Can meditation support ethical scientific practice? And how might this work? Considering the contradictory evidence for the impact of commonly practiced mindfulness meditation on moral change currently available, Berryman et al. (2025) suggested that meditation programs should include additional ethical components. We fully agree with this recommendation and add further arguments in favor of it, informed by traditional meditative approaches. Moreover, we argue that ethics-enriched meditation approaches might in general yield stronger effects than meditation without ethics. Preliminary evidence for this view comes from studies that examined Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), a program that includes an ethics component. MBLM may be used as a potential starting point for exploring the impact of ethical components on scientific practice. However, such ethics-enriched meditation programs could prove beneficial far beyond the scientific community.

Objective: Understanding the relevance of religion or spirituality (R/S) in the treatment of mental disorders is central to clinical and academic psychiatry. In this secondary analysis, associations of R/S with depression were investigated with respect to a new second-generation mindfulness-based intervention, the Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM) program. Methods: Different aspects of spirituality, spiritual coping, and spiritual engagement were assessed in 81 patients with a diagnosis of mild-to-moderate depression. Treatment effects on R/S postscores and predictor and moderation effects of depression severity and stress change-scores were evaluated at 8 weeks (MBLM vs. CONTROL [drug continuation therapy] vs. TAU [inpatient treatment as usual]) and 6 months (TAU+MBLM vs. TAU). Results: At both time points, significant differences between MBLM versus TAU and CONTROL were found in a range of spiritual outcomes, most of them with a medium-to-large effect size and in favor of MBLM. Baseline interest in spirituality (p = 0.001) and baseline spiritual mind-body practice (p = 0.017) were identified as independent predictors of change in depression severity at 6 months. Moreover, moderation analyses found that patients reporting often/regular spiritual mind-body practice at 6 months did not benefit differently from TAU+MBLM versus TAU (p = 0.437) regarding their change in depression severity and stress, while those reporting no/seldom spiritual mind-body practice at 6 months benefited significantly worse from TAU than from TAU+MBLM (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Participation in the MBLM program resulted in significantly greater increases in spirituality in depressed patients than standard therapy. Interest in spirituality and engagement in spiritual mind-body practices at baseline were positive predictors of clinical outcome in both groups. Patients of any group who regularly performed spiritual mind-body practices benefited equally in terms of antidepressant outcomes, underlining the benefit of these practices within a general therapeutic framework. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03652220.

Introduction: Chronic pain is a growing worldwide health problem and complementary and integrative therapy options are becoming increasingly important. Multi-component yoga interventions represent such an integrative therapy approach with a promising body of evidence. Methods: The present study employed an experimental single-case multiple-baseline design. It investigated the effects of an 8-week yoga-based mind-body intervention, Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), in the treatment of chronic pain. The main outcomes were pain intensity (BPI-sf), quality of life (WHO-5), and pain self-efficacy (PSEQ). Results: Twenty-two patients with chronic pain (back pain, fibromyalgia, or migraines) participated in the study and 17 women completed the intervention. MBLM proved to be an effective intervention for a large proportion of the participants. The largest effects were found for pain self-efficacy (TAU-U = 0.35), followed by average pain intensity (TAU-U = 0.21), quality of life (TAU-U = 0.23), and most severe pain (TAU-U = 0.14). However, the participants varied in their responses to the treatment. Conclusion: The present results point to relevant clinical effects of MBLM for the multifactorial conditions of chronic pain. Future controlled clinical studies should investigate its usefulness and safety with larger samples. The ethical and philosophical aspects of yoga should be further explored to verify their therapeutic utility.

Yoga is an embodied contemplative practice considered as a path toward long-term well-being, which fosters an integrated processing of bodily and emotional stimuli. However, little is known about how the different components of yoga contribute to these processes. This was the aim of this single-case multiple-baseline study. Herein, we explored how different yoga components affect body awareness, emotion regulation, affectivity, self-compassion, and distress tolerance. Forty-two randomly assigned participants (from initially fifty-seven) completed one of four 8-week treatments: Mantra meditation alone (MA), meditation plus physical yoga (MY), meditation plus ethical education (ME), and meditation plus yoga and ethical education (MYE). Participants had no prior regular yoga or meditation practice. Data were analyzed using visual inspection, effect size estimation, and multilevel modeling. Surprisingly, all four treatments similarly improved body awareness (Tau-UMA = 0.21 to Tau-UMY = 0.49), emotion regulation (Tau-UMYE = −0.43 to Tau-UME = −0.52), self-compassion (η2 = 0.08), and distress tolerance (η2 = 0.13). These effects were maintained until follow-up at 2 and 12 months after the study, even though home practice declined. The MA condition had the least favorable effect on affective experience (Tau-UMA = −0.14 and 0.07), while the ME condition enhanced valence the most (Tau-UME = 0.10) and the MY condition was the most effective in preventing negative affective responses. Although mantra meditation on its own negatively influenced daily affect, it can be assumed as the driving force behind the improvement in the other variables. This points to the central role of meditation in increasing interoception, self-awareness, and embodied processing.

OBJECTIVE:Depression is a global key challenge in mental health care. The implementation of effective, low-risk and cost-effective interventions to reduce its disease burden is a necessity. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the new Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM) program, a "second-generation" mindfulness-based intervention, in depressive outpatients.METHODS:Eighty-one patients with mild to moderate depression were randomized into three groups: intervention group (MBLM), control group (CONTROL), and treatment as usual group (TAU). The primary outcome was the change of depressive symptoms as administered by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) after 4 and 8 weeks. Secondary outcome variables included the Brief Symptom Checklist-18 and the Perceived Stress Scale-10. A 6-month follow-up was conducted.RESULTS:A greater reduction of depressive symptoms was found in MBLM participants compared to CONTROL (p < .001, ηp2  = 0.11, d = 0.70) and TAU ( p<.001,ηp2=0.10,d=0.67$p\lt .001,{\eta }_{{\rm{p}}}^{2}=0.10,d=0.67$ ) with a 13.15 points reduction of BDI-II score versus 1.71 points (CONTROL) and 3.34 points (TAU) after 8 weeks. Between-group post hoc tests for all secondary outcomes and at follow-up also yielded significant between-group differences with medium to large effect sizes in favor of MBLM.CONCLUSIONS:Study results showed beneficial effects of MBLM in depressed outpatients. Further high-quality controlled clinical studies including qualitative research are needed to investigate the specific and unspecific effects of the MBLM program in depression and other medical conditions.

Mind–Body Medicine (MBM) includes a broad range of interventions with proven preventive and clinical value, such as yoga and meditation. However, people differ in their preferences and response to different MBM treatments and it remains unclear who benefits most from what type of practice. Thus, finding moderators of treatment outcome seems to be a promising approach. This was the aim of the present study. We conducted a single-case multiple-baseline study investigating the outcomes and moderators of four different MBM treatments. Fifty-seven healthy participants with no prior experience were randomly assigned to three baselines (7, 14, and 21 days) and four eight-week treatments: mantra meditation alone, meditation plus physical yoga, meditation plus ethical education and meditation plus yoga and ethical education. We analysed the data using effect size estimation, multiple regression and cluster analyses. High anxiety, high absorption, low spirituality, low openness and younger age were associated with a range of positive outcomes, such as increased wellbeing or decentering and decreased mind wandering. Receiving ethical education consistently improved wellbeing, while engaging in physical yoga reduced mind wandering. In the cluster analysis, we found that participants with a more maladaptive personality structure enhanced their emotion regulation skills more. Consequently, people do differ in their response to MBM interventions and more vulnerable people, or those high in absorption, seem to benefit more. These findings could support the development of custom-tailored MBM interventions and help clinicians to make scientifically sound recommendations for their patients.

Distress is a growing public health concern. In this three-armed randomized controlled trial, n = 102 adults with elevated stress levels and stress-related symptoms were randomly assigned to (1) “integrative” yoga classes which combined physical exercises, mindfulness training, and ethical/philosophical aspects of traditional yoga; to (2) Iyengar yoga classes which entailed primarily physical exercises; or to (3) mindfulness training without physical training. We hypothesized the synergistic effects of physical yoga exercises, mindfulness, and ethical/philosophical aspects. The primary outcome was the group difference on Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) after 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included burnout, quality of life, physical complaints, depression, anxiety, mindfulness, interoceptive awareness, self-regulation, spirituality, mysticism, and posttraumatic stress. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline (V0), after 12 weeks (V1), and after 24 weeks (V2). A subset of participants took part in qualitative interviews. A lasting and clinically relevant stress reduction was observed within all groups (PSS ΔV0–V1Integrative Yoga = −6.69 ± 6.19; ΔV0–V1Iyengar Yoga = −6.00 ± 7.37; ΔV0–V1Mindfulness = −9.74 ± 7.80; all p < 0.00). Effect sizes were also statistically large at the end of the follow-up period (Cohen’s d Integrative Yoga = 1.41; d Iyengar Yoga = 1.37; d Mindfulness = 1.23). There were no significant group differences or evidence of relevant synergistic effects from combining mindfulness and physical yoga exercises. All three interventions were found to be equally effective methods of stress reduction. Their use in practice should be based on availability and patient preference.

Background The scientific evaluation of mind-body-interventions (MBI), including yoga and meditation, has increased significantly in recent decades. However, evidence of MBI's efficacy on biological parameters is still insufficient. Objectives In this study, we used HRV analysis to evaluate a novel MBI as a treatment of outpatients with mild to moderate depressive disorder. The Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM) program incorporates all major elements of classical yoga, including ethical principles of yoga philosophy, breathing exercises, postural yoga, and meditation. Methods In this exploratory randomized controlled trial, we compared the changes in HRV indices of a MBLM group (N = 22) and a minimal treatment group (MINIMAL, drugs only, N = 17) with those of a multimodal treatment-as-usual group (TAU, according to best clinical practice, N = 22). Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were derived from a Holter monitoring device, and HRV indices have been extracted from nearly stationary 20-min periods. Results Short-term HRV analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the pre-to-post changes between MBLM and TAU. In particular, the vagal tone mediating RMSSD and the Rényi entropy of symbolic dynamics indicated HRV gains in MBLM participants compared with TAU. Almost no alterations were observed in the MINIMAL group. Conclusions Our results suggest a benefit in selected HRV parameters for outpatients with mild to moderate depression participating in the MBLM program. For further investigations, we propose analysis of complete 24-h HRV recordings and additional continuous pulse wave or blood pressure analysis to assess long-term modulations and cardiovascular effects.

Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM) is a complex eight-week mind-body intervention based on the traditional eight-fold path of classical yoga. MBLM was developed for mental health care, and it combines ethical living, physical yoga, and meditation. In this qualitative study, the subjectively perceived efficacy of MBLM was compared to the perceived efficacy of an individually tailored, multi-professional psychiatric treatment (MPT) in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Twelve patients were interviewed for this study (six for each condition). All qualitative interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. In total, five main themes with associated subthemes emerged from the data: calmness, increased awareness, interpersonal relationships, depressive symptoms, and difficulties within the therapy. Moreover, our study showed significant differences between the two therapy groups. First, the groups differed regarding the frequency with which various topics were addressed by the patients. Second, the perceived effectiveness of both therapies (MBLM vs. MPT) varied according to descriptions of the perceived changes in each participant. The participants in the MBLM program generally appeared to experience a deeper emotional-experiential integration which contrasted with the more cognitive-behavioral processing of the MPT patients. These findings may guide further research and the implementation of similar complementary therapies in psychiatry.

Yoga is an embodied contemplative practice entailing multiple components, such as ethical teachings, postures, breathing practices, and meditation. Little is known to date how these different components affect aspects of embodied cognition. This single-case multiple-baseline study explored the differential and incremental effects of four different combinations of yoga components on body awareness, emotion regulation, affectivity, self compassion, and distress tolerance. Fifty-seven healthy participants with no regular yoga or meditation practice were randomly assigned to three baselines (7, 14, and 21 days) and four conditions: Mantra meditation alone (MA), meditation plus physical yoga (MY), meditation plus ethical education (ME), and meditation plus yoga and ethical education (MYE). All the interventions lasted for 8 weeks. Forty-two participants completed the treatment and were included in the analyses that involved visual inspection, effect size estimation, and multilevel modeling. All four treatments improved body awareness, emotion regulation, self-compassion, and distress tolerance to a similar extent. Body awareness and emotion regulation developed continuously and simultaneously over time. The MA condition had the least favorable effect on affective experience, while the ME condition enhanced valence the most and the MY condition was the most effective in preventing negative affective responses. Even though mantra meditation on its own negatively influenced daily affect, it can be assumed to be the driving force behind the improvement of the other variables. This points to the central role of meditation in increasing interoception, self-awareness and the processing of bodily and emotional stimuli.

Traditionally, yoga is a multicomponent practice consisting of postures, breathing techniques, meditation, mantras, and ethics. To date, only a few studies have tried to dismantle the effects of each of these components and their combinations. To fill this gap, we examined the incremental effects of ethical education and physical Hatha yoga on mantra meditation using a single-case multiple-baseline design. This study was part of a project evaluating the new mind–body program Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification. Fifty-seven healthy participants with no regular yoga or meditation practice were randomly assigned to three baselines (7, 14, and 21 days) and four conditions using a random number generator. The conditions were mantra meditation alone (MA), meditation plus physical yoga (MY), meditation plus ethical education (ME), and meditation plus yoga and ethical education (MYE). All the interventions lasted for 8 weeks and were run consecutively according to baseline length. During the baseline and treatment phases, participants received daily questionnaires measuring their well-being (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and subjective experiences. Forty-two participants completed the treatment and were entered in the analyses. We analyzed our data using visual inspection, effect size estimation (Tau-U), and multilevel modeling. Almost all participants showed a longitudinal increase in well-being. Regarding between-group differences, participants who received ethical education exhibited the largest increases in well-being (Tau-U = 0.30/0.23 for ME/MYE), followed by participants in the MY condition (Tau-U = 0.12). Conversely, participants in the MA condition showed no change (Tau-U = 0.07). There was a tendency for the combined treatments to decrease stress. This tendency was strongest in the MY condition (Tau-U = –0.40) and reversed in the MA condition (Tau-U = 0.17). These results emphasize the incremental and differential effects of practicing meditation in combination with other practices from the eight-fold yoga path. This approach is valuable for better understanding the multifaceted practice of yoga. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04252976.

•Mantra meditation is an effective add-on treatment in major depression.•Mantra meditation is superior to progressive muscle relaxation.•After 6 months, mantra meditation mainly improved mood rather than cognitive symptoms.•Untapped potentials of mantra meditation warrant further research.

Traditional yoga encompasses a variety of practices, such as postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and ethical teachings. However, little is known about how different components of yoga contribute to its overall effect. In this meta-synthesis, we comprehensively summarized the current evidence on differential and incremental effects of various yoga components collected from available meta-analyses. For this meta-analysis, we searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus, PsychInfo, and the Cochrane Library in July 2021. We selected only meta-analyses that performed subgroup analyses comparing the effects of different yoga components. There were no restrictions regarding yoga type, study population, or outcome variables. Nineteen meta-analyses were identified that evaluated a multitude of variables. These meta-analyses varied greatly with regard to population, study design, and yoga components under investigation. However, combined interventions incorporating multiple components consistently outperformed simple interventions. In this regard, adding breathing and/or meditation practices to yoga interventions proved particularly beneficial. However, specific components or combinations were more effective in enhancing certain variables or clinical conditions, suggesting a need for customized programs. Comparable multi-component mind–body interventions, such as yoga and mindfulness-based stress reduction, were often equally efficient. Nevertheless, most findings are preliminary, and certain components such as the ethical part of yoga are particularly under-researched. Conclusion: Future studies should isolate and compare all components of yoga and evaluate additive effects by investigating their different combinations. The researchers should refer to theoretical frameworks, use rigorous methodology, and consider individual factors.

Mental disorders are a core health challenge in the 21st century. Integrative mental health care takes an individual, lifestyle-modifying, salutogenic approach, combining somatic, psychosocial, and spiritual perspectives from evidence-based conventional and complementary medicine. In particular, meditation and mindfulness have received growing research interest in the last decade. In this article, we present Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), a new, complex mind-body intervention for mental health care. It is the first program to intensify meditation practice using classical yoga. The program (a) covers all areas of classical yoga, (b) considers ethical and spiritual aspects of daily life, (c) orients participants toward sustained lifestyle modification, and (d) is applicable in a clinical context. The scientific rationale of the program is outlined in this article, based on the Criteria for Reporting the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions in Healthcare. Further research is planned to show the clinical feasibility of MBLM and evaluate its efficacy, processes of change, and cost-effectiveness.

Traditional yoga encompasses a variety of practices, such as physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation practices, and ethical teachings. Numerous studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated yoga’s efficacy in promoting mental and physical health. Conversely, little is known about how the diverse components of yoga contribute to its overall effect. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the differential and incremental effects of yoga components. We evaluated 18 comparative studies and 16 meta-analyses that conducted relevant subgroup analyses. These studies and meta-analyses examined a multitude of variables and varied greatly with regard to population, study design, and yoga components under investigation. Some meta-analyses included other mind–body interventions, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Nonetheless, combined interventions incorporating multiple components consistently outperformed simpler interventions. Adding breathing and/or meditation practices to yoga interventions proved particularly beneficial in this regard. However, specific components or combinations were more effective in enhancing certain variables or clinical conditions, suggesting a need for custom-tailored programs. Similarly complex mind–body interventions, such as yoga and MBSR, were often equally efficient. Still, most findings remain preliminary and more research is needed. The ethical component of yoga is particularly underresearched. Future studies should isolate and compare all of yoga’s components and evaluate additive effects by investigating different combinations of components. We encourage researchers to refer to theoretical frameworks, use rigorous methodology, and take into account individual factors.

Traditionally, yoga is a multicomponent practice consisting of postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and ethics. To date, only a few studies have tried to dismantle the effects of each of these components and their combinations. To fill this gap, we examined the incremental effects of ethical education and physical yoga on mantra meditation using a single-case multiple-baseline design. This study was part of a project evaluating the new mind–body program Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification. Forty-two healthy participants were randomly assigned to four conditions—meditation alone, meditation plus physical yoga, meditation plus ethical education, and meditation plus yoga and ethics. All the interventions lasted for 8 weeks and were run consecutively according to baseline length. During the baseline and treatment phases, participants received daily questionnaires measuring their well-being, perceived stress, and subjective experiences. We analyzed our data using visual inspection, effect size estimation (Tau-U), and multilevel modeling. Almost all participants showed an increase in well-being, except participants in the meditation-only condition. This increase was most prominent in participants who received ethical education. There was a tendency for all treatments to decrease stress. However, there was a marked reduction in stress for participants in the yoga-plus-meditation condition. These results emphasize the incremental and differential effects of practicing meditation in combination with other practices from the eightfold yoga path. This approach is valuable for better understanding the multifaceted practice of yoga.

Background: Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM) is a new mind-body intervention that is based on classical yoga; it implements virtue-based ethical living, physical yoga, and meditation in a therapeutic context. This qualitative study aimed at understanding better how depressive patients who received MBLM as a treatment experience intra- and interpersonal outcomes of their practice. Methods: In a larger randomized controlled trial of MBLM in depressive outpatients, a subsample (n = 12) completed in-depth interviews. To determine short-term and long-term effects, cohorts were interviewed at two different times after intervention onset (T-1 = 8 weeks; T-2 = 6 months). Verbatim interview transcripts were analyzed by using thematic analysis. Results: Three themes emerged in the interviews: (1) Reappraisal of past and present life patterns, leading to a reflection on one's own values; (2) Serenity, attained by states of calm, growing acceptance, and the ability to set boundaries; and (3) Mindful living as expressed by increased self-awareness, being more present, and conscious interactions. The ethical component of MBLM was identified as a key factor in individual empowerment and appreciation of one's own strengths. Systematic changes in the importance of reported themes after 6 months (T-2) reflected the sustained effects of the intervention. Conclusions: The findings speak clearly for the benefits of MBLM in the treatment of depression. In particular, the explicit therapeutic implementation of virtue-based ethics offers a valuable addition to previous yoga and meditation programs. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03652220.

SummaryDie Ordnungstherapie richtet ihren Blick auf Lebensbereiche und Dimensionen des Menschen, die sich nicht in gesunder Ordnung befinden. Sie steht im Einklang mit der modernen Sichtweise auf biologische, psychosoziale und spirituelle Aspekte von Krankheit und Gesundheit. Sie bildet die Basis für Therapie und Lebensstiländerung in einer naturheilkundlich ausgerichteten, integrativen Psychiatrie.Ergänzend dazu betont die Mind-Body-Medizin in enger Beziehung zur Psychosomatik die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Gehirn, Geist, Körper und Verhalten. Sie konzentriert sich auf den Einfluss von psychischen, sozialen und spirituellen Faktoren auf die Gesundheit. Das Fallbeispiel einer Frau mit wiederkehrenden depressiven Episoden verdeutlicht die positiven Effekte, die die Anwendung von Programmen der Ordnungstherapie und Mind-Body-Medizin auf den Krankheitsverlauf und einen auch in Hinblick auf die Seele gesunden Lebenswandel haben kann.

ObjectivesDistress and stress-related diseases are an increasing public health problem at schools. This qualitative study was nested in a non-randomized, controlled trial studying the effects of a 10-week yoga course as an alternative for regular school sports in two secondary schools in Germany.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative evaluation in 3 focus groups with 6 participants each. The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, pseudonymised and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Furthermore open questions were asked in questionnaires.ResultsThe analysis of the participants’ interviews (mean age 19.6 ± 2.9 years, n = 10 female, n = 8 male) resulted in 4 key topics: 1. encountering yoga, 2. yoga practice, 3. effects and benefits of yoga, and 4. yoga in the school context.Yoga was very well accepted by most participants. They reported a variety of physical and psychological benefits as well as overall restorative effects. The relief of pain or other physical ailments, higher mobility and flexibility, improved posture and improved sleep were mentioned by the participants. Some participants used the new exercises and experiences (e.g. working with the breath) in their everyday life. The possibility for self-responsible action was a welcome change from the perceived pressure and heteronomy in normal (school) life. Controversial was the question of whether yoga - if it is part of school sport - should be assessed or graded, and whether it should be compulsory or voluntary.ConclusionYoga can offer both physical and psychological benefits in young adults as well as offer general regenerative effects. Yoga by sensitizing the participants to negative patterns of behaviour can encourage healthy behaviour.

BackgroundIntegrative mental health care can be applied to treat depression with a person-centered, lifestyle-modifying, and more salutogenic approach to mental health and human flourishing. In this article, we report on the feasibility and acceptability of a new mind-body program, Meditation Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), in outpatients with mild or moderate depression.MethodsThis is a single-arm mixed-methods feasibility study of n = 25 outpatients in psychiatric care. Depressive symptoms, scores for mindfulness, aspects of spirituality, and eudaemonic well-being based on yoga philosophy were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Adherence was monitored and face-to-face interviews were held after the program to explore the acceptability and feasibility of MBLM.ResultsTwenty patients (75 %) completed at least six sessions of the course. Adherence was 87.5 % of allocated sessions. In qualitative analysis, more than half of the participants experienced novelty and inspiration through practicing the ethical aspects of yoga (e.g., nonviolence, truthfulness, etc.). Almost all participants experienced a decrease in emotional distress. Virtually all participants reported more self-confidence and self-acceptance. In quantitative analysis, participants reported a clinically important decrease in depressive symptoms of 39.23 % (p = .002), eudaemonic well-being increased significantly in a range of related scales and scores for mindfulness increased (p < .001).ConclusionMBLM is a highly acceptable and feasible program for outpatients with mild to moderate depression. This comprehensive, lifestyle-modifying approach is highly relevant to preventing and treating mental illness, and treating psychic comorbidities in patients with chronic somatic illness.