Cultivation of cover crops for soil surface management of hazelnut orchards is important to control weeds and water erosion as well as to improve yield and quality of hazelnut. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some cover crops on yield and quality of hazelnut. The field experiments were conducted in the Samsun province of Türkiye between 2012 and 2014, and the layout of the experiment was randomized blocks with four replications. Nine yield and quality related traits of hazelnut plants were determined to assess the effects of cover crop treatments. The cover crop treatments consisted of Trifolium repens L., Festuca rubra rubra L., F. arundinacea Schreb, a mixture (T. repens [40

INTRODUCTION:Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), one of the most consumed fruits in the world, is rich in phenolic and especially anthocyanin content.OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic properties of 11 different sweet cherry genotypes collected from Giresun, Turkey.METHODS:Total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant properties were observed spectrophotometrically in three different extraction (conventional, microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted) processes. Major phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant structures were visually assessed by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Various phenolics in its structure were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).RESULTS:T2 and E5 genotypes had the highest content in terms of total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity. In HPTLC, cherry samples contained high levels of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid, rutin and cyanidin-3 rutinoside. Among the phenolics examined in the LC-MS/MS method, the major compounds in the structure of cherry were found to be chlorogenic acid, rutin and catechin. The T2 genotype had higher phenolics than the other cherry samples (chlorogenic acid 19.3 mg/100 g; catechin; 3.8 mg/100 g; rutin 33.1 mg/100 g).CONCLUSION:As a result, T2 and E5 genotypes had higher phenolic and antioxidant activity compared to other genotypes and commercial cultivars. It can be said that the antioxidant contents of these genotypes are due to the high anthocyanin amount in their structures. In addition, T2 genotype contained more major phenolics than other cherries. In the next stage, it is recommended to carry out studies on the cultivation of these two varieties.

Cherry laurel (Prunus lauroceasus L.) is naturally grown in The Eastern Black Sea Region. It is one of the very valuable fruit types that have not been cultured yet. The people of the region have been consuming it as a health fruit for many years. it is a nice looking sourness-sweet fruit. In this study, the fruit characteristics of the 15-years-old promising P. lauoraceasus genotypes in the genetic collection orchard of the 'Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute' and the relationships between the traits were determined by multivariate tests. All the characters studied showed significant variation. Among these characters, the yield that was not previously reported from a standard orchard varied between 9.79 - 34.19 kg/tree, and the yield per decare of 61K04 genotype was calculated over 1.5 tons. While macro- and micro-elements were generally found to be highly correlated with each other (except Fe, Cu moderate), as an interesting result, DPPH (antioxidant activity) was found to be negatively correlated with TPC (total phenolic content). Another striking relationship, taste and berry homogeneity were positively correlated with berry weight. Mantel test results revealed that the features did not change statistically with geographic distance. In the two-way cluster analysis, provinces were divided into 3 different groups, and Bolu became prominent with its high element content and Samsun with its agronomic features. As a result Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was shown that the most important features in defining the characteristics of cherry laurel fruits are element contents (except Mg and Fe), yield, berry and seed weight, TPC, and DPPH. As a result of the study, it was observed that the nutrient content of cherry laurel was quite rich and some of the genotypes reached quite satisfactory yield values, and cultivation of this fruit could be commercially important as well as healthy. In addition, it has been shown that the use of multivariate tests in breeding studies is very useful and effective in evaluating individuals and traits.

The importance of biochemical content of fruits in human health and nutrition is understood more and more day by day. In this study, new local varieties were added to apple genetic resources and the correlation between biochemical contents and agro-morphological properties of fruits belonging to them was revealed. It was observed that the total phenolics amount varied between 20.13 (“Bag”) mg GAE kg−1 and 80.59 (“Yeşil”) mg GAE kg−1. The highest total antioxidant capacity was determined as 90.96% in “Yeşil” variety. Potassium (K) content, which is among the macronutrients, was determined as the highest value in “Bağ” variety (7993.31 mg kg−1) and in “Zuza” variety (7983.31 mg kg−1). It was determined that the Fe content (iron) varied between as 14.17 mg kg−1 (“Zuza”) and 5.75 mg kg−1 (“Bağ”) and was higher than other micronutrients. In the light of the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that fruits belonging to new local apple varieties are rich in biochemical contents and these varieties can be used as genetic resources in plant breeding studies.

Bu çalışma 2015 yılında Sinop ili Erfelek ilçesi ve Kastamonu ili merkez ilçesinde yetiştirilen yerel elma genotiplerinin çiçeklenme ve hasat tarihleri ile bazı meyve özeliklerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada meyve ağırlığı, meyve boyu ve eni, şekil indeksi, meyve sap uzunluğu ve kalınlığı, suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı ve titre edilebilir asit miktarı incelenmiştir. Elma genotiplerinin hasat tarihi Temmuz-Ekim ayları arasında dağılım göstermiştir. İncelenen elma genotiplerinde meyve ağırlıkları 59,3-220,8 g, meyve boyu 48,3-67,3 mm, meyve eni 50,4-85,0 mm, meyve sap uzunluğu 7,9-17,5 mm, meyve sap kalınlığı ise 1,7-3,7 mm, suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı %12,0-16,20, titre edilebilir asit içeriği %0,25-0,60, arasında değişim göstermiştir. Bu genotiplerden 9 adedinde periyodisite görülmemiştir.

Chestnut is among the important fruit species in human health and nutrition due to its rich biochemical content. This study determined the nut characteristics and mineral contents of chestnut genotype/cultivars grown in the same ecological conditions (same plot, same soil, same cultural practices, etc.). Correlation between chestnut genotypes/cultivars and physicochemical characteristics was determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis. The first two principal components explained 50.1% of the variation. The highest Coefficient of Variation (CV) was for nut weight (45.05%), total phenol (46.13%), kernel color (a; -56.85%) and magnesium (60.01%). 'Bouche de Betizac', J9 genotype, A41 genotype and 'Akyuz' had the highest nut weight, highest total phenol, thinnest shell, and highest nitrogen (N), respectively. In this study, chestnut genotypes and cultivars had rich biochemical compounds, especially when the genotypes were compared with the cultivars. The J9 in terms of total phenol, J6 in terms of calcium, A41 in terms of thin shell, and A30 in terms of phosphorus and magnesium are promising.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some cover crops used in kiwi orchards for weed control on fruit yield and quality. Experiments were conducted in Samsun province of Turkey between the years 2012 - 2014 in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Nine experimental treatments were arranged as single Trifolium repens L. (Tr), Festuca rubra rubra L. (Frr), F arundinacea (Fa); a mixture of these three species (40, 30 and 30%), Vicia villosa Roth. and Trifolium meneghinianum Celm sown plots, weedy control plot, mechanical control plot and herbicide-treated plot. Cover crop treatments had significant effects on yield and quality traits of kiwi fruit. The highest yield was obtained with T. meneghinianum (17,879 kg.ha(-1)), and the lowest yield was obtained with mechanical control (8,304 kg.ha(-1)). The highest values for fruit length were obtained with V. villosa (74.9 mm) and F. arundinaceae (72.9 mm), whereas the lowest fruit length was obtained with mechanical control (62.4 mm). The highest values of fruit width were obtained for F. arundinaceae, F. rubra rubra, T. Meneghinianum, and V. villosa with 57.2 mm, 56.7 mm, 56.7 mm and 56.6 mm of fruit width, respectively. The lowest values of fruit width were mechanical control (53.2 mm), herbicide control (54.1 mm), and Tr+Frr+Fa mixture (54.2 mm). For the shape index, the highest values of 0.89 and 0.87 were associated with T. meneghinianum and mechanical control, respectively, and the lowest value of 0.76 was obtained with the V. villosa. The highest values for fruit weight were obtained from the V. villosa at 142.1 g and weedy control at 135.8 g. The lowest fruit weight of 74.1 g was obtained from mechanical control. Total soluble solids concentration (TSS) was highest for weedy control with a value of 9.4%, whereas lowest TSS were obtained with Tr+Frr+Fa mixture with a value of 7.8%. Present results revealed that cover crops could be used as an alternative and efficient tool for weed control in kiwi orchards. Further research and grower training are recommended for the widespread use of cover crops in kiwi orchards.

The study was carried out to compare tall spindle axes and vogel central leader systems on sweet cherry combinations of 0900 Ziraat/Gisela 5 and 0900 Ziraat/MM 60 in Samsun in Turkey during 2015-2017 growing periods. Nursery plants of sweet cherry cultivars planted by tall spindle axes (TSA) and vogel central leader systems in February 2010. In the study, the morphological characteristics of the trees such as tree length, diameter, length of crown, tree volume and some pomological characteristics such as; fruit weight, total soluble solid content and yield were determined. The best results were obtained from TSA applied trees for the yield (0900 Ziraat/Gisela 5) and fruit weight (0900 Ziraat/MM60). Tree length and volume were higher in 0900 Ziraat/MxM60 combination in TSA planting system.

Bu çalışma; Trabzon hurması (Diospyros kaki L.) bahçelerinde yabancı otlarla mücadelede kullanılan bazı örtücü bitkilerin, verim ve kalite üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla 2013-2014 yıllarında, Samsun’da yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra rubra, Festuca arundinacea ve bu türlerin sırasıyla % 40+30+30 oranındaki karışımı, Vicia villosa ve Trifolium meneghinianum’dan oluşan örtücü bitki parselleri ile mekanik mücadele, herbisitle mücadele parselleri ve yabancı otlu kontrol parseli olmak üzere 9 farklı uygulama ele alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, uygulamaların Trabzon hurması verimini etkiledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada; en yüksek dekara verim 1617.5 kg da-1 ile V. villosa parsellerinden elde edilirken, en düşük dekara verim ise 355.7 kg da-1 ile yabancı otlu kontrol parsellerinden elde edilmiştir. Meyve boyu değerleri en yüksek 69.0 mm ile herbisitle mücadele parsellerinde, en düşük 45.2 mm ile F. rubra rubra parsellerinde olmuştur. Meyve eni değerlerinde istatistiki açıdan iki grup oluşmuş, 74.7 mm ile F. arundinaceae, 71.5 mm ile F. rubra rubra, 71.3 ile herbisitle mücadele parselleri yüksek grupta yer almıştır. Şekil indeksinde ise en yüksek oran 1.15 ile T. meneghinianum parsellerinde, en düşük 0.80 ile F. arundinacea parsellerinden elde edilmiştir. Meyve ağırlığı değerleri en yüksek 165.5 g ile F. arundinacea parsellerinde, en düşük ise 109.9 g ile T. repens, F. rubra rubra, F. arundinacea karışımı parsellerinde bulunmuştur. Suda çözünebilir kuru madde oranları ise en yüksek % 21.2 ile T. repens, F. rubra rubra, F. arundinacea karışımı parsellerinden, en düşük % 18.3 ile V. villosa parsellerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucuna göre örtücü bitkilerin Trabzon hurması bahçelerinde verim ve kalite üzerine olumlu etki yaptıkları için yabancı otlarla mücadelede alternatif olarak önerilebilecekleri belirlenmiştir.

This study was conducted on 20 cherries genotypes collected from Amasya and Giresun, Turkey. These cherry genotypes were grafted on mazzard rootstock and were planted the examination area of Blacksea Agricultural Research Institute. In the study, it was aimed to determine some morphological characteristics of these genotypes. Morphological characterization was done according to the UPOV criteria. In the research, morphological characteristics such as tree growth habit, flower shape, fruit size, fruit shape, skin color of 20 cherry genotypes were determined.

The use of training systems for cherry trees is significantly important, as they form the basis of future shoots, which are potential producers of fruits. Numerous studies have been carried out on training systems for cherries around the world. It is well known that new training systems result in a shorter fruiting time and ease mechanical operations, such as harvesting and pruning. Unfortunately, new systems have never been tried for sweet cherry in Turkey. This study was aimed at determining the effect of different training systems, such as tall spindle axe (TSA), super spindle axe (SSA), upright fruiting offshoots (UFO), and Kym Green bush (KGB), on the growth, yield and fruit quality of the 0900 Ziraat/Gisela 6 cherry combination throughout 2014-2018. The Vogel central leader system was used as the control to compare the effect of the new systems. The new training systems affected the diameter, length, number of primary shoots on the leader, yield, fruit weight, firmness, diameter, color, soluble solid content, titratable acidity of the fruit, number of basal flowers, flower spurs, and harvest efficiency. Earlier formation of the trees was observed with the SSA and TSA systems. The trees were formed within 2-3 years in the KGB system. The UFO system created a uniform fruiting wall structure, which made harvesting easier. According to the preliminary results and observations of the current study, harvesting becomes easier with these new systems compared to the Vogel central leader. The labor cost of harvesting and pruning in the new training systems was also lower compared with the conventional Vogel central leader system. The new training systems are strongly recommended in Turkey for higher productivity and economic returns of sweet cherry.

New training systems for high density cherry growing need dwarf rootstock. Currently, dwarf rootstocks such as 'Gisela' series, 'PHLC' and 'Tabel edabriz' have been used at these systems. North Anatolia, especially Giresun, formerly Kerason, is one of origins of sweet cherry. In this region, there are many genotypes having different properties. The genotypes can be used for developing new dwarfing rootstocks. This research aimed to determine some growth characteristics related to the potential of dwarfing of cherry genotypes collected from North Anatolia. This study was conducted in the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in Samsun Province in North Anatolia. A total of 44 cherry genotypes were collected from Amasya and Giresun provinces between 2000 and 2004. These genotypes were budded on 'Gisela 5', 'Gisela 6' and 'Mazzard' in 2005. The genotypes were planted at 5.0x2.5, 5.0x3.0 and 5.0x4.0 m spacing for 'Gisela 5', 'Gisela 6' and 'Mazzard', respectively, in 2007. Ten of them observed dwarfing were investigated and trunk diameters, tree height, canopy volume, canopy height, canopy width, and the number of spurs on 2-year-old shoots of 100 cm of these genotypes were determined in 2015. The experimental design was a randomized plot in three replications. The results were analyzed using a JUMP 5.01 statistical package. In our study, 'A1', 'A2', 'A5', 'A6', 'A8', 'A10', 'A14' and 'S2' genotypes were found promising related to some dwarfing characteristics.

The study was carried out to determine the effect of central leader training system on growth, yield and quality in peaches at Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in 2011-2015. In the experiment Redhaven / peach seedling and Elegant Lady / seedling combinations were used as materials. The nursery trees were planted in February 2011. In the trial, central leader system was compared with goblet in peaches. Some tree growth traits of examined combinations such as tree diameter, tree length, crown of length and tree volume were determined. Some fruit properties of them such as fruit weight and total soluble solid were also determined. The results have been observed to be better than Goble system

The sweet cherry is apparently native in some parts of North Anatolia. There are a lot of cherry genotypes in Anatolia (Asia Minor). These genotypes may be genetic resources for developing new cultivars. This study was conducted on 42 cherry genotypes collected from Amasya and Giresun, Turkey to determine phenological, morphological and pomological characteristics such as first blossom, full blossom, harvest date, tree growth habit, leaf width and length (cm), fruit weight (g), yield, soluble solids content (%), titrable acid content (%), flavor, fruit firmness, appearance of the fruit, fruit width (mm), seed weight (g), fruit stalk length and thickness (mm), fruit shape, and skin color, and to select promising cherry genotypes. To determine the promising cherry genotypes, a "Modified Weighted-Ranked Method" was used based on fruit weight, yield, and appearance of the fruit, flavor, harvest date and soluble solids content; six cherry genotypes were determined as promising. Genotype 'A5' of the promising cherry genotypes had the highest score, followed by 'A6', 'A4', 'A12', 'A8' and 'S2'.

The sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is native to some parts of northern Turkey. Turkey is the leading worldwide cherry producer and exporter, followed by USA. Sweet cherry is grown in the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions in Turkey. Despite the recent growing interest in high density planting cherry orchards, cherry production is still carried out by using predominantly traditional methods with tall trees and local cultivars, without regular training, pruning and modern irrigation systems. The Turkish sweet cherry industry mainly relies on '0900 Ziraat' cultivar, known as the export cherry in Turkey. Turkey has a lot of valuable cherry gene resources because northern Anatolia is a center of origin. In Turkey, the most widely used rootstock is mazzard seedlings followed by 'Mahaleb'. Recently, modern orchards with high density have been established using the new cultivars, rootstocks, training systems and growing techniques. It seems that Turkey is changing from conventional to modern cherry production and will continue to be a leader in cherry production in the world.

As the production benefits of pruning fruit trees have been realized, growers have begun pruning periodically and, accordingly, various canopy training systems have begun to be developed. Following the genetic development of dwarfing rootstocks, interest has grown in the creation of modern training systems for smaller, more efficient orchards. During the formation of these training systems, it became apparent that branches of a certain size can alter the partitioning of growth resources (nutrients and carbohydrates) within the tree, delaying the formation of the target canopy structure as well as fruit bearing. In recent years, studies have focused on management of the buds related to branch development. Bud management describes such practices as debudding and selection of specific buds to promote the growth of the tree to achieve its most productive, efficient structure. This study determined the effectiveness of bud management for sweet cherry trees. The variety/rootstock combinations of 0900 Ziraat /M x M 60, Sweetheart /M x M 60, 0900 Ziraat /Gisela 5, and Regina /Gisela 6 were studied using bud management techniques, with the Vogel Central Leader training system as a control. The study was carried out in Samsun, Turkey, between 2010 and 2014. In the experiment, phenological observations (such as bud burst, first and full bloom, and harvest date) and tree values (such as shoot diameter and height; diameter, height, and number of the first branches from the trunk, amount of pruned branch mass; diameter and height of a 1-year-old shoot; number of 2-year-old or older shoots; volume of the tree canopy; and production values) were determined. Bud management resulted in homogeneous branching along the leader, less empty space in the canopy, healthy canopy formation in a shorter period, shorter and more uniform branches, an increase in 2-year-old shoots that could yield fruit, and trees that reached maximum productivity earlier.

Turkey is the country of origin of many fruit species such as cherry, apple, pear, plum, chestnut, walnut and hazelnut. These species are native to some parts of Turkey. Turkey is one of the most important countries in the world in terms of fruit production. It is one of the world's leading countries in the production of stone fruits such as apricot, cherry (sour and sweet), peach, nectarine and plum. For example, Turkey is the first country in the world for apricot and sweet cherry production with 780,000 and 494,325 t, respectively. Turkey is also a leading country in the world for the export of cherries and apricots. In this review the production, exportation, diversity and growing of stone fruits in Turkey will be discussed.