Introduction: Microbiology of effusion fluids in children in Burkina Faso is characterized by the scarcity of data. This work aimed to study the bacteriological and antibiotics susceptibility profile of bacteria involved in effusion fluid infections in paediatrics in order to improve the choice of probabilistic antibiotics therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was used in children aged 0 to 15 years from 2017 to 2020 at the Charles De Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital Center (CHUP-CDG) in Ouagadougou. Classical bacteriology methods such as macroscopy, Gram staining, identification galleries and antibiotics susceptibility testing were used. Results: Of 231 samples, 64 bacteria were isolated. The most common bacterial strains of pleural fluid were Staphylococcus aureus (25%) and 40% for Enterobacteriaceae. Of the peritoneal fluid, 77% were Enterobacteriaceae with 57% Escherichia coli; and from joint fluid, 33% were S. aureus and 22% for P. aeruginosa. The overall susceptibility profile showed 29% extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), 10% methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 8% carbapenemases. Conclusion: Bacteriological profile is characterized by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA. The most active antibiotics were macrolides, aminoglycosides, and cefoxitin (methicillin) for Gram-positive cocci, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides for Gram-negative bacilli. Then, the monitoring of antibiotics resistance must be permanent.

Gastroenteritis is a public health problem in developing countries such as Burkina Faso. The introduction of the RotaShield rotavirus vaccine in the early 1980s had the side-effect of causing acute intestinal invaginations, which led to the introduction of surveillance. The aim of this study is to review the serotypes of rotavirus identified. This retrospective study consisted in collecting data on group A rotavirus serotypes identified from stool samples using a rapid diagnostic test, confirmed by an ELISA test and then serotyped by real-time multiplex RT-PCR. A total of 840 suspect stools were collected between December 2013 and December 2017. Confirmed cases represented an average of 37.7%. Genotyping identified the P6(59.6%) and P8(40.4%) types of the P genotype in the VP4 genotype and G12 which predominates with 66% in the VP7 genotype followed by G3 23.4%. The genotypes most involved in gastroenteritis are serotypes P6 and P8 of the P genotype and serotypes G1, G2, G3, G9 and G12 of the G genotype in this study showed that.

Background: Dengue fever is a vector-borne disease that raises a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in Burkina Faso. The gold standard diagnosis is based on the research of viral RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during the first days, or the presence of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) by serological tests or the isolation of the virus. Burkina Faso reported a localized outbreak of dengue fever in 2016. This study aimed to evaluate dengue fever seroprevalence among children aged 0-5 years. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which covered the period from January 2016 to December 2019 and involved 621 suspected cases of children aged 0-5 years at the Charles de Gaulle University Paediatric Hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from Results: Of the suspected cases,189 were confirmed positive to dengue fever with a seroprevalence of 30.47%. Among positive cases, young children (1 to 29 months age group) were the most represented, with a sex ratio (M/F) of 1.15 in favor of males (53.44%) of dengue cases. Clinical symptoms were polymorphous. Fever (86.24%), algic syndrome (75.13%) and vomiting (46.03%) were the most frequent clinical manifestations. The majority of patients (28.57%) had positive IgG serology. The main biological feature was thrombocytopenia (26.50%), (p=0.039). Conclusion: This study confirms the emergence of this disease in young children, as mentioned in previous studies. Improving the technical facilities in our hospitals, providing ongoing training for healthcare workers in the management of this disease and disseminating the national protocol for the management of dengue fever could improve the situation. Keywords: Seroprevalence, Dengue Fever, Children, Burkina Fas. Impact of Employee Compensation and Benefits on Operating Performance This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.

Biological monitoring is an essential part of the management of HIV infection. The aim of this study was to assess serum amylase activity during follow-up of children living with HIV-1 (CLHIV-1) at the Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital (CHUP-CDG). This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Patients under 15 years of age who were being monitored for HIV-1 at CHUP-CDG and who had undergone a serum amylase assay during the study period were included. A total of 746 patients have been included, with a M/F sex ratio of 0.91 and a mean age of 8.52±4.08 years. Among CLHIV-1, 88.05% had a TCD4 lymphocyte count > 500/mm3 and 60.32% an undetectable plasma viral load (PVL). The incidence of hyperamylasemia in the study population was 57.64%. Hyperamylasemia was significantly more frequent in children aged 0-2 years (p<0.00001), in patients with a high PVL (p=0.0016) and in those on the protocol combining two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with a protease inhibitor. Several abnormalities in serum amylase activity were detected in CLHIV-1 during the course of the study. Clinical correlation and adequate follow-up of these abnormalities are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic damage in people living with HIV.

Background: Cervical cancer represents a major health problem.It is associated with the carriage of some types of high-risk papillomas.In Burkina, data on the prevalence and spectrum of genital papilloma infection in women living with HIV are poorly available.Objective: To study human oncogenic genital papillomavirus infection in women living with HIV.Methodology: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study which took place at CHU B between August 2021-February 2023.It concerned patients living with HIV in whom the search for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) on cervical cells and HIV viral load and CD4 lymphocyte counts were carried out.The Ceiphed GeneXpert® and Cobas® 4800 platforms were used.CD4 quantification was done using the BD FACSCount™ system.Results: Out of a total of 403 HIV-positive patients, papillomavirus infection was found in 130 (32.3%).Genotypes 16 and 18 represented 33.1% and 15.4%, respectively.Risk factors for HPV infection were a CD4 count < 200 (p = 0.001), between 200 and 500 (p < 0.001) and a vaginal pH ≥ 5 (p < 0.001). Conclusion:HPV infection is common among HIV (+) women.Several genotypes have been identified.Decreased immunity and increased vaginal pH are factors associated with this infection.Faced with this observation, the prevention of sexually transmitted infections among HIV-positive women appears to be a necessity.

During January 28-May 5, 2019, a meningitis outbreak caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) occurred in Burkina Faso. Demographic and laboratory data for meningitis cases were collected through national case-based surveillance. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected and tested by culture and real-time PCR. Among 301 suspected cases reported in 6 districts, N. meningitidis was the primary pathogen detected; 103 cases were serogroup C and 13 were serogroup X. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that 18 cerebrospinal fluid specimens tested positive for NmC sequence type (ST) 10217 within clonal complex 10217, an ST responsible for large epidemics in Niger and Nigeria. Expansion of NmC ST10217 into Burkina Faso, continued NmC outbreaks in the meningitis belt of Africa since 2019, and ongoing circulation of N. meningitidis serogroup X in the region underscore the urgent need to use multivalent conjugate vaccines in regional mass vaccination campaigns to reduce further spread of those serogroups.

Sepsis is a serious infection and a major public health problem, with high patient morbidity and mortality. This severity is increased by antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to identify the isolates involved in sepsis and to investigate their antibiotic susceptibilities. This was a prospective descriptive study conducted from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 at the Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo. Blood cultures collected were incubated in the BD BACTEX FX40 automated system. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on the BD Phoenix M50. During the twelve (12) months of collection, 1,157 blood cultures were obtained. Positive blood cultures accounted for 17.89% (207/1157). Of the 207 germs isolated and identified, 43.96% (91/207) were Gram-positive cocci, and the most frequently isolated species were Staphylococcus aureus, with a rate of 19.80% (41/207), followed by Escherichia coli, which accounted for 15.45% (32/207). It should be noted that 100% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to penicillin G and 97% were sensitive to glycopeptides. On the other hand, 82.75% of Escherichia coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and 84.84% were resistant to ceftriaxone. The study reports a positivity rate of 17.89% for blood cultures at CHU-YO. It is therefore important to maintain better sampling quality in order to improve the diagnostic sensitivity of blood cultures, and thus improve patient management.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) constitute a major public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Burkina Faso. They are commonly encountered in hospitals, particularly in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease whose management requires special measures to avoid treatment failures which are frequent. The objective of this study is to determine the microbial profiles of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in these patients.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with UTIs in the nephrology-haemodialysis department of the CHUB from August 1 to November 31, 2020. Socio-demographic and clinical data of selected patients were collected by a well-designed data collection form. Cytobacteriological analysis of urine (CBAU) was carried out on voided or catheter-urine sample of each patient using standard microbiological technique. The disc diffusion method in agar medium modified according to the recommendations of the 2020 CA-SFM-EUCAST was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of each isolate. Data were processed and analyzed using Excel 2013, IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 and CSpro 7.5 software.Results: Urine samples were collected from a total of 77 eligible participants, 49 (63.6%) of which were CBAU positive, with 56 microbial pathogens isolated. Enterobacterales represented 58.9% (n=33), including 39.4% Escherichia coli (n=13) and 36.4% Klebsiella spp (n=12). Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli represented 7.1% (n=4) including Acinetobacter baumannii (n=3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=1). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 5.4% (n=3) and Candida spp in 28.6% (n=16). The most active antimicrobials in vitro against the bacterial pathogens were amikacin and imipenem, and clotrimazole and nystatin against the Candida spp. A total 35.7% (n=20) were multi-drug resistant bacteria with 32.1% by ESBL in Gram-negative bacteria and 66.7% (2/3) by MRSA in Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: The high resistance of pathogens to antimicrobials, resulting in therapeutic failures, constitutes a significant challenge in the management of urinary tract infection, especially in people with chronic kidney disease. It is therefore necessary to put in place urgent measures aimed at the rational use of antimicrobials and strict compliance with good hospital hygiene practices.

Salmonella spp and Shigella spp are implicated in gastroenteritis. The increasing antibiotic resistance of these pathogenic bacteria is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp strains isolated from coprocultures at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle (CHUP-CDG). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 1 January 2018 to 30 April 2022 from patients in whom Salmonella spp and Shigella spp strains were identified from coprocultures at the biomedical analysis laboratory. The study population consisted of patients whose stool culture samples were received and analysed during the study period with complete data. Five thousand four hundred and eighty-seven (5487) coprocultures were performed during the study period, of which 1.6% (87/5487) were positive for Salmonella spp and Shigella spp 45.97% of the patients were aged between 1 and 29 months. Also, 54.02% were male, giving a sex ratio of 1.18 in favour of males. Salmonella spp and Shigella spp were susceptible to ceftriaxone (82.5%), imipenem (70.84%), ciprofloxacin (64.17%), chloramphenicol (63.33%), gentamicin (62.5%) and cefepime (57.5%). This study revealed a wide variety of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp serotypes circulating at the CHUP-CDG. As a result, the most commonly used and affordable antibiotics no longer appear to be effective against these strains.

Introduction: Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis constitutes a burden for the countries in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan in general and particularly for Burkina Faso.In 2019 the Diapaga health district experienced a meningitis epidemic due to N. meningitidis serogroup C. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim in the health district of Diapaga where all cases of meningitis were included in this work.Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), culture as well as real-time PCR were used for the biological analysis of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples.Results: Of 155 CSF samples analysed, 42% (65/155) were tested positve.Of them, N. meningitidis C accounted for 83% of all positive cases.Likewise, all thirteen (13) NmC strains were susceptible to oxacillin, ceftriaxone, penicillin and chloramphenicol.All strains of NmC belonged to the sequence type (ST) 10 217 and to the clonal complex (CC) 10 217.These CCs belonged to the same variant PorA type: P1.21-15.16;FetA type: F1-7; PorB type: 3-463.Conclusion: Burkina Faso had known an epidemic of meningitis caused by NmC in 2019 in the health district of Diapaga.This outbreak was contained in time due to the performance of the epidemiological surveillance system which made it possible to investigate on time and introduce the vaccine against the pathogen NmC.

Introduction: Burkina Faso experiences regular cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.As part of the strategy to reduce cases of meningitis, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) has been introduced in the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI).Despite these efforts, there are some cases of pneumococcal meningitis including both vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes.The objective of this study was to describe the pneumococcal sequence types (ST) circulating in Burkina Faso before the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13).Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place from 27 th October 2013 to 7 th January 2014.S. pneumoniae strains were collected in Burkina Faso and Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was performed at the Pneumococcal Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the USA (United States of America).MLST consists of 4 steps: amplification, purification, sequencing and interpretative reading of the results.The amplification used 7 primers consisting of sequences of aroe, gdh, gki, recP, spi, xpt, ddl genes.Results: Of 37 strains tested, 10 serotypes were identified.Serotype 1 was prevalent in 48.7% (18/37) followed by serotype 25F in 10.8% (4/37).Serotypes 5 and 12F/12A/12B/44/46 were 8.1% (3/37) each.Serotype 1 contained 5 STs including ST303 24.3% (9/37), ST217 8.1% (3/37) and ST618 8.1% (3/37); followed by serotype 25F with ST105 10.8%

In Burkina Faso, meningitis is epidemic, pneumococcus, meningococcus and Haemophilus influenzae are the most implicated. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ABM characterized by PCR and culture in order to highlight the low yield of the culture. This is a prospective study on 26 health districts of surveillance between 2016 and 2019. The CSF sent were cultured, treated by direct PCR, i.e. from CSF without DNA extraction at the National Meningitis Reference Laboratory of Burkina Faso and at the CDC Atlanta. Several series of direct PCR were carried out for species diagnosis (lytA, sodC and hpd), serotyping of meningococcus and serotyping of pneumococcus (capsular genes) and Haemophilus influenzae (capsular genes). Two thousand eight hundred and forty-five (2,845) CSF were treated with 701 positives and a positivity rate of 24.75%. Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae represent respectively 39.2%, 51.9% and 8.9%. The strains of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to antibiotics except 3 strains of Neisseria meningitidis, resistant to oxacillin. There is a drop in the positivity rate compared to previous years. Pneumococcus remains in the lead with serotype 1 (more than 50%) despite the introduction of PCV13.

Introduction. - Urinary tract infection is the second most common bacterial infection in children, after respiratory tract infection. The objective of this work was to study the bacterial ecology and antibiotic susceptibility of germs isolated during childhood urinary tract infections at the Paediatric University Hospital Charles-de-Gaulle in Ouagadougou. Patients and method. - This was a descriptive retrospective study covering the period from July 1st, 2010 to June 30, 2015, including 141 children from 0 to 15 years old hospitalized in the medical paediatrics department for a urinary tract infection. Results. - The hospital frequency of urinary tract infection was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients was 43.1 months. Female patients accounted for 57.4%, a sex-ratio of 0.7. Gram-negative bacilli were often involved (67.4%) with Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella in 35.5% and 22% of cases respectively. The main Gram-positive bacteria were staphylococci (15.5%), enterococci (11.3%) and streptococci (5.6%). Enterobacteriaceae isolated were sensitive to netilmicin (80%), chloramphenicol (76.4%), and furan (82.6%). All strains of staphylococcus were susceptible to furan, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and cefixime. In 66.7% of cases, the isolated strains of staphylococcus were resistant to amoxicillin. Conclusion. - Urinary tract infection is a common problem in pediatrics. Its management must be early and adequate based on knowledge of the bacterial ecology in order to reduce the risk of long-term renal complications. (C) 2021 Societe francophone de nephrologie, dialyse et transplantation. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.