The aim of this study is to examine the impact of blocked shots on match outcomes in football matches. In the 2023-24 season, the total number of shots, blocked shots, and blocked shot ratios of winning (WT) and losing (LT) teams in the top-tier football leagues of Germany, England, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Argentina, and Brazil were compared and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicate that LT generally had higher blocked shot percentages (BS%) compared to winning teams, while their average number of blocked shots (BS) was lower. The differences in BS% were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) in the leagues of Germany, England, Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Argentina, whereas no significant difference was observed in the Brazilian league (P=0.69). Regarding BS averages, a statistically significant difference was found only in the Argentine league. Additionally, winning teams were generally found to have a higher total number of shots. This study is the first to evaluate the blocked shot parameter in football in the context of winning and losing from an offensive perspective. It is suggested that teams with lower BS% ratios may have more strategic shot selections, allowing them to bypass defensive blocks more effectively. In this context, blocked shots are not only an indicator of defensive success but also a reflection of the attacking team's deficiencies in positioning and shot quality. Previous literature has primarily considered blocked shots as a result of defensive success. However, this study is the first to reveal that the shots of winning teams were less frequently blocked by losing teams. It is suggested that attacking teams should develop more effective passing organizations and fast passing combinations to minimize the success of the opposing defense in blocking shots.

Objective: The relationship between a football team's possession percentage and its victory has been the subject of numerous studies, with varying findings. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between ball possession and match outcome in major European football leagues during the 2023-2024 season. Materials and Method: Ball possession percentages, as well as the number of wins, losses, and draws in the English, Spanish, German, and Turkish football leagues, were obtained and compared using the Wyscout statistics database. One-way analysis of variance was applied to normally distributed data, and Tukey post-hoc tests were used for league comparisons. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. Results: The research findings showed that teams that won matches had significantly higher ball possession percentages (p=0.001). In league comparisons, except for Turkey, leagues with higher possession percentages also showed significantly higher match win rates (p=0.001). The lowest ball possession percentage among winning teams was observed in the Turkish S & uuml;per Lig (p=0.006). In contrast, the highest ball possession percentage among losing teams was found in the Turkish league (p=0.005). Conclusion: It is known that variations in the correlation between match wins and ball possession percentages across studies depend on seasons, countries, and the football characteristics of the leagues. However, the findings of the present research indicate that, in line with current data, ball possession is a significant predictor of match victory in the leading leagues around the world.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin engellilere yönelik tutumlarını incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi ve Eğitim Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören 300 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada verileri toplamak amacıyla, “Özürlülere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet durumuna göre engellilere yönelik tutumları eğitim ortamında, kişilerarası ilişkilerde, çalışma yaşamında, kişisel özelliklerde ve yetkinlik bağımsız yaşam alt boyutlarında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Öğrencilerinin anne ve baba eğitim değişkenine göre engellilere yönelik tutumları eğitim ortamı, kişilerarası ilişkiler, çalışma yaşamı, kişisel özellikler ve yetkinlik bağımsız yaşamlarında anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Öğrencilerinin gelir durumu değişkenine göre engellilere yönelik tutumları eğitim ortamında, kişilerarası ilişkilerde, çalışma yaşamında, kişisel özelliklerde ve yetkinlik bağımsız yaşam alt boyutlarında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Aile yaşamında ve kişisel özellikler alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet, aylık gelir, anne ve baba eğitim durumuna göre engellilere yönelik tutumların olumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin engelli yakını olma ve okuduğu sınıfa göre engellilere yönelik tutumlarında anlamlı farklılık görülmese de sayısal olarak tutumların olumlu olduğu söylenebilir. Toplumundaki engelli algısının daha iyi olması için engelli bireylerin toplum içerisinde daha fazla yer alması ve aktif olması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada, Ondokuz Mayıs üniversitesi öğrencilerinin boş zaman tutumlarının incelemesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma Spor Bilimleri, Sağlık Bilimleri, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler ve İlahiyat Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 400 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Öğrencilerin boş zaman tutumları belirlemek amacıyla Ragheb ve Beard (1982)’ın geliştirmiş olduğu Akgül ve Gürbüz (2011) Türkçe uyarladığı “Boş Zaman Tutum Ölçeği” kullanıldı. Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyunu oynama ve cinsiyet durumuna göre boş zaman tutumları duyuşsal, bilişsel ve davranışsal alt boyutlarında anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı (p>0,05). Üniversite öğrencilerinin gelir durumuna göre boş zaman tutum düzeyleri duyuşsal ve bilişsel alt boyutlarda anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmedi (p>0.05). Ancak, davranışsal alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık bulundu (p

Bu çalışma, öğrencilerin sosyal görünüş kaygılarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde okuyan 259 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler “Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Bağımsız gruplar için t test ve ANOVA, post hoc testlerden ise Tukey uygulanmıştır. Spor bilimler fakültesi öğrencilerinin sınıf düzeyi, bölüm, gelir durumu ve hayatlarının çoğunu geçirdiği yer durumlarına göre sosyal görünüş kaygı düzeyleri anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Spor bilimler fakültesi öğrencilerinin cinsiyet durumuna göre sosyal görünüş kaygı düzeylerinde anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak Spor bilimleri öğrencilerin genel olarak sosyal görünüş kaygılarının orta düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin, cinsiyet değişkeninin sosyal görünüş kaygılarını etkilemediği, sınıf düzeyi, bölüm, gelir durumu ve hayatlarının çoğunu geçirdiği yer durumuna göre sosyal görünüş kaygılarını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Farklı üniversite ve bölümlerdeki öğrencilerinde dahil edilerek daha büyük gruplar üzerinde araştırmalar yapılması önerilmektedir.

This study aimed to examine the effect of a tennis training program on improving attention. Methods: A total of 40 tennis players from a Tennis Club, 20 in the experimental group (EG) and 20 in the control group (CG), participated in the study. The EG athletes received 40 serve balls from the trainer twice a week for nine weeks. The researcher applied the “d2 attention test” to the EG and CG before and after the nine-week period. Results: After comparing the pretest and posttest attention averages of the experimental group, there was a significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p < 0.001). In the comparison of the pretest and posttest attention averages of the CG, there was no significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p > 0.05). The comparison of the pretest attention averages of the EG and CG revealed no significant difference in the TN, TN-E, and CP mean scores (p > 0.05). The comparison of the posttest attention averages of the EG and CG revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of TN, TN-E, and CP (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the posttest–pretest differences in the TN, TN-E, and CP values of the EG and CG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study concluded that tennis training aimed at developing attention improved the results in the attention test.

Bu çalışma Kadınlar Süper Ligi’nde oynayan futbolcuların mevkilerine göre sakatlanma durumlarının tespit edilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya Türkiye Kadın Futbol Süper Ligi’nde oynayan toplam 151 sporcu (yaş 22,08±3,81 yıl) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Araştırma, mevcut durumu tespit etmeyi amaçladığı için tarama modeli ile tasarlanmıştır. Sporculara, konu ile ilgili araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan soru formu uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan 151 sporcudan 110’u sakatlık geçirdiği 41 futbolcunun ise sakatlık geçirmediği tespit edilmiştir. Defans oyuncularının (n:49) diğer mevki oyuncularına göre daha fazla sakatlandığı saptanmıştır. Burkulmanın (n:16) en fazla görülen sakatlanma türü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Futbolcuların en fazla sakatlık sonrası spora dönüş süresinin 6 haftadan çok (n:21) olduğu, yaralanmaların en fazla müsabaka (n:31) esnasında gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayak bileği/ayak bölgesi (n:18), yaralanmaların en fazla görüldüğü vücut bölgesi olduğu ve yaralanmaların, en çok rakip oyuncu ile çarpışma (n:12) ve rakip oyuncu darbesi (n:12) sonucunda oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Yaralanmaların en aza indirilmesi için bu bölgelere yönelik özel egzersiz programlarına yer verilebilir. Bunun yanında antrenör ve sporcuların ilgili konuda farkındalığının artırılması için eğitim programları düzenlenebilir.

Background and Purpose: The upper extremities, especially the arms and shoulders, are used intensively in racquet sports. In this work, our primary aim is to compare bone mineral densities (BMDs) between dominant and non-dominant arms in racquet athletes. We then compare BMDs between athletes playing racquet sports and non-athletes. Methods: A total of 24 racquet sports male athletes active for at least 10 years (age, 22.46 +/- 2.41 years) and 22 non-athletes (age, 21.45 +/- 1.74 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The BMDs of the humerus, radius, and ulna of the dominant and non-dominant arms of both groups were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The BMDs of the proximal humerus and humeral shaft of dominant arms were significantly higher than those of non-dominant arms in athletes (19.85% vs. 12.02%); while statistically, no statistically significant difference in BMDs was found in nonathletes (P > 0.05). The BMDs of the dominant proximal humerus and humeral shaft of athletes were higher than those of non-athletes (P < 0.05). Non-dominant arm BMDs did not differ between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: BMD differences observed between the right and left arms of athletes indicate that, rather than confounding factors like genotype, right-/left-handedness, participation in racquet sports may influence BMDs in the related extremities.

Research Problem/Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the anaerobic performance and recovery values after anaerobic performance in terms of outdoor or indoor performance. Method: For this purpose, 30 male students studying at Faculty of Sports Sciences with an average age of 21.13±1.82 participated in the study voluntarily. Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was applied to the subjects twice with three days in-between as anaerobic exercise. Randomly chosen 15 subjects ran outdoors and the remaining 15 subjects ran indoors and their performance and recoveries were examined. Three days later, the subjects who ran outdoors three days ago ran indoors and those who ran indoors ran outdoors. Findings: Anaerobic exercise performance was compared between indoor and outdoor area. Minimum power and average power values were found to be greater indoors than outdoors (p<0.05 ve p<0.01), Peak power, fatigue index (W/sec) and fatigue index (%) values were not found to differ between indoor and outdoor areas (p>0.05). Before the anaerobic run, the athletes’ resting lactic acid (LA) and heart rate (HR) values were taken, and then RAST test was applied. The subjects’ recoveries were monitored for 10 minutes after the test. HR measurements were recorded at every minute of the recovery. On the 1st, 5th and 10th minutes of recovery, the subjects’ blood LA levels were measured. No statistically significant difference was found between outdoor and indoor resting, 1st minute, 5th minute and 10th minute LA levels according to the results of statistical analyses (p>0.05). Resting and recovery HR values were also found not to differ between outdoor and indoor performance (p>0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that outdoor and indoor performance did not influence recovery up to 10 minutes after anaerobic exercise. As a conclusion, some anaerobic exercise performance was better indoors than outdoors. Recovery after an anaerobic exercise was not found to differ between indoors and outdoors.

Research Problem/Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the anaerobic performance and recovery values after anaerobic performance in terms of outdoor or indoor performance. Method: For this purpose, 30 male students studying at Faculty of Sports Sciences with an average age of 21.13±1.82 participated in the study voluntarily. Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was applied to the subjects twice with three days in-between as anaerobic exercise. Randomly chosen 15 subjects ran outdoors and the remaining 15 subjects ran indoors and their performance and recoveries were examined. Three days later, the subjects who ran outdoors three days ago ran indoors and those who ran indoors ran outdoors. Findings: Anaerobic exercise performance was compared between indoor and outdoor area. Minimum power and average power values were found to be greater indoors than outdoors (p<0.05 ve p<0.01), Peak power, fatigue index (W/sec) and fatigue index (%) values were not found to differ between indoor and outdoor areas (p>0.05). Before the anaerobic run, the athletes’ resting lactic acid (LA) and heart rate (HR) values were taken, and then RAST test was applied. The subjects’ recoveries were monitored for 10 minutes after the test. HR measurements were recorded at every minute of the recovery. On the 1st, 5th and 10th minutes of recovery, the subjects’ blood LA levels were measured. No statistically significant difference was found between outdoor and indoor resting, 1st minute, 5th minute and 10th minute LA levels according to the results of statistical analyses (p>0.05). Resting and recovery HR values were also found not to differ between outdoor and indoor performance (p>0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that outdoor and indoor performance did not influence recovery up to 10 minutes after anaerobic exercise. As a conclusion, some anaerobic exercise performance was better indoors than outdoors. Recovery after an anaerobic exercise was not found to differ between indoors and outdoors.

Bu calismanin amaci Universite takimlarinda mucadele eden farkli branslardan sporcularin yaralanma kaygi duzeylerini incelemektir. Calismaya farkli universitelerde ogrenim goren ve universite takimlarinda yer alan yas ortalamalari 21,78±2,82 yil olan toplamda 791 (321 kadin, 470 erkek) sporcu gonullu olarak katilmistir. Calismada veri toplama araci olarak Rex ve Metzler’in (2016) gelistirdigi, Caz ve ark. (2019) tarafindan uyarlanan “Spor Yaralanmasi Kaygi Olcegi” kullanilmistir. Olcekler musabakalarin yapildigi yerlerde katilimcilara uygulanmistir. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi SPSS 21 paket programi ile t-testi ve ANOVA testi kullanilarak yapilmistir. Sporcularin spor yaralanma kaygi puanlari branslara gore karsilastirildiginda zayif algilanma kaygisi (ZAK), hayal kirikligina ugratma kaygisi (HKUK), Sosyal destegi kaybetme kaygisi (SDKK), yetenegini kaybetme kaygisi (YKK) alt boyutlarinda anlamli farklilik tespit edilirken (p 0,05). Yaralanma kaygi puanlari cinsiyete gore karsilastirildiginda ise ACK ve YYK alt boyutlarinda anlamli farklilik oldugu tespit edilmistir (p<0,01). ACK ve YYK alt boyutlarinda kadin sporcularin puanlarinin erkek sporculara gore daha yuksek oldugu tespit edilmistir. Sonuc olarak erkek ve kadin sporcularin yaralanma kaygi duzeyleri alt boyutlarinda farklilik gorulse de ortalama puanlarinin birbirine yakin oldugu, ayrica farkli branslardaki sporcularin yaralanma kaygi duzeyleri arasinda farkliliklar oldugu tespit edilmistir. Bu nedenle branslarin ve cinsiyetin sporcularin kaygi duzeylerini etkiledigi soylenebilir.

Bu çalışmada spor lisesi ve spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin sürekli öfke-öfke ifade şekilleri ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 113 Spor Lisesi ve 146 Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencisi dahil edilmiştir. Öğrencilere Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Anketi ve Sürekli Öfke ve öfke ifade Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. İstatistiksel işlemlerde t-testi kullanılmıştır. Cinsiyete göre sürekli öfke durumunda ve öfke dışta anlamlı farklılık varken (p<0,05) ve öfke içte ve öfke kontrol şekilleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Lise ve Üniversite öğrencisi olma durumuna göre sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade şekilleri arasında (öfke içte hariç) anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05, p<0,001). Cinsiyete göre fiziksel saldırganlık ve düşmanlık alt boyutunda anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Öfke ve sözel saldırganlık alt boyutunda ve toplam saldırganlıkta cinsiyete göre anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Spor lisesi ve spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinde fiziksel saldırganlık ve öfke alt boyutu ile toplam saldırganlıkta anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05 ve p<0,001). Öfke ve saldırganlık ölçekleri alt ölçekler ve toplam puanlar arasında öfke kontrolü hariç pozitif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Öfke kontrolü ile ise negatif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur (p<0,05 ve p<0,001). Erkeklerin sürekli öfke düzeyinin kadınlardan daha yüksek olduğu söylenebilir. Erkekler kadınlara göre öfkelerini daha kolayca ifade edebilmişlerdir. Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencileri spor lisesi öğrencilerine göre öfkelerini daha kolay dışa yansıtabilmektedirler. Spor lisesi öğrencileri üniversite öğrencilerine göre öfkelerini daha iyi kontrol edebilmişlerdir. Yine cinsiyete göre fiziksel saldırganlık ve düşmanlık boyutlarında farklılık bulunmuştur. Spor lisesi öğrencilerine göre üniversite öğrencileri saldırganlık düzeyleri daha yüksektir. Öfkeyi kontrol etme ve saldırganlık düzeylerini düşürücü eğitim ve seminerlere yer verilmelidir.

Leadership has a great significance in creating high performance and building team loyalty in sport. The purpose of this study is to compare the leadership levels of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences and other faculties. In addition, leadership qualities were examined in terms of the variables of gender and place of stay. A total of 200 students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences (n=100; age 21.75±1.99 years) and other faculties (n=100 age; 20.49±1.52 years) participated in this study voluntarily. “Leadership Orientations Questionnaire” developed by Bolman and Deal [1] and adapted into Turkish by Dereli [2] to assess the leadership qualities of students was used as data collection tool. In the sub-dimensions of structural, transformational and charismatic leadership, the scores of faculty of sport sciences students were found to be significantly higher than the scores of the students in other faculties (p<0.01). The average scores of men were found to be higher than those of women in the sub-dimensions of transformational and charismatic leadership (p<0.05). It was concluded that the students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences had higher leadership qualities, with men having better leadership qualities.

Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the warm-up habits and warm-up knowledge levels of athletes participating in University Sport League (UniLeague). Method: A total of 280 (143 male, 137 female) students with an average age of 22.03±2.55 years and 11.42±3.06 average age of starting sport who were studying at different universities of Turkey and who were participating in UniLeague in branches of winter sports (59 person), team sports (140 person) and futsal (81 person) participated in the study voluntarily. Warm-up habits of athletes were collected with “Athlete Warm-up Habits” questionnaire form developed by Arslan et al. (2011). SPSS 21 package program was used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: Our results showed that 21.1% of the athletes were winter sports athletes, 50.0% were team sports athletes and 28.9%were futsal athletes. It was found that 51.8% of the female athletes who participated in UniLeague had never been injured while 48.2% of the male athletes had never been injured. Significant difference was found between groups in the comparison of the expression “Warm-up has no influence on athletes’ performance” (p<0.05). Significant difference was found between groups in the comparison of the expression “Warm-up decreases the injury risk of athletes” (p<0.05). It was found that 40.7% of the athletes had never been injured, the most common injury was “muscle joint injuries” with a rate of 25.4% and the rate of athletes who did not have cooling exercise habits were found as 8.6%. Conclusion: It was found that the athletes who participated in UniLeague had the views about warm-up that it had a positive influence on performance, it decreased injury risk, increased the movement angle of joint areas and muscle strength, and it should be long in cold weather while the required warm-up should be done in hot weather. As a conclusion, it can be said that university students have a high level of warm-up knowledge since they do sports consciously and since they have the required education.

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between lung capacity and balance parameters in professional boxers. Twenty-six professional-level male boxers aged 16-20 years volunteered to participate in the study. The respiratory and balance parameters of the athletes were analyzed via Pearson’s correlation with values of P<0.05 accepted as statistically significant. A positive relationship was determined for the values of volume taken in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) with the average tracking error (ATE) (%), body mass index (BMI) with ATE (%), FEV1 with area used (E area) (mm2), FVC with E area (mm2) and environment used (per mm), and for vital capacity (VC) with the Y-axis pressure to the central point (Av CoPY, mm). A significant relationship was found between values of the distance and the area used by boxers to stand inbalance and the inspiration and expiration parameters. This suggests that the body balance is very effective and that the parameters related to the lung function and balance level should be evaluated together in sports areas where the aerobic capacity is used extensively.

Aim: The objective of this study is to compare self-confidence levels of taekwondo athletes and dancers. Method: A total of 231 licensed athletes-taekwondo athletes (n=106) and dancers (n=125) in dance and taekwondo clubs of Samsun, İstanbul and Muğla voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected through questionnaires on the web. “Demographic Information Form” developed by the researchers and “Self-confidence Scale” developed by Akın (2007) were used as data collection tool. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21 program. Results: Total score averages of athletes’ self-confidence levels were compared in terms of branch, gender, occupation and level of income. Although taekwondo athletes and dancers were found to have high levels of self-confidence, dancers’ self-confidence score averages were higher than those of taekwondo athletes (p<0.05). In branches, gender variable was not found to cause difference between self-confidence scores (p>0.05). Level of income was found to cause difference in self-confidence level scores (p<0.05). Years in sports was not found to cause difference in athletes’ level of self-confidence (p>0.01). When the athletes were compared in terms of participation in international competitions, self-confidence levels of those who did were significantly higher than those who did not (p<0.05). Conclusion: Taekwondo athletes and dancers were found to have high levels of self-confidence, with dancers having higher levels. It was concluded that gender did not cause difference in self-confidence level while participation in international competitions influenced self-confidence. It can be said that dancers’ being more in communication with social environment is a factor in their high self-confidence levels.

The objective of this study is to analyze the thinking styles of wrestlers. 267 licensed wrestlers participated in the study. “Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Inventory” developed by Epstein et al. (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Buluş (2003) was used to find out the thinking styles of wrestlers. In statistical analysis of the data, t test was used for independent groups while one way variance analysis was used for the comparison of multiple groups. When the rational thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, no statistical difference was found (p>0.05). When the intuitive thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, it was found that wrestlers between the ages 21 and 27 had higher intuitive thinking style levels than wrestlers between the ages 18 and 20 (p<0.01). No significant difference was found between high school or university students in terms of rational and intuitive thinking styles (p>0.05). It was found that being a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on rational or intuitive thinking styles of athletes (p>0.05). As a conclusion, when athletes’ scores from thinking styles were examined, it was found that both thinking styles were used at an intermediate level. It was found that age had an influence on intuitive thinking style, while being in a high school or university student, being in a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on thinking styles.

The objective of this study is to analyze the thinking styles of wrestlers. 267 licensed wrestlers participated in the study. “Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Inventory” developed by Epstein et al. (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Bulus (2003) was used to find out the thinking styles of wrestlers. In statistical analysis of the data, t test was used for independent groups while one way variance analysis was used for the comparison of multiple groups. When the rational thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, no statistical difference was found (p>0.05). When the intuitive thinking style levels of wrestlers were examined in terms of age, it was found that wrestlers between the ages 21 and 27 had higher intuitive thinking style levels than wrestlers between the ages 18 and 20 (p 0.05). It was found that being a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on rational or intuitive thinking styles of athletes (p>0.05). As a conclusion, when athletes’ scores from thinking styles were examined, it was found that both thinking styles were used at an intermediate level. It was found that age had an influence on intuitive thinking style, while being in a high school or university student, being in a national team athlete and sports age did not have an influence on thinking styles. Article visualizations:

The aim of this study was to investigate the endurance performance according to the Circadian Cycle. For this aim, 38 male students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences (age between 20-27 years) participated in the study. 20 m Shuttle Run test was used to measure the aerobic endurance of the performance. The measurements were taken in the morning (09:00am), afternoon (2:00pm) or evening (7:00pm) time. The test sessions were performed in a random order. For the statistical analysis Friedman Two Way Variance analyses and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used. The results of the study showed that the number of shuttles were found to be higher in the afternoon than in the morning time (p<0.0167). Although there is no statistically significant difference, the number of shuttles were found more in the afternoon than the number of shuttles in the evening. As a conclusion, the best aerobic performance was performed in the afternoon. Due to the presence of such a difference, the measurement times have been noted for future scientific studies.