuracy of 82 % for the aircraft type and 100% for the aircraft role.

The South China Sea have strategic value, from economic and military aspects. In some parts of the waters there is an overlap of jurisdictions between claimant states (Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, and China), causing a high potential for conflict. Geopolitical turbulence in the South China Sea region further illustrates the dynamic strategic environment and adds complexity to threats to security in the region. The panelitian method used is a qualitative descriptive method. According to Sugiyono, descriptive methods are studies that describe, describe, or describe the state of the object studied as what it is, according to the situation and conditions when research is done. The theories used are balance of power, military of balance, steps-to-war, and balance of threat. China’s rapid military development has made it a powerful country and has the potential to become a hegemony in the region and will create new tensions in the region. This situation encourages countries in the region to increase their military capabilities, produce military weaponry and equipment, and even form military alliances to offset China’s military capabilities in the region. The U.S.-China rivalry makes the South China Sea region a single geostrategic theater that will drag regional countries into the maelstrom of conflict, including Indonesia in it. Facing a dynamic environment, Indonesia with an active defensive strategy deploys land aspect forces that have been centrally structured and dispersed (territorial command units), in an effort to prevent assertive actions from other countries.

This journal is prepared as a sequel to the first journal with title Enhancing the Indonesia Air Defence Systems: Confronting the challenges and military build-up In the Indo Pacific region. The first journal was focused on the threat faced by the Indo-Pacific region with the rise of Chinese military dominance, and the study to counter the threats through effective effectors such as the Air Defence Missile. Further to this background, this journal subtitled, The immediate and urgent application of GCI Radar in safeguarding the airspace sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, will focus on the supplement systems to safeguard the aerial sovereignty of the Republic of Indonnesia through the additional fielding of Ground Control Interceptor Radar Complex. 21st century battlefield landscape have much changed since the last World War, and again it has proven so dramatically important to keep the air dominance over defended territory. Therefore, not only the ability to defend and to neutralise a target, it is imperative that in order to defend, there must be a modern systems that can object, discriminate, and track an agressor to guide military decision makers in any given operation. This journal is prepared to supplement a comperhensive study of future possible conventional military engagements over the Indo-Pacific region with China and Indonesia at its main focus.

The war between Russia and Ukraine opened the eyes of the entire international community about the potential for modern wars and third world wars, especially for Indonesia which implemented the defense strategy of the major islands. The strategy is oriented towards building defense forces on large islands, so as to protect themselves from attacks from the enemy and provide protective assistance to small islands located nearby. But the concept of defense that focuses on large islands needs to be reviewed for its suitability to face the threat of modern warfare, especially proxy wars, which instead focus on small and outer islands that are not the main focus of defense force development. Based on this, this research was carried out with the aim of examining the suitability of the defense strategies of large islands to deal with modern warfare, as well as the development of strategies that can effectively face modern warfare. The Research method that was used for this study literature. The research used the secondary method of data collection. The method of data analysis was content analysis. The results stated that the defense strategy of the big islands has loopholes, making it less effective to deal with the threat of modern warfare in the form of proxy wars. The development of a strategy that can be done is to establish the radar defense strategy as one of the orientations in the defense strategy of the big island. Thus, the construction of defenses on large islands is not only oriented inward, but also to the surrounding small islands. Practically speaking, the defense concept is part of the defense of large islands that prioritizes the implementation of joint tni trimatra operations that are conventional and non-conventional, which have a wider scope to reach all areas of small islands around large islands.

The Russia-Ukraine war is a conventional war that happened in the modern era. The war shows that airpower is dominant in attacking strategic targets. Hight precision missiles use to avoid civilian casualties even though they still happen. From the perspective of airpower, it is exciting to analyze according to Giulio Douhet's theory. The result and discussions from the Russo-Ukrainian war from an air power perspective show that Douhet's theory is still relevant, but some adjustments are needed. Nowadays, attacking before declaring war breaks the war law. Making civilian casualties is against a human right. Another adjustment is due to technological advances in air power, so air power is a strategic target at the beginning of the war. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method by analyzing data obtained from open sources.

Intelligence is an essential part of modern organizations. Related to the modern organization, the defense intelligence agency is compulsory of the defense ministry organization. Defense intelligence's job is to look for some information and then to proceed into intelligence analysis products. This intelligence analysis product is needed by Minister for decision making and also for policy analysis to formulate some defense policies. The problem arises from the absence of a structural defense intelligence organization in Indonesia’s Ministry of Defense. The idea of performing defense intelligence is still being debated, so the defense intelligence function is currently carried out by the defense strategic installation agency. This paper discusses the reasons for the urgency of a defense intelligence organization structurally under the ministry of defense. The results in this discussion indicate the need for a defense intelligence organization. Several reasons are that intelligence is a feature of modern organizations; defense intelligence is needed in the policy formulation cycle. Defense intelligence is required to support defense diplomacy. Methodology in this writing uses a descriptive qualitative method based on data collected from scientific journals, books, and statements of resource persons obtained from open sources. For a recommendation, intelligence stakeholders need to respond to the initiation of the formation of a defense intelligence agency

The Battle of Surabaya that took place in November 1945 was a major event of the Indonesian struggle which forced the international community to open their eyes to what was really happening in Indonesia. The battle that involved people from all groups fought against allies backed by NICA whose mission was to re-establish Dutch colonialism in Indonesia after Japan's defeat in World War II. The resistance of the people of Surabaya was carried out in various ways using all resources and occurred in all corners of the city. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the battle in Surabaya in 1945 from the perspective of universal warfare. The theory used in this analysis is the theory of universal war strategy, nationalism and people's war. This writing uses historical research methods from literature studies with historical analysis techniques using sharpness in interpreting historical facts. The result of the research shows that the battle of Surabaya 1945 does have the nature of universal warfare, which is typical of other wars that occurred in Indonesia.

In supporting state defense, a capable strategy is needed. The total war strategy is a strategy that uses all national resources in an effort to achieve the goal, namely maintaining national security. Human resources are one of the important components in the resources used to achieve these goals, but the problem of the lack of values within Indonesian people makes the strategy imperfect. So this research was conducted to find out how the total war strategy through optimizing the value of the Five Principles The Unity of Indonesia. The research used qualitative methods and descriptive approaches. It can be said that the optimization of the value of the Five Principles The Unity of Indonesia greatly influences the success of the total war strategy. With a society that has high values of unity and integrity, the level of loyalty towards the state is also getting higher, so that the strategy that is carried out will work well because policy makers and society have one common goal, namely to support state defense and maintain national security.