Rainfed agriculture in Mexico is characterized by the threat of crop failure due to multiple stress factors, the most significant of which are adverse climatic conditions. Maize is one of the most important staple crops, used for both consumption and livelihoods. However, climate variability and change are threatening to exacerbate yield gaps and increase variability in yields from one year to the next, particularly due to changes in temperature and rainfall. Therefore, using the CMIP6 GCM ACCESS-ESM1-5 and the AquaCrop model, the impacts of climate change on maize yields were assessed for the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios in the study area known as the Atlacomulco Rural Development District (ARDD), considering a projection towards three horizons, 2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080, compared to a historical period (1985–2020). Through the metrics used for the validation of the AquaCrop model, it was possible to determine that the simulated values were satisfactorily adjusted to the yields measured by the Agricultural and Livestock Information System (SIAP) from 2003 to 2020 (0.7 ton ha−1 < RMSE > 1.3 ton ha−1; 0.1 < d-index > 0.8; 0.2% < NRMSE > 0.7%; −0.7 < EF > 0.3 and 0.4 < r > 0.8). Future climate change estimates in the ARDD indicate that the average temperatures could increase by between 1.8 and 2.8 °C, while the effective precipitation tends to decrease by up to 7.5−11% through SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively, during the agricultural cycle. The model results indicate that by the year 2080, maize production in the ARDD will increase from 3.5 ton ha−1 (historical) to 4.2 ton ha−1 and 4.4 ton ha−1, which represents an increase of 21% and 24% for SSP2.4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively.

Temperature is the main driving factor for plant development and growth and determines, in an important way, crop yields and is projected to increase under various climate change scenarios, which is expected to affect the thermo-sensitive crop like corn. Therefore, an attempt has been made to identify the spatio-temporal behavior of temperature, through the accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) in the Atlacomulco Rural Development District (ARDD) of Mexico. The maximum and minimum temperatures for the historical period 1985-2017 and projected under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 climate scenarios for distant time horizon (2061-2080) were analysed. It was identified that the average GDD in the ARDD corresponds to 1,440 ºC, being the northern zone the one with the highest accumulation with up to 1800 ºC. SSP2-4.5 identifies an increase of 298 ºC with respect to historical values, while SSP5-8.5 indicates the greatest increase of up to 33% in the accumulation of GDD with an average value of 1,914 ºC. The warming that is projected in the distant horizon allows identifying warm characteristics in the ARDD, which could increase corn production in this temperate climate.

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (Kc) can be used for the estimation of crop water requirements. Estimating the ETo using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method requires various climatic variables that are not commonly available in developing countries. The emergence of long-term assimilated reanalysis products offers an alternative for consistent climate data. However, reanalysis data (RD) must be validated before being applied regionally. This document presents the evaluation of five reanalysis datasets (CFSv2, GLDAS, NLDAS, RTMA, and the NASA-POWER [NP]) to estimate ETo in an arid hydrological region of northern Mexico using daily information observed at 26 meteorological stations. Additionally, four different cases are examined, in which the FAO-56 PM and Hargreaves and Samani (HS) methods are used with reanalysis and measured data. According to the results, the RTMA data show the best performance for temperature, CFSv2 for wind speed, and the NP for solar radiation. Although NLDAS contains hourly information, it has low performance. The five datasets tend to overestimate ETo. The FAO-56 PM method combined with RD outperforms the HS method. In the study area, when observed data are not available, ETo can be estimated via the FAO-56 PM method and RD from different sets.

Knowing the spatiotemporal variability of temperature and precipitation, as well as their future projections, is essential to assess environmental risks and plan long-term mitigation and adaptation. In this study, the General Circulation Models (GCMs) HadGEM3-GC31-LL, MRI-ESM2-0 and ACCESS-ESM1-5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) have been used, under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SPP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), to project the minimum and maximum air temperature and the mean annual precipitation in Atlacomulco Rural Development District (ARDD). 30 meteorological stations were used to perform regionalized climate change projections by downscaling using LARS-WG 7. The expected changes were evaluated for three time horizons: near horizon (2021–2040), mid horizon (2041–2060) and far horizon (2061–2080); compared to the historical period (1985–2017). Based on the results, the annual minimum temperature towards the far horizon is projected to increase by 2.0 ºC with SSP2-4.5, and 3.1 ºC with SSP5-8.5; while the annual maximum temperature towards the far horizon is projected to increase between 2.5 ºC with SSP2-4.5 and 3.8 ºC using SSP5-8.5. Precipitation shows an increase for SSP2-4.5 in the near and middle horizons with 15.7 and 42.5 mm.year−1, respectively, while the largest decrease is projected towards the middle horizon of SSP5-8.5 with − 26.3 mm.year−1. The findings of this study provide detailed information on climate change projections in the ARDD and can serve as a useful guide for the management of different ecosystems.

Se evalúo el efecto del cambio climático sobre la evapotranspiración de referencia (ET0) en el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural Atlacomulco, la cual, es considerada una de las variables más importantes en la gestión de los recursos hídricos y la programación del riego agrícola. Los escenarios de cambio climático se proyectaron mediante el modelo de circulación general, HadGEM2-ES con dos trayectorias de concentración representativa 4.5 y 8.5, para dos horizontes de tiempo 2021-2040 y 2041-2060 mediante el software LARS-WG, posteriormente se determinó la ET0 con el programa Ref-ET, para finalmente modelar la precipitación efectiva, la evapotranspiración del cultivo y el requerimiento de riego, para el cultivo de maíz con el software de la FAO CROPWAT. Los resultados muestran que durante el periodo base 1985-2020, la ET0 oscila de 3.93 a 4.17 mm día-1, con el RCP 4.5 se proyecta un incremento de hasta 2.6 y 4.1% mientras en el RCP 8.5, sea de 4.2 y 7.4% respectivamente para ambos horizontes, este incremento se ve reflejado sobre la precipitación efectiva, evapotranspiración del cultivo y requerimiento de riego hacia los cuatro escenarios, las zonas más vulnerables son el sureste y noroeste. Mediante las variables analizadas, se pudo identificar que la precipitación efectiva no es suficiente para satisfacer las demandas de evapotranspiración del cultivo en maíz, por lo que es necesario cubrir el requerimiento de riego con algún aporte hídrico. Con los datos obtenidos se pueden generar estrategias de adaptación y mitigación para mejorar la eficiencia del uso del agua en el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural Atlacomulco y proponer alternativas de manejo agrícola.

Introduction: Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are widely used as indicators of soil degradation and recovery; however, SOC changes occur slowly, limiting their usefulness for short-term assessments. Consequently, more sensitive biological indicators, such as soil enzymatic activity, are required. Objective: To evaluate carbon storage dynamics and soil quality under different conservation agriculture (CA) practices using soil enzyme activities—β-galactosidase (β-gal) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)—as indicators. Methodology: Soil samples were collected from seven tillage and residue management systems in forage crops cultivated in a semiarid region: (1) plow + harrow (P+H), (2) harrow (H), (3) no tillage + 33% residue cover (short term) (NT+33S), (4) no tillage (NT), (5) no tillage + 33% residue cover (long term) (NT+33L), (6) no tillage + 66% residue cover (NT+66), and (7) no tillage + 100% residue cover (NT+100). Results: CA practices increased β-gal activity by 36–72% and reduced PPO activity by 10–28% compared with conventional management (P+H). The duration of CA implementation and the proportion of residue cover were key factors influencing enzymatic responses. In addition, CA increased SOC storage by approximately 1 Mg C·ha−1, even under short-term implementation (NT+33S). Limitation of the study: These enzymatic indicators require further validation under minimum tillage and rainfed conditions across different regions. Originality: This study demonstrates the potential of β-gal and PPO activities as biochemical indicators of soil quality and carbon sequestration in irrigated semiarid agroecosystems. Conclusions: β-gal and PPO activities are rapid and sensitive indicators of soil quality and carbon capture in semiarid systems under CA. The PPO/β-gal ratio shows promise as a tool for monitoring agroecosystem restoration processes.

Drought and water scarcity are some of the most important challenges facing agricultural producers in dry environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of algae extract and zeolite in terms of their biostimulant action on water stress tolerance to obtain better growth and production of tomato Lycopersicum esculentum L. grown in an open field under suboptimum and deficient soil moisture content. Large plots had a suboptimum soil moisture content (SSMC) of 25% ± 2 [28% below field capacity (FC)] and deficient soil moisture content (DSMC) of 20% ± 2 [11% above permanent wilting point (PWP)]; both soil moisture ranges were based on field capacity FC (32%) and PWP (18%). Small plots had four treatments: algae extract (AE) 50 L ha−1 and zeolite (Z) 20 t ha−1, a combination of both products (AE + Z) 25 L ha−1 and 10 t h−1, and a control (without application of either product). By applying AE, Z, and AE + Z, plant height, plant vigor, and chlorophyll index were significantly higher compared to the control by 20.3%, 10.5%, and 22.3%, respectively. The effect on relative water content was moderate—only 2.6% higher than the control applying AE, while the best treatment for the photosynthesis variable was applying Z, with a value of 20.9 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1, which was 18% higher than the control. Consequently, tomato yield was also higher compared to the control by 333% and 425% when applying AE and Z, respectively, with suboptimum soil moisture content. The application of the biostimulants did not show any mitigating effect on water stress under soil water deficit conditions close to permanent wilting. These findings are relevant to water-scarce agricultural areas, where more efficient irrigation water use is imperative. Plant biostimulation through organic and inorganic extracts plays an important role in mitigating environmental stresses such as those caused by water shortages, leading to improved production in vulnerable agricultural areas with extreme climates.

The nutritive value of Ficus carica L. and the health-promoting capacity of figs have recently gained scientific attention. Its adaptation capacity to climatic variability makes this crop an important production alternative in regions with limited water resources. The aims of this work were i) to identify a possible adaptive response to mitigate the negative effects of drought and enhance the ability of plants of six Ficus carica genotypes and ii) to identify outstanding fig tree accessions under study to survive once they were subjected to extreme drought. The pot experiment considered two soil water conditions: water deficit and water holding capacity in vase experimental conditions. We measured relative water content, leaf gas exchange, water efficiency variables, and solute content as response variables. The data were analyzed by a principal component analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analyses. The results suggest a possible adaptive response to mitigate the negative effects of drought; the ability of plants of the six genotypes under study to survive under water deficit conditions was evidenced through a significant negative correlation between Proline (Pro) and relative water content (RWC). In this context, Guadalupe Victoria and Ceballos are outstanding accessions.

Las actividades antropogénicas han sumado lo suficiente para ocasionar alteraciones importantes en el clima a nivel global, en los últimos 20 años se ha pronunciado un fenómeno de características extremas denominado ‘cambio climático’, el cual ha sido encargado de causar una variabilidad climática, cuyo nivel de afectación se extiende en todas las escalas geográficas. Esta investigación se realizó en al año 2022, teniendo como objetivo conocer los impactos del cambio climático en el sistema productivo del cultivo de maíz en México, dada su gran relevancia nutricional, cultural y económica. Se describe la variabilidad climática y los eventos extremos que ocurren en México y que de alguna manera tienen una relación directa con la producción del maíz, como la precipitación, temperatura, heladas, granizadas, sequías e inundaciones. A nivel mundial, México destaca en los primeros lugares en producción y consumo de maíz, la población actual supera los 126 millones de personas y resulta una condición que manifiesta una gran demanda, teniendo que realizar una fuerte exportación del grano año con año, poniendo en manifiesto la insostenibilidad de la seguridad alimentaria del país. Esta situación se agrava cuando el cambio climático y la variabilidad climática, afectan directamente en los requerimientos de mayor importancia para el establecimiento de un cultivo y que afectan directamente con todas las etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo, presentando una disminución del rendimiento actual y futuro.

Introduction: One of the biggest problems in cotton farming in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico, is the low efficiency of irrigation, since the large quantities of water used for this crop result in water shortages. Objectives: To determine the response function of the cotton crop to different soil moisture contents, as well as the water use efficiency. Methodology: Seven treatments were evaluated in the field: 40-40, 40-80, 60-60, 60-100, 80-40, 80-80 and 100-60 % of available moisture consumed (AMC) by the cotton plant at two phenological stages. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. Results: The highest cotton yield (8.7 Mg∙ha-1) was obtained with the treatment that developed under 63 and 62 % AMC at the first and second stages of development, respectively, by consuming 97 cm of water. Limitation of the study: The models do not predict satisfactorily when extrapolating outside the range of moisture levels considered in the study. Originality: No studies have been reported on extreme favorable and unfavorable conditions of soil moisture content in cotton to know its productive response. Conclusions: The obtained model maximizes cotton production (8.74 Mg∙ha-1) with a water deficit of 59 and 56 % AMC. The highest water productivity (0.945 kg∙m-3) was obtained with 81 and 82 % AMC and 78 cm of water consumption.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las tendencias de precipitación, temperatura máxima y mínima en el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural Atlacomulco (DDRA) para una serie de tiempo del ciclo agrícola primavera-verano para el cultivo maíz (abril-noviembre). El estudio examina la tendencia para el período 1985-2017 de 30 estaciones meteorológicas. Se ha empleado una técnica no paramétrica de Mann-Kendall (MK) para establecer la tendencia estadística en la serie, así como la prueba paramétrica de Regresión Lineal, para conocer la magnitud de esa tendencia. Se encontró que la precipitación, la temperatura máxima y temperatura mínima presentan una tendencia positiva no significativa durante el periodo de estudio, presentando un incremento del 8.5, 4.7 y 12.9%, respectivamente. No obstante, al fraccionar la información en tres series de tiempo, se pudo identificar una tendencia significativa decreciente para la precipitación en el periodo 2007-2017 y en temperatura máxima hacia el periodo 1996-2006. Al analizar individualmente las estaciones meteorológicas, se encontró una heterogeneidad de tendencias, guardando relación entre ellas de acuerdo a su cercanía y condiciones geográficas. A partir del análisis, los resultados confirman que existen cambios en los patrones climáticos en el DDRA que podría impactar la producción de maíz, por lo que es necesaria la participación conjunta de agricultores y gobierno en prácticas de adaptación al cambio climático, implementando políticas ante este fenómeno emergente y ya presente.

Water scarcity for agriculture is increasingly evident due to climatic alterations and inadequate management of this resource. Therefore, developing digital models that help improve water resource management to provide solutions to agronomic problems in northern Mexico is necessary. In this context, the objective of the present research is to calibrate the Optical Trapezoid (OPTRAM) and Thermal-Optical Trapezoid (TOTRAM) models to estimate the volumetric soil moisture at different depths through vegetation indices derived from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Agricultural areas under gravity irrigation and rainfed runoff in the Comarca Lagunera, the lower part of the Hydrological Region No. 36 of the Nazas and Aguanaval rivers were selected for in-situ measurements. The OPTRAM and TOTRAM normalized moisture content (W) estimates were compared with in-situ volumetric soil moisture (Ɵ) data. Results indicate that the predictions of OPTRAM errors using Sentinel-2 images showed RMSE between 0.033 to 0.043 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.66 to 0.75, whereas Landsat-8 errors showed RSME from 0.036 to from 0.036 to 0.057 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.70 to 0.81. On the other hand, TOTRAM errors showed RMSE between 0.045 to 0.053 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.62 to 0.85 through calibrations. This study made it possible to evaluate the most accurate combinations of the pixel distributions of each model and vegetation indices for the estimation of volumetric soil moisture within the different phenological stages of the crops.

Objective: To identify the socioeconomic factors which determine the adoption of soil erosion mitigation technologies in the Nazas-Aguanaval watershed region in the state of Durango, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: During 2018, 61 semi-structured surveys were applied to farmers in the region. The variables associated with the willingness to adopt or not were analyzed with a maximum likelihood binomial Logit regression model. Results: Perception of the soil erosion problem, location of the watershed or agricultural unit, and economic activity were the most influential variables in the model. The main variable that conditions the willingness to adopt technologies to improve the soil is the perception of soil erosion in production areas, with a marginal effect of 45.03%. Limitations on study/implications: The results of this survey may only be applicable to the study area. Findings/conclusions: Training is necessary to promote and increase the perception, understanding and acceptance of soil erosion mitigation technologies

The research was carried out in Hydrological Region 36 (Nazas-Aguanaval rivers), arid land in northern Mexico. In 2017, part of the watershed was altered during the establishment of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) with the land imprinter (AR). The objective of this research was to propose a methodological framework to integrate and analyze the experimental information of a watershed in arid lands. The impact of the AR was measured by using an in situ rainfall simulator in the watershed area. As a result, the use of AR caused a delay in the onset of runoff. The production of runoff was lower in the plot under conditions of passage in the soil of the AR, with an average production of 0.000004 m(3)s(-1), while the average production of runoff in the plots under natural conditions (control) was 0.000016 m(3)s(-1). Additionally, the production of sediments in the plot with AR passage was significantly higher in the production of sediments with an average value of 833 mgl(-1), while in the experimental plot under natural conditions, the average production of sediments was 470 mgl(-1). It is inferred that the microdepressions captured the rainwater exerting greater retention of the liquid in the soil, which reduced the runoff and increased the infiltration of water in the watershed. The results show that, due to its size, the watershed (158.87 ha) is very sensitive to changes in precipitation regimes and vegetation cover.

The objective of this research was to analyze the trends of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature in the Atlacomulco Rural Development District (DDRA) of the spring-summer agricultural cycle for the corn crop (April-November). The study examines the trend for the period 1985-2017 for 30 weather stations. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) technique has been used to establish the statistical trend in the series, as well as the Linear Regression parametric test, to determine the magnitude of this trend. It was found that precipitation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature present a non-significant positive trend during the study period, presenting an increase of 8.5, 4.7 and 12.9% respectively. However, by dividing the information into three time series, it was possible to identify a significant decreasing trend for precipitation in the period 2007-2017 and in maximum temperature towards the period 1996-2006. When analyzing the meteorological stations individually, a heterogeneity of trends was found, keeping a relationship between them according to their proximity and geographical conditions. From the analysis, the results confirm that there are changes in the climatic patterns in the DDRA; that influence impact corn production, so; It is necessary the joint participation of farmers and government in adaptation practices to climate change, implementing policies before this emerging and already present phenomenon.

La investigación se realizó en la Región Hidrológica 36 (ríos Nazas-Aguanaval), zona árida del norte de México. En 2017, parte de la cuenca fue alterada durante el establecimiento de pasto buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) con rodillo aireador (RA). El objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer un marco metodológico para integrar y analizar la información experimental de una cuenca de zonas áridas. El impacto del RA se cuantificó mediante el uso de simulador de lluvia in situ en el área de la cuenca. Los resultados indican que el empleo de RA provoca un retraso en el inicio del escurrimiento. De igual manera, la producción de escurrimiento fue menor en la parcela donde se utilizó el RA, con una producción media de 0.000004 m3s-1, mientras que la producción media de escurrimiento en las parcelas bajo condiciones naturales (testigo) fue de 0.000016 m3s-1. Además, la producción de sedimentos en la parcela con paso de RA fue significativamente mayor en la producción de sedimentos, con un valor medio de 833 mgl-1; en tanto que en la parcela experimental bajo condiciones naturales, la producción media de sedimentos fue de 470 mgl-1. Se infiere que las microdepresiones causadas por el RA capturaron el agua de lluvia ejerciendo una mayor retención del líquido en el suelo, lo cual redujo la escorrentía y aumentó la infiltración de agua en la cuenca. Los hallazgos muestran que, debido al tamaño, la cuenca (158.87 ha) es muy sensible a los cambios en los regímenes de precipitación y la cubierta vegetal.

The extensive raising of livestock on grasslands is a relevant economic activity in northern Mexico. These are regions of high climatic uncertainty and have extreme weather events, which requires the exploration of technological innovation to mitigate the negative impacts on these agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate two grass species using two planting methods and two types of soil moisture retainers and to determine their response based on growth and some physiological and productive attributes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split–split plot arrangement with six replications. The main plots were planted with two grass species: Bouteloua gracilis and Cenchrus ciliaris; the subplots were differentiated by two grass planting methods: seeding and seedling transplanting; the sub-subplots were differentiated by the soil moisture retainers used: (1) application on the soil of 10 t ha−1 of corn harvest residue (CHR) as organic cover on the soil surface, (2) application of hydrogel at 20 kg ha−1 mixed in the soil rhizosphere because it must be in contact with the root and soil due to its chemical composition, and (3) control, no application of any type of input. The seedling transplant method with the application of CHR significantly increased (p < 0.05) the plant survival percentage, on average by 31.5% in both grasses, in relation to the direct method seeding and the control. C. ciliaris showed a higher photosynthetic rate and, therefore, higher forage productivity than B. gracilis. The hydrogel only showed a moisture retention effect in the soil during the first 20 days after the transplant or sowing of the grass seed; after this period, there was no longer any effect as a water retainer in the soil. The soil cover with CHR was confirmed as a good moisture retainer with greater productivity of rangeland forage in degraded soils in arid areas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of corn crop residues as mulch and its impact on soil moisture content and the establishment, development and productivity of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). A randomized block design with three replications was used. The treatments were: sowing of 10 kg ha-1 of buffel grass seed (Bs); vegetation cover on soil with 10 t ha(-1) of corn crop residues (Vc); Bs + Vc combination; and control (no grass sowing and no vegetation cover). The Bs + Vc treatment maintained a higher soil moisture content (P <= 0.05), with 13.8 % vs 10.6 % of the control. Consequently, the number of grass plants m(-2), buffel grass cover, plant height, chlorophyll index and dry biomass production had a tendency to respond better, with values of 518.5 plants m-2, 51.23 %, 31.8 cm, 162 and 167.8 g m(-2), respectively, and they exhibited a tendency toward a statistically similar response as to this treatment when applied separately (Vc and Bs). Photosynthesis (mu mol s(-2)s(-1)), stomatal conductance, transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1), and water use efficiency were not affected by any of the treatments in this study, their response being equivalent to that of the control.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Selenium on the morphological and physical characteristics, weight, and content of minerals in the bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A randomized complete block experimental design with seven replications was used. The treatments were three chemical formulations of Selenium: sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), selenium dioxide (SeO2) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) at three concentrations each one: 5, 10 and 20 mg L-1, more the control (only deionized water). The application of 10 mg L-1 of Na2SeO3 improved the width and length of the grain, with values of 7.22 and 12.68 mm, respectively, and the application 5 mg L-1 of SeO2, improved the thickness and diameter of the grain, with values of 5.04 mm, and 7.68 mm, respectively. Consequently, the weight of 100 seeds was significantly higher when 5 mg L-1 of Na2SeO3 and SeO2 were supply, with values of 30 and 30.99 g, respectively. The Na2SeO3 and SeO2 formulations at concentrations of 5 mg L-1, improved the radius aspect, the volume and surface area of the grain. Finally, the application of SeO2 and Na2SeO3 at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg L-1, moderately increased the content of Ca and Cu, respectively. The Na2SeO3 and SeO2 formulations at dose 5 mg L-1 was the most consistent in showing a better effect in improving the attributes of bean seeds, compared to the Na2SeO4 formulation in any of the concentrations used in this study.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del Selenio en las características morfológicas, físicas, peso y contenido de minerales esenciales en la semilla del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Se usó un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar con siete repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron tres formulaciones químicas de Selenio: selenito de sodio (Na2SeO3), dióxido de selenio (SeO2) y selenato de sodio (Na2SeO4) a tres concentraciones cada una: 5,10 y 20 mg L-1 más el testigo (sólo agua des-ionizada). La aplicación de 10 mg L-1 de Na2SeO3 mejoró la anchura y longitud del grano, con valores de 7.22 y 12.68 mm, respectivamente y la aplicación de 5 y 20 mg L-1 de SeO2, mejoró el espesor y diámetro del grano, con valores de 7.68 y 5.09 mm, respectivamente. Consecuentemente, el peso de 100 semillas, fue significativamente mayor cuando se suplementó 5 mg L-1 de Na2SeO3 o SeO2, con valores de 30 y 30.99 g, respectivamente. Las formulaciones Na2SeO3 y SeO2 a concentraciones de 5 mg L-1, mejoraron el radio aspecto, volumen y área superficial del grano. Finalmente, la aplicación de SeO2 y Na2SeO3 a concentraciones de 10 y 20 mg L-1,aumentaron moderadamente el contenido de Ca y Cu, respectivamente. Las formulaciones Na2SeO3 y SeO2 a dosis entre 5 a 20 mg L-1 fueron los más consistentes en mostrar un mejor efecto en mejorar los atributos dela semilla de frijol, respecto a la formulación Na2SeO4 en cualquiera de las formulaciones usadas en este estudio.