Body image concerns have been linked longitudinally to mental health issues, including disordered eating. Body image and weight concerns can emerge as early as between the ages of three to nine; however, few parent-focused interventions aim to prevent body image and weight concerns in young children. This study, informed by the results of a previously conducted needs assessment, seeks to demonstrate acceptability and feasibility, as well as psychoeducation effectiveness, of parent training related to early prevention of eating disorder risk. Using evidence-based materials, a four-module intervention for parents of young children will be developed. In Phase 1 of data collection, parents (12 mothers, 12 fathers) of two- to six-year-olds residing in the U.S. will fill out an online survey on the platform Prolific and will be randomly assigned to take one of four modules of the intervention (Body Image Development, Food Talk, Mealtime and Picky Eating, and Media Usage and Social Comparison), and will provide detailed qualitative feedback. In Phase 2 of data collection, 100 parents will be a part of the treatment group or the control group (50 in each group). The treatment group will view the entire intervention and complete knowledge checks and will fill out measures of acceptability and feasibility. The control group will only complete the knowledge checks. Thus, the control group's performance on the knowledge checks will be compared to the performance of the treatment group as a measure of initial psychoeducation effectiveness. Results will guide the creation of a future efficacy trial.ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT07179068

Eating disorder (ED) treatment is notoriously inaccessible due to geographic, financial, and/or time barriers. The current study proposes a novel treatment for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) to increase access to care for this novel ED. ARFID Parent Training Program (ARFID-PTP) is a two-session, virtual treatment utilizing evidence-based components for pediatric ARFID. Participants (n = 7) ages 5–12 and their parents completed an intake session, two sessions of treatment, end-of-treatment measures, and 4-week follow-up measures. Acceptability was assessed via the CEQ-C and satisfaction questions provided at end-of-treatment. Feasibility was assessed via recruitment and retention rates, treatment adherence, and need for a booster session (e.g., problem-solving session) at 4-week follow-up. Overall, ARFID-PTP was considered an acceptable treatment approach; however, markers of feasibility, such as treatment nonadherence (low completion of daily food exposures), indicate further testing should implement modifications to treatment. We propose modifications to address feasibility concerns with the goal of continuing to assess ARFID-PTP in a randomized controlled trial.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic mechanism driving anxiety, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Pregnancy is a time of significant uncertainty, yet few studies have examined the measurement of IU and its impacts on pregnant people. The current study aimed to examine the psychometric performance of two versions of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-27 and IUS-12) and their associations with psychopathologies common in pregnancy. This study is a secondary analysis of participants (n = 254) recruited for a larger study of a single-session intervention targeting disordered eating in pregnancy. We examined fit of participant baseline data with IUS-27 and IUS-12 factor structures using confirmatory factor analyses. We also assessed associations between IU and emotion dysregulation and depression and eating disorder symptoms, controlling for age, parity, and perceived social status. The IUS-12 provided superior fit to the data (CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.09) compared to the IUS-27. The IUS-12 was significantly (all p < 0.05) correlated with measures of emotion dysregulation (r = 0.67), depression (r = 0.58), and eating disorders (r = 0.37). Inhibitory IU rather than prospective IU was generally significantly associated with greater psychopathology (ß range = 0.46 – 3.51, p’s < 0.01). Results from this study provide initial support for the IUS-12 as a valid measure of IU in pregnant people and suggest that IU is strongly associated with measures of depression, emotion dysregulation, and eating disorder behaviors in this population. Severe psychological distress in pregnancy has been linked to complications in gestation and delivery and overall poor birth outcomes. Clinicians and doctors should consider using the IUS-12 as a general measure of psychological distress among pregnant patients. The trial from which these data were drawn is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT06129461 (registered on November 10, 2023).

OBJECTIVE:Drive for muscularity, a concern with meeting societal standards for a highly muscular physique, is a rising concern among men. Dysfunctional exercise is associated with drive for muscularity and leads to a myriad of negative physical and psychosocial outcomes. Cognitive inflexibility, a difficulty adapting to changing circumstances, is a transdiagnostic mechanism across psychiatric conditions, including dysfunctional exercise. This study evaluated cognitive inflexibility as a moderator of the relationship between drive for muscularity and dysfunctional exercise in men. METHODS:Undergraduate men (n = 243, 53.5% White) completed self-report measures assessing drive for muscularity, dysfunctional exercise, and general and domain-specific cognitive inflexibility. Moderation analyses assessed whether cognitive inflexibility moderated the relationship between drive for muscularity and dysfunctional exercise. RESULTS:Cognitive inflexibility specific to food/exercise and weight/shape moderated the relationship between drive for muscularity behaviors and dysfunctional exercise (R2 = 0.01, 0.03 respectively). General cognitive inflexibility did not moderate the relationship. Attitudes (r(237) = 0.25, p < .001) and behaviors (r(237) = 0.53, p < .001) related to a drive for muscularity were positively associated with dysfunctional exercise. CONCLUSION:Results suggest that domain-specific cognitive inflexibility amplifies the risk of dysfunctional exercise in men with a high drive for muscularity. Findings suggest that interventions targeting cognitive inflexibility may help mitigate the risk of problematic exercise in this population.

Food cravings are common during pregnancy and can trigger disordered eating behaviors, including binge and loss of control eating, which pose risks to maternal and fetal health. Assessing mechanisms underlying food cravings with theoretically informed and empirically validated measures is crucial for advancing research and clinical interventions that target cravings as predictors of disordered eating and its adverse sequelae during gestation. Pregnant individuals (n = 305) completed the ten-item Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAAQ), a measure of acceptance of (factor 1) and willingness to experience cravings (factor 2), along with the Food Craving Questionnaire - Trait - reduced (FCQ-T-r), the Prenatal Eating Behaviors Screening Tool (PEBS), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded poor fit for the original ten-item, two-factor structure of the FAAQ but excellent fit for the previously established seven-item, two-factor FAAQ-II (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.07, TLI = 0.94, with items 1, 3, and 6 removed). Internal consistency reliability was adequate for total (α = 0.68) and subscale scores (α = 0.76, 0.79). FAAQ-II scores correlated significantly with FCQ-T-r scores (r = -0.37 to -0.56, p < .001), supporting construct validity. FAAQ-II scores differentiated participants with versus without clinically significant disordered eating (PEBS ≥34, p < .001) and were significantly associated with pre-pregnancy body mass and mood symptoms. The FAAQ-II demonstrated robust psychometric properties in this sample, supporting its use in assessing acceptance of and willingness to experience food cravings during pregnancy.

Academic culture is generally not conducive to parenthood and work-life balance, which may contribute to the disproportionate drop-out of women from academic careers. The extent to which doctoral students experience systemic biases (e.g., gender-based discrimination) and personal conflicts (e.g., geographic flexibility) related to their gender and parental status, factors that may impact their future career trajectories, remains understudied. Doctoral students (n = 330; 55.5 % women, 25.2 % current parents) completed an online questionnaire examining the associations of gender and parental status on choice of doctoral degree program, experiences while in graduate school, and future career and personal plans. Doctoral students without children were more likely to be enrolled in STEM programs. Men were significantly more likely to be partnered, have children, be enrolled in funded programs, and report higher household incomes. Parents and women were less flexible about relocating for graduate school or post-graduation. Women relied more on family for childcare and external funding (e.g., loans and loved ones). Fathers reported the highest perceived social support, while mothers reported the lowest. No differences were observed in second-shift work or satisfaction with second-shift responsibilities. Women anticipated significantly greater delays in childbearing compared to men. Results suggest that women experience significant conflicts between professional and personal aspirations as early as graduate school and highlight the need for institutional supports and resources to more successfully retain women and parents in academic careers.

Evidence-based treatment approaches for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remain limited and may be inaccessible to families due to geographic, financial, and/or time constraints. This study aims to establish the acceptability and feasibility of a brief ARFID Parent Training Program (ARFID-PTP), modified from other evidence-based approaches, using a randomized controlled trial design. Participants (n = 30) will be children aged 5-12 who meet diagnostic criteria for ARFID and their parents/guardians. Participants will be randomized to receive treatment immediately or following a 4-week wait (waitlist control). Treatment consists of two, 2-hr virtual treatment sessions with the family and a therapist plus an optional booster session. Primary aims include evaluating the (a) feasibility of ARFID-PTP as indicated by recruitment and retention rates, as well as treatment adherence at home and (b) acceptability as determined by ratings on the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire and satisfaction questions. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of ARFID-PTP via changes in scores on the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview. If results indicate appropriate feasibility and acceptability, the proposed protocol will form the basis for larger scale trials of treatment efficacy in efforts to increase accessibility of evidence-based treatment for ARFID.

Cognitive and behavioral inflexibility are transdiagnostic maintaining mechanisms of varied psychopathologies, including eating disorders (ED). The Eating Disorder Flexibility Index (EDFLIX) is the only psychometrically validated self-report measure of general and ED-specific flexibility in the published literature. The EDFLIX was originally developed in Scandinavian adult clinical and healthy control samples but is increasingly used in its English version in other populations, including adolescent and nonclinical samples, raising questions about its validity and reliability in diverse groups. This study examined the factor structure of the previously published English EDFLIX in undergraduates (n = 578, 57.6 % female, 50.2 % White). Parallel and exploratory factor analysis suggested the EDFLIX may comprise two or three underlying factors. However, follow-up confirmatory factor analyses from nonclinical student and clinical ED-diagnosed (n = 69, 87.0 % female, 91.3 % White) samples did not support either model. Further, EDFLIX scores did not correlate with established neuropsychological measures of cognitive flexibility typically used in prior research on flexibility in EDs. Findings suggest the EDFLIX has poor psychometric properties in certain groups and may not capture underlying aspects of flexibility as previously proposed. Future research should explore alternative versions of the EDFLIX along with its psychometric properties across various samples.

Weight suppression (WS), the difference between an individual’s current and highest adult weight, is predictive of eating-related pathology across diagnostic categories and poor eating disorder treatment outcomes, but findings from non-clinical samples have been mixed. Cravings are strong urges for specific foods that are subjectively difficult to resist. Food cravings are now widely conceptualized as cognitive-affective states characterized by intrusive thoughts that are perceived as distressing and can interfere with adaptive functioning. Food cravings are known antecedents of binge eating, but little is known about how they interact with WS. We examined the obsessive-compulsive aspects of food cravings as potential moderators of the association between WS and eating disorder symptoms in general, and binge eating specifically in a cross-sectional study of college students. Participants (n = 144, 60.4% female) self-reported their height and current and past highest adult weight and completed the Binge Eating Scale (BES), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and Obsessive Compulsive Eating Scale (OCES). Main and interactive effects of WS and OCES scores on EDE-Q global and BES scores were examined in regression models. There were significant main effects of OCES scores on overall eating disorder symptom severity as well as binge frequency, with those endorsing more craving-related intrusive thoughts and compulsive urges engaging in maladaptive behaviors more frequently. WS alone did not consistently cross-sectionally predict eating disorder psychopathology. Findings suggest that food cravings are significantly associated with disordered eating symptoms and specifically binge eating frequency and should be accounted for in future research on WS in clinical and non-clinical samples.

OBJECTIVE:Disordered eating is common in pregnancy and associated with adverse health outcomes. Weight suppression (WS), the discrepancy between highest lifetime and current weight, is a robust predictor of loss of control (LOC) and binge eating and weight gain trajectories in clinical populations. This study explored the role of preconception WS as a predictor of disordered eating and weight gain in pregnancy. METHOD:Pregnant individuals (n = 137) reported their highest, preconception, and current weights to calculate preconception WS, actual gestational weight gain (GWG), and deviations from recommended weight gain trajectories in pregnancy. Participants also completed the Prenatal Eating Behaviours Screening (PEBS) tool, a validated measure of disordered eating specifically in pregnancy. RESULTS:Preconception WS was a significant predictor of PEBS total scores [F(5, 122) = 2.70, p = 0.02, R2 = 0.10] and significantly and positively correlated with individual item scores quantifying restrictive eating behaviours. Preconception WS was not predictive of deviations from recommended GWG trajectories or LOC or binge eating frequency and did not interact with pre-pregnancy body mass index or GWG to predict eating disorder symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS:Preconception WS was predictive of disordered eating, and specifically restrictive eating behaviours in pregnancy, and should be assessed as part of screening for eating disorder risk in pregnant individuals.

Background: Pregnancy is a time of heightened risk for disordered eating behaviors, which are linked to adverse health outcomes in gestation, delivery, and the postpartum. These adverse outcomes may be partially mediated by greater rates of deviation from recommended weight gain trajectories, especially in those who engage in binge and loss of control (LOC) eating. Food cravings are powerful and highly modifiable triggers of binge and LOC eating in non-pregnant populations with preliminary evidence linking cravings to disordered eating behaviors in pregnancy as well. Acceptance-based approaches have been shown to be feasible and effective in reducing the adverse impact of cravings on behavior. Purpose: To test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a single-session, self-guided, acceptancebased online workshop targeting food cravings as predictors of binge and LOC eating in pregnancy. Methods: We will conduct a pilot randomized controlled trial of a single-session, self-guided online acceptancebased workshop targeting food cravings in pregnancy. Pregnant individuals in the second trimester (n >= 74) endorsing current food cravings will be randomly assigned to the intervention or an untreated control group. The intervention group will participate in a one-hour workshop that imparts skills grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, including acceptance, defusion, and present-moment awareness. Both groups will complete comprehensive self-report assessments of primary outcomes and hypothesized mediators and moderators of intervention efficacy at baseline, one-month follow-up, and at full-term. Conclusion: Results will inform integration of acceptance-based skills targeting food cravings into routine prenatal care to prevent adverse outcomes associated with disordered eating behaviors in pregnancy. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06129461; registered on November 10, 2023.

This study explores benign masochism, the ostensibly non-adaptive enjoyment of inherently aversive experiences (e.g., rollercoasters). After confirming the proposed eight-factor structure of the Benign Masochism Scale (BMS), gender differences in BMS scores and their association with measures of acculturation were examined to assess if benign masochism reflects degree of immersion in the dominant culture. Data were then used to test the hypothesis that benign masochism serves an emotion regulatory function comparable to behaviors like substance use or non-suicidal self-injury. Participants (n = 585, 51.1% female) completed the BMS and measures of sensation-seeking, impulsivity, emotion regulation deficits, and acculturation. Finding suggest significant gender differences in benign masochism and links with degree of acculturation in participants from diverse backgrounds. Associations between BMS scores, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and emotion regulation deficits were replicated here, though variables accounted for little variance in BMS scores. In spite of similarities to established clinical phenomena such as substance use and non-suicidal self-injury, the mechanisms underlying the common yet relatively understudied phenomenon of benign masochism appear to differ and require further exploration.

Social media use is rapidly expanding in terms of frequency, duration, and the diversity of platforms available. Given evidence for associations between social media use, body image disturbances, and disordered eating it is important to identify potentially harmful aspects of social media use that could serve as intervention targets. This study surveyed two demographically diverse undergraduate student cohorts in 2015 and 2022 to compare patterns in social media use, body image, and disordered eating behaviors between samples, including as a function of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to test the hypothesized moderating role of specific content consumed in the association between social media use and maladaptive outcomes. Participants in 2022 reported greater body image disturbances, more frequent vomiting and laxative use, and more time spent on a greater number of social media accounts, with significantly greater use of image-based platforms such as Snapchat, TikTok, and YouTube. Moderated regression analyses suggest that type of content consumed, but not the amount of time spent on social media or diversity of platforms utilized, is associated with body image disturbances and disordered eating behaviors after controlling for gender and body mass index. Specifically, exposure to weight loss content was associated with lower body appreciation, greater fears of negative appearance evaluation, and more frequent binge eating. Contrary to initial hypotheses, exposure to body positivity/neutrality content did not have protective effects. Findings suggest that interventions targeting negative consequences of social media use should focus on addressing content consumed, rather than time spent on social media platforms.

Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with significant individual mental and physical suffering and public health burden and fewer than half of patients recover fully with current treatments. Comorbid exercise dependence (ExD) is common in AN and associated with significantly worse symptom severity and treatment outcomes. Research points to cognitive inflexibility as a prominent executive function inefficiency and transdiagnostic etiologic and maintaining mechanism linking AN and ExD. This study will evaluate the initial efficacy of adjunctive Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT), which has been shown to produce cognitive improvements in adults with AN, in targeting cognitive inflexibility in individuals with comorbid AN and ExD. As an exploratory aim, this study also addresses the current lack of quick and cost-effective assessments of cognitive flexibility by establishing the utility of two proposed biomarkers, heart rate variability and salivary oxytocin.Method: We will conduct a single-group, within-subjects trial of an established CRT protocol delivered remotely as an adjunct to inpatient or intensive outpatient treatment as usual (TAU) to adult patients (n = 42) with comorbid AN and ExD. Assessments, including self-report, neuropsychological, and biomarker measurements, will occur at three time points.Results: We expect CRT to increase cognitive flexibility transdiagnostically and consequently, along with TAU, positively impact AN and ExD compulsivity and symptom severity, including weight gain.Discussion: Findings will inform the development of more effective integrative interventions for AN and ExD targeting shared mechanisms and facilitate the routine assessment of cognitive flexibility as a transdiagnostic risk and maintaining factor across psychopathologies in clinical and research settings.Public Significance: Patients with anorexia nervosa often engage in excessive exercise, leading to harmful outcomes, including increased suicidal behavior. This study examines the preliminary efficacy of an intervention that fosters flexible and holistic thinking in patients with problematic eating and exercise to, along with routine treatment, decrease harmful exercise symptoms. This study also examines new biological markers of the inflexible thinking style thought to be characteristic of anorexia nervosa and exercise dependence.

PurposeThis study examined U.S. health professionals' perspectives on the clinical utility, measurement, and etiology of orthorexia nervosa (ON).MethodsParticipants (n = 100) were U.S. health professionals with experience working clinically with eating disorders, including trainees, Ph.D. psychologists, social workers/mental health counselors, and medical health professionals. After reviewing the proposed ON criteria, participants responded to questions regarding the clinical utility, diagnosis, and measurement of ON, and sociocultural influence on the emergence of ON. Views of ON as a useful diagnostic category were examined as a function of participants' current involvement in clinical versus research activities.ResultsParticipants mostly (71.9%) agreed that ON should be a distinct clinical diagnosis. Participants who endorsed ON as a valid diagnosis spent more time on clinical work and less time engaged in research compared to participants who disagreed (both ps < 0.05). Approximately 27% of participants believed additional components should be added to the proposed ON diagnostic criteria. Participants indicated that sociocultural factors have considerable influence on the development of ON, namely the diet and weight loss industry, and the perceptions that biological/organic/vegan and low fat/low carb/gluten free food are the healthiest.ConclusionProfessionals who spent more time working clinically with eating disorders were more likely to endorse ON as a unique disorder, and professionals who spent more time on research were more likely to disagree. To the extent that professionals who spend more time on research may shape the narrative around ON more visibly, this study underscores the importance of listening to practitioners' experiences in applied settings.Level of evidence: Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

OBJECTIVE Disgust is an established mechanism driving restrictive eating behavior. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a restrictive eating disorder diagnosis characterized by extremely selective eating with three hypothesized presentations. It has been suggested that disgust is significantly associated with ARFID; however, there is limited empirical research to support this hypothesis. This study explores relationships between food-specific disgust, ARFID symptoms, and ARFID presentations. METHOD Undergraduate students (n = 443, Mage  = 19.14 years [SD = 1.25], 50.1% female, 52.7% White) completed a validated measure of food-specific disgust and an established self-report screening tool for the likely presence of ARFID and hypothesized ARFID presentations. RESULTS Sixty-nine (14.5%) participants screened positively for the likely presence of ARFID. Food disgust did not differ between those who did and did not screen positively for ARFID (p > .05). Within the subsample of those screening positive for ARFID, disgust was not related to any of the three hypothesized presentations of ARFID (all p > .05). DISCUSSION Our results did not show a significant association between disgust and positive ARFID screen or any of the hypothesized ARFID presentations. Importantly, these negative findings were obtained using validated screening tools for ARFID. Future research should seek to replicate these findings in clinical samples to further inform treatment. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is associated with significant medical and psychosocial complications, but the mechanism involved in its development and maintenance remain poorly understood. Findings from this study of college students screening positively for ARFID suggests that food disgust in not a key driver of ARFID symptoms. Exposure-based approaches, which are generally not thought to be effective in targeting disgust, may thus be appropriate in the treatment of ARFID.

Background: Eating disorders are highly stigmatized, but stigma against binge eating disorder (BED) specifically is relatively understudied, especially in men. We compared perceptions of a male target with BED to one with alcohol use disorder (AUD), which shares the key characteristic of subjective loss of control over consumption. We also investigated how participants' eating and alcohol use behaviors and attitudes towards psychotherapy influence perceptions of these disorders.Methods: Participants (n = 402) viewed vignettes describing a male target engaged in excess alcohol use or binge eating and rated the target on various attributes and as being responsible for or in control of their behavior and suffering from an addiction warranting treatment. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identifi-cation Test, Binge Eating Scale, and questions about attitudes towards and experience with psychological treatment. Results: The BED target was rated as significantly less "thin," more "overweight" and "obese", and higher on several positive attributes and traits traditionally associated with femininity; the AUD target was thought more likely to be suffering from an addiction and in need of psychological treatment (all p < .05), with no differences between targets in ratings of responsibility for or control over the problematic behavior. Ratings were unrelated to participants' attitudes towards or experience with psychological treatment and personal alcohol consumption or binge eating behaviors. Conclusions: BED in men appears less stigmatized than AUD but is implicitly associated with weight status and femininity, which may increase reluctance to seek treatment. Both AUD and BED were generally recognized as pathological and warranting intervention.

Utilisation of intensive inpatient treatment for eating disorders (EDs) has climbed in the last decade, illuminating a need for better consensus on what constitutes effective treatment and context-appropriate progress/outcome monitoring during residential stays. The novel Progress Monitoring Tool for Eating Disorders (PMED) measure is specifically designed for inpatient settings. Previous research supports the factorial validity and internal consistency of the PMED; however, additional work is needed to determine its appropriateness for complex patient populations. This study used measurement invariance (MI) testing to determine if the PMED administered at programme admission measures the same items in similar ways across patients with anorexia nervosa restricting- and binge-purge subtypes (AN-R; AN-BP) and bulimia nervosa (BN, N = 1121; Mage  = 24.33 years, SD = 10.20; 100% female). Progressively constrained models were used to determine the level of invariance upheld between the three groups. Results indicated that, while the PMED meets configural and metric MI, it does not display scalar invariance. Said otherwise, the PMED similarly assesses constructs and items across AN-R, AN-BP, and BN, however the same score overall may reflect different levels of psychopathology for patients in one diagnostic category versus another. Comparisons of severity between different EDs should be made with caution, however the PMED appears to be a sound tool for understanding the baseline functioning of patients with EDs in an inpatient setting.

Strong ethnic identity is recognized as a protective factor against body image concern and eating pathology in Black women as they tend to hold cultural values in line with an acceptance of a variety of body shapes and sizes. Reinforcement of these cultural ideals may occur via same-race peer relationships. The current study examined the mediating role of same-race versus other-race peers in the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation in Black women. Participants were 139 Black undergraduate women ( M age = 18.94 years, M BMI = 25.33) who completed validated measures of ethnic identity and body appreciation and reported on the ethnic makeup of their friends. We conducted mediation analysis examining the role of same-race peers on the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation. Same-race peers mediated the relationship between ethnic identity and body appreciation, where having a greater percentage of friends increased both ethnic identity and body appreciation in Black women. The influence of same-race peers should be considered in the development of culturally informed prevention and intervention efforts for eating pathology in Black women.