Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a serious health issue with increasing incidences worldwide. However, current medications have limitations due to side effects such as decreased appetite, stomach pain, diarrhea, and extreme tiredness. Here, we report the effect of fermented ice plant (FMC) in the T2M mouse model of db/db mice. FMC showed a greater inhibition of lipid accumulation compared to unfermented ice plant extract. Two-week oral administration with FMC inhibited body weight gain, lowered fasting blood glucose, and improved glucose tolerance. Serum parameters related to T2D including insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, adiponectin, and cholesterols were improved as well. Histological analysis confirmed the protective effect of FMC on pancreas and liver destruction. FMC treatment significantly increased the expression and phosphorylation of IRS-1, PI3K, and AKT. Additionally, AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 were also increased in the liver tissues of db/db mice treated with FMC. Overall, our results indicate the anti-diabetic effect of FMC; therefore, we suggest that FMC may be useful as a therapeutic agent for T2D.

Purpose: This study mainly aimed to confirm the antioxidant activity, antiinflammatory, and collagen production enhancement effects of the Sargassum horneri (SH) extract.Methods: The measurement of the total flavonoid and total polyphenol content, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities confirmed the antioxidant efficacy of the SH extract. The expression level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and its upstream mechanism pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), were evaluated for anti-inflammatory efficacy in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. The collagenase and elastase levels were measured in terms of the ability to inhibit collagen degradation. On the contrary, collagen type 1 (COL1) and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1) were conducted to confirm the collagen production ability.Results: The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities of the SH extract were 86.87%±12% and 76.49%±2.94%, respectively, at the highest concentration of 1000 μg/mL, confirming 51.62±1.945 and 79.65±4.732 mg/g of total polyphenol and total flavonoid, respectively, which are known to have antioxidant effects. The anti-inflammatory effect of SH in HDF cells was reduced by up to 56.8% compared to the control group due to a significant decrease in MAPK. The SH extract significantly reduced collagenase and elastase, thereby inhibiting collagen degradation. On the contrary, increasing COL1 and decreasing MMP1 in HDF cells confirmed collagen production.Conclusion: Therefore, SH extract is a potential functional cosmetic through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen degradation inhibitory activities.

Sargassum horneri (SH) is a seaweed that has several features that benefit health. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing effect of SH, focusing on the role of spleen-mediated immune functions. Chromatographic analysis of SH identified six types of monosaccharide contents, including mannose, rhamnose glucose, galactose xylose and fucose. SH increased cell proliferation of primary cultured naïve splenocytes treated with or without cyclophosphamide (CPA), an immunosuppression agent. SH also reversed the CPA-induced decrease in Th1 cytokines. In vivo investigation revealed that SH administration can increase the tissue weight of major immune organs, such as the spleen and thymus. A similar effect was observed in CPA-injected immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. SH treatment increased the weight of the spleen and thymus, blood immune cell count and Th1 cytokine expression. Additionally, the YAC-1-targeting activities of natural killer cells, which are important in innate immunity, were upregulated upon SH treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates the immune-enhancing effect of SH, suggesting its potential as a medicinal or therapeutic agent for pathologic conditions involving immunosuppression.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by a time-dependent memory deficit and essentially combined with evidence of neuroinflammation. Thus, polyphenol-rich natural plants, which possess anti-inflammatory properties, have received much scientific attention. This study investigated whether Perilla frutescens leaf extract (PFL) exerts therapeutic efficacy against VaD. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: SO, sham-operated and vehicle treatment; OP, operated and vehicle treatment; PFL-L, operated and low-dose (30 mg/kg) PFL treatment; PFL-M, operated and medium-dose (60 mg/kg) PFL treatment; and PFL-H, operated and high-dose (90 mg/kg) PFL treatment. Two-vessel occlusion and hypovolemia (2VO/H) were employed as a surgical model of VaD, and PFL was given orally perioperatively for 23 days. The rats underwent the Y-maze, Barnes maze, and passive avoidance tests and their brains were subjected to histologic studies. The OP group showed VaD-associated memory deficits, hippocampal neuronal death, and microglial activation; however, the PFL-treated groups showed significant attenuations in all of the above parameters. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells, a murine microglial cell line, we measured PFL-mediated changes on the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-6, and the activities of their upstream MAP kinases (MAPKs)/NFκB/inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The LPS-induced upregulations of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production and MAPKs/NFκB/iNOS activities were globally and significantly reversed by 12-h pretreatment of PFL. This suggests that PFL can counteract VaD-associated structural and functional deterioration through the attenuation of neuroinflammation.

ëª©ì  본 연구는 ì €ë„자콜라겐과 천연ì”ìœë³µí•©ë¬¼ì„ 이용한 구강용해필름(이너뷰티필름)을 개발하여 in vitro 실험과 ì¸ì²´ì ìš©ì‹œí—˜ì„ 통하여 향장기능성을 ê²€ì¦í•˜ê³ ìž 한다. 방법 이너뷰티필름의 피ë€ì„¸í¬ì—ì„œì˜ ë ì„± 및 procollagen생성능, elastase 및 collagenase ì–µì œëŠ¥, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, tyrosinase ì–µì œëŠ¥ì„ ì¸¡ì •í•˜ì—¬ 시험관시험 및 ì¸ì²´ì ìš©ì‹œí—˜ì„ 통해 피ë€ê°œì„ 효과를 검증하였다. ê²°ê³¼ ì €ë„자콜라겐과 천연ì”ìœë³µí•©ë¬¼ì˜ 혼합에 의한 피ë€ì„¸í¬ë 성을 확인한 ê²°ê³¼ 1000 μg/mL까지 ë ì„±ì€ í™•ì¸í• ìˆ˜ 없었으며 ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ ì˜ 지표인 elastase는 125 μg/mL이상 농도에서 7.2%의 효과를 나타내었으며 collagenase는 31.3 μg/mL이상에서 16.3%의 ì–µì œ 효율을 나타내었다. 피ë€ì„¸í¬ë¥¼ 이용한 procollagen생성은 62.5 μg/mL이상일 때 음성대조군 대비 34%의 ìœ ì˜ì ì¸ 생성효과를 보였다. 항산화 활성은 250 μg/mL, 미백은 62.5 μg/mL이상 í•¨ìœ ë˜ì—ˆì„ 때 ìœ ì˜ì ì¸ 효과가 í™•ì¸ë˜ì—ˆê³ 6개월간 ì•ˆì •ì„±í™•ì¸ì—ì„œë„ 변형이나 색도변화는 없었다. ì¸ì²´ì ìš©ì‹œí—˜ì—ì„œë„ 이너뷰티필름의 사용 ì „ê³¼ 후의 ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ ì€ 최대 32.2%, ìƒ‰ì†Œìž¡í‹°ê°œì„ ì€ 32.5%, 모공수ì•ì€ 31.5% ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ í”¼ë€ì¹˜ë°€ë„의 ê°œì„ ì—ì„œ 12.8%의 ìœ ì˜ë¯¸í•œ 결과를 확인하였다. ê²°ë¡ ì €ë„자 콜라겐 및 천연ì”ìœë³µí•©ë¬¼ì´ í•¨ìœ ëœ 이너뷰티필름은 ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ , ìƒ‰ì†Œìž¡í‹°ê°œì„ , 모공수ì•, 피ë€ì¹˜ë°€ë„ê°œì„ 및 항산화, 미백에 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되어 먹는 화장품 및 식품으로 개발이 가능한 것으로 사료된다. 핵심용어: 이너뷰티필름, ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ , 미백, 기능성화장품, ì €ë„자콜라겐

Mushrooms are a nutritious versatile ingredient in many food products. They are low in calories and have various potential medicinal properties as well. Surprisingly, little research on their descriptive sensory properties has been conducted. The objectives of this study were to a) establish a descriptive sensory flavor lexicon for the evaluation of fresh, dried, and powdered mushrooms and 2) use that lexicon to compare a selection of different mushrooms of various species and in fresh dried and powdered forms. A lexicon for describing mushroom was developed using a consensus profile method. A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined, and referenced 27 flavor attributes for commercially available mushroom samples prepared as "meat" and broth. Attributes could be grouped in categories such as musty (dusty/papery, earthy/humus, earthy/damp, earthy/potato, fermented, leather (new), leather (old), mold/cheesy, moldy/damp, mushroomy), and other attributes such as fishy, shell fish, woody, nutty, brown, green, cardboard, burnt/ashy, potato, umami, protein (vegetable), yeasty, bitter, salty, sweet aromatics, sour, and astringent. Samples were then tested in three replications and mean values were compared statistically. In addition, principal component analysis was used to understand the characteristics of mushrooms evaluated. Dried mushrooms showed bitter, burnt, musty/dusty, astringent, old leather, and fresh mushroom characteristics and fresh mushroom showed umami, sweet, earthy/potato, earthy/damp, yeasty, and fermented. Mushrooms were grouped and differentiated in similar ways regardless of whether they were tested as broth or "meat". Mushroom growers, product developers, chefs and other culinary professionals, sensory scientists, researchers, the food industry, and ultimately consumers will benefit from this lexicon describing a wide variety of mushroom flavor properties.

Background: Preterm birth is a known leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The underlying causes of pregnancy-associated complications are numerous, but infection and inflammation are the essential high-risk factors. However, there are no safe and effective preventive drugs that can be applied to pregnant women. Objective: The objectives of the study were to investigate a natural product, Abeliophyllum distichum leaf (ADL) extract, to examine the possibility of preventing preterm birth caused by inflammation. Methods: We used a mouse preterm birth model by intraperitoneally injecting lipopolysaccharides (LPS). ELISA, Western blot, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining analyses were performed to confirm the anti-inflammatory efficacy and related mechanisms of the ADL extracts. Cytotoxicity and cell death were measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) analysis and flow cytometer. Results: A daily administration of ADL extract significantly reduced preterm birth, fetal loss, and fetal growth restriction after an intraperitoneal injection of LPS in mice. The ADL extract prevented the LPS-induced expression of TNF-α in maternal serum and amniotic fluid and attenuated the LPS-induced upregulation of placental proinflammatory genes, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α and the chemokine gene CXCL-1, CCL-2, CCL3, and CCL-4. LPS-treated THP-1 cell-conditioned medium accelerated trophoblast cell death, and TNF-α played an essential role in this effect. The ADL extract reduced LPS-treated THP-1 cell-conditioned medium-induced trophoblast cell death by inhibiting MAPKs and the NF-κB pathway in macrophages. ADL extract prevented exogenous TNF-α-induced increased trophoblast cell death and decreased cell viability. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation by ADL extract can prevent preterm birth, fetal loss, and fetal growth restriction.

Purpose: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit. Results: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4 + cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

ëª©ì  본 연구는 천연추출복합물을 이용한 기능성 화장품 소재개발을 위한 íš¨ë ¥ì‹œí—˜ì„ 통해 ê²€ì¦í•˜ê³ ìž 한다. 방법 천연추출복합물의 ê°œë³„ì ì¸ elasterase ì–µì œëŠ¥, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, nitric oxide ì–µì œëŠ¥, tyrosinase ì–µì œëŠ¥, ROS 생성 ì–µì œëŠ¥ì„ ì¸¡ì •í•˜ì—¬ design of experiment (DOE)를 통한 ìµœì ì˜ 배합비를 ì°¾ê³ ìµœì¢ ë°°í•©ë¹„ì— 따른 효능을 확인 하였다. ê²°ê³¼ 천연추출복합물을 이용한 DOE는 각 천연물의 효능을 극대화 하여 ìµœì ì˜ 배합비를 예측했을 때 비타민나무열매:ë¸”ëž™ë² ë¦¬ìžŽ:약용들깨잎(0.25:0.7:0.05)의 배합비에서 ìµœì ì˜ 효능을 나타냈다. 도출된 배합비를 바탕으로 ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ ì˜ 지표인 elesterase ì–µì œ 효능을 확인하였을 때 음성대조군 대비 28% (500 μg/mL)의 ì–µì œ 효과를 나타내었다. 항산화 지표인 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능도 음성 대조군 대비 71.8% 의 활성 효능을 나타내었다. 또한 염증 모델인 RAW 264.7세포에 lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 로 ìœ ë„ëœ nitric oxide(NO)의 ì–µì œ 효능도 대조구 대비 87.1%의 활성을 ë‚˜íƒ€ë‚´ì—ˆê³ ë¯¸ë°± 지표인 tyrosinase ì–µì œ 효능도 대조군 대비 24.4%의 효과를 확인하였다. 활성 ì‚°ì†Œì¢ ì— 의한 세포 보호 효능을 알아 보기 위한 human dermal fibroblast (HDF) 세포에 hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)로 reactive oxygen species (ROS)를 ìœ ë„í•œ 모델에서도 ìœ ì˜ì ì¸ 활성 ì‚°ì†Œì¢ ì˜ ì–µì œ 효능을 나타내었다. ê²°ë¡ ë¹„íƒ€ë¯¼ë‚˜ë¬´ì—´ë§¤, ë¸”ëž™ë² ë¦¬ìžŽ, 약용들깨잎의 천연 추출 복합물은 ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ ê³¼ 항산화 항염과 미백에 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되어 기능성 화장품 소재로의 개발이 가능한 것으로 사료된다. 핵심용어: 비타민나무열매, ë¸”ëž™ë² ë¦¬ìžŽ, 약용들깨잎, ì£¼ë¦„ê°œì„ , 미백

본 연구에서는 모자반목 모자반과 갈조류인 괭생이 모자반의 3가지 서로 다른 추출물의 면역활성 가능성을 비교연구하기 위하여 RWA264.7 대식세포에 서로 다른 괭생이 모자반 추출물을 처리하여 $TNF-{\alpha}$ , IL-6 및 NO 분비능과 MAPK 신호전달경로 및 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성화 수준을 측정하였다. 괭생이 모자반 ...

This study was conducted to confirm quality properties of sterilized Ganjang-gejang (marinated crab Portunus trituberculatus) with Korean soy sauce using by gamma irradiation and to improve quality of sterilized Ganjang-gejang. The Ganjang-gejang was irradiated at dose of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 kGy by gamma irradiation and there was evaluated in microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory properties. Total aerobic bacteria and fungi contents of non-irradiated samples were about 6 and 4 log CFU/g level, respectively. Gamma-irradiated samples at above 9 kGy did not contain aerobic bacteria or fungi at detection limit less than 2 log CFU/g, but sensory scores were significantly decreased depending on the irradiation dose. To improve the sensory qualities of gamma-irradiated Ganjang-gejang, the temperature was adjusted during sample irradiation. When samples were irradiated under freezing temperatures, especially on dry ice, the TBARS and the deterioration of sensory qualities of Ganjan-Gejang were reduced. Different odor patterns were observed among samples, as observed using electronic nose analysis system. The results of this study indicated that treatment with irradiation under low temperatures may help to preparing high-quality Ganjang-gejang.

This study was to establish irradiation process for serving ginseng chicken porridge to immune-compromised patients. Raw chicken, glutinous rice, ginseng, garlic, dried jujube and carrot were used as raw materials for ginseng chicken porridge. The initial level of microorganisms contaminated in raw materials and their predominant species were determined. The level of microorganism detected in raw chicken and in ginseng were 3.4 Log CFU/g and 4.7 Log CFU/g, respectively. Major predominant microorganisms were Pseudomonas fragi in chicken, Enterobactor faecalis in carrot, and Bacillus subtilis in other materials. Chicken and carrot were excluded from irradiation treatment because ordinary thermal treatment can inactivate the microorganisms contaminated in those materials. Five kGy of gamma ray was the effective sterilizing dose required to inactivate B. subtilis in glutinous rice, garlic and jujube, and 10 kGy in ginseng. Ginseng chicken porridge was prepared with each of raw materials gamma-irradiated with the selected sterilizing doses. Control was ginseng chicken porridge prepared with non-irradiated materials. The growth of microorganisms was not observed in the chicken porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials. Sensory results showed that the score of flavor and off-flavor was slightly lower in ginseng chicken porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials than in control. This was considered to be due to the increase of TBARS values by gamma irradiation. However, there was no significant difference on overall acceptance between the porridge prepared with irradiated raw materials and control. The results showed that the individual gamma irradiation of raw materials can be applied to prepare ginseng chicken porridge as meals for the immunocompromised patients.

In Korea, commercialized sauce for ready-to-eat (RTE) Bulgogi is usually manufactured using heat treatment to ensure that it has a long shelf-life. However, heat treatment may adversely affect the taste and flavor of the sauce, thus, the development of suitable sterilizing methods for RTE sauces is necessary to preserve the quality of the sauce during long storage periods. In this study, total bacterial growth, the viscosity, and the sensory properties of Bulgogi sauce were compared between sterilization with gamma irradiation (0–40kGy) and autoclave treatment during storage at 35°C for 90 days. No bacterial growth was observed following irradiation at more than 10kGy or after autoclave treatment. However, the viscosity and sensory properties of samples gamma-irradiated at above 10kGy or autoclave-treated were significantly changed, even though autoclave treatment induced a burnt taste and flavor. Therefore, a gamma irradiation of 10kGy was effective to prepare ready-to-eat Bulgogi sauce with microbial safety and original sensory qualities.

Bibimbap, Korean traditional cooked rice mixed with various kinds of vegetables, together with mushrooms and a ground meat, and seasoned with red pepper paste, was developed as a ready-to-cook food by combined treatment with irradiation for the use in space. By gamma irradiation of 25kGy, the total aerobic bacteria of Bibimbap that was initial by 6.3logCFU/g decreased to below detection limit, but its sensory qualities were drastically decreased. To enhance the sensory quality, the effects of antioxidant in Bibimbap were evaluated. A treatment with 0.1% of vitamin C, vacuum packaging and gamma-irradiated at 25kGy and −70°C showed higher sensory scores than only the irradiation process. This result indicates that the radiation technology may be useful to produce a variety of space foods with high quality of taste and flavor, when combined with other methods.

방사선 조사 기술을 이용한 타락죽의 멸균 시 관능적 품질을 개선하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 방사선 조사온도에 따른 타락죽의 pH, 지질산패도, 점도, 색도, 관능검사 및 향기패턴을 측정하였다. 그 결과 pH와 색도의 경우 방사선 조사에 의한 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 지질산패도의 경우 조사구 가운데 냉동조사구가 가장 낮았으나, 점도에서는 냉동조사구가 가장 높게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과, 종합적 기호도 에서 냉동조사구의 경우 대조구와 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 향기패턴 분석 결과, 지질산패 및 이취에 관련 된 RT 3.88 sec의 peak와 타락죽 고유의 향과 관련한 RT 7.34 sec의 peak를 구분할 수 있었다. 따라서 방사선을 조사에 의한 타락죽의 관능적 품질 저하는 냉동조사를 통해 개선이 가능하였으나, 여전, 지질산패와 점도감소 및 조사취 발생 등에 의한 타락죽 고유의 관능적 품질이 감소되는 것으로 나타나, 추후 항산화제의 첨가 또는 포장방법의 변화 등과 병용처리를 통해 보다 효과적인 품질 개선을 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.