ImportanceDriving facilitates independence and community engagement, especially in Saudi Arabia, where most people rely on cars. Medical conditions can impair driving ability, and occupational therapists play a key role in evaluation and rehabilitation. However, guidance and services to support safe return to driving in Saudi Arabia remain limited.ObjectiveTo explore current practices and challenges in driver assessment and rehabilitation as perceived by occupational therapists in Saudi Arabia.DesignThis descriptive qualitative research involved semi-structured individual interviews with participants. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, guided by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework.SettingInterviews were conducted either in-person or virtually at each participant's preferred time and location.ParticipantsThirteen licensed occupational therapists with at least one year of experience in a rehabilitation setting in Saudi Arabia.ResultsSix themes were identified: (1) insufficient knowledge and practical skills, (2) lack of training and supporting infrastructure, (3) motivation [but it is hard], (4) recommended interventions, (5) recommended changes in policies and (6) collaboration.Conclusions and RelevanceAddressing the identified gaps in knowledge, skills and infrastructure through the suggested interventions and policy changes could enable occupational therapists in Saudi Arabia to contribute effectively to driver assessment and rehabilitation services for at-risk drivers, as well as promote road safety for all within Saudi Arabia. Collaborative efforts of occupational therapists and other stakeholders are essential to further leverage study findings in co-creating solutions to address safe return to driving and improving road safety in general.

Introduction A substantial proportion of motorcyclist injuries occur in off-road areas. However, very little is known about their characteristics and contributing patterns/factors to injury. This study aims to collect information to improve understanding of riding experience, and safety-related behaviours. Methods Over 1,500 Victorian motorcyclists aged 16 years + who ride off-road completed an online survey. Survey questions included rider demographics, riding experience and patterns, safety behaviours and crash experience. Results Over three-quarters of riders were aged 30 years or older and 95% were male. Over 80% had a full motorcycle license and about half were experienced riders. The most prevalent areas ridden were single track/natural terrain in forests/parks (55%), followed by double track or unsealed roads in forests/parks (50%), farms (11%), private property (8%), motocross tracks or dedicated venues (7%), and public land in residential areas (5%). Wearing rates were high for helmets (99%), gloves (95%), boots (92%) and goggles/visor (86%). Lower wearing rates were found for other protective clothing: roost guards (43%); shoulder/elbow armour (57%. Young riders had the lowest rates of protective clothing use. 60% of participants were injured while riding off-road in the past 3 years. 43% indicated minor injuries, while 9% reported at least one moderate injury, and 8% reported at least one serious injury. Half of all serious injury crashes occurred while riding on a double track or unsealed road in a state forest or park, while 18% occurred on a single track or natural terrain. Discussion & Conclusions There is a paucity of research regarding off-road motorcyclist exposure, risk and safety. Survey findings showed that off-road riders were generally older, male, very experienced, rode in groups, and that protective clothing use was less amongst younger riders. A high proportion had sustained an injury while riding, and the most prevalent riding area for those seriously injured was on a double track or unsealed road in a state forest or park. This is the first survey of its kind in Victoria and represents and important, early step to developing injury prevention countermeasures for off-road riders.

Background and Study Aims E-scooters, offer an accessible, environmentally friendly and cost-effective travel mode and increasingly popular. However, very little is known about the rider safety. This study aimed to examine injury data to improve understanding of e-scooter-related injuries (to riders themselves and other road users). Methods Emergency Department (ED) data managed by VISU was accessed. Selection criteria included: Cases during July 2021-June 2022; If the 'description of event' text contained terms 'scooter', 'electric', 'e-scooter' and variations/derivatives. Results Demographics: A total of 427 cases presented during the 12-month period. Over half of injured e-scooter riders (57.8%) were young (aged 29 years and younger) and 68 percent were male. Children under 14 years of age were most likely injured when riding privately owned e scooters. Body region: Head/neck injury was the most common region injured (23.2%), followed by extremities (wrist/hand, knee/lower leg and ankle/foot) (33.0%), shoulder and arm (upper arm, elbow & forearm) (22.4%), and multiple body regions (14.8%). Nature of Injury: Fractures represented 34.7% of cases, followed by dislocation and sprain/strain (11.2%) and open wound (11.0%). A substantial proportion were other/unspecified (27.9%). Cause of injury: The majority of riders were injured as a result of falling. In addition, 7% were injured as a result of a collision with a car/van and 6.3% were involved in a transport injury. Only a small proportion of injuries were sustained by other vulnerable road users (pedestrians and cyclists) as a result of an incident with an e-scooter. Discussion Our findings suggest that significant injuries are sustained by e-scooter riders and increasing, resulting in substantial injuries, and most commonly related to a fall from the scooter. The increasing frequency of e-scooter-related trauma and the findings regarding injury characteristic suggest that further research and efforts to improve behaviour, regulation and infrastructure are warranted.

Objective: To describe the incidence and victim demographics of Welsh hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes from 2014 to 2022. Study design: Descriptive analysis of Welsh hospital admissions data. Methods: Residents of Wales admitted to a Welsh National Health Service (NHS) hospital fora dog bite or strike, were identi fied using ICD-10 codes. The annual incidence of dog bite and strike admissions between 2014 and 2022 was calculated and strati fied by child-adult status, sex, and Local Health Boards. Trends over time were analysed using the Chi -square test for trends. Results: Hospital admissions due to dog bites and strikes have signi ficantly increased from 16.3 per 100,000 to 23.7 per 100,000 population in 2022. This was driven by an increase in non-geriatric adults and an increase in three Local Health Boards. The Swansea Bay area has the highest incidence in Wales (56.1 admissions per 100,000). Conclusions: Wales has a higher incidence of dog bites and strikes than England or the Republic of Ireland. Work in the communities where incidence is exceptionally high is needed to understand the reasons behind having the highest incidence of dog bites in the British Isles and to establish the most ef ficacious methods for bite prevention. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to describe the incidence and demographics of fatal dog bites or strikes, as defined in English and Welsh mortality data (2001-2021). STUDY DESIGN:A descriptive analysis of the Office for National Statistics registered deaths data set. METHODS:Individuals whose cause of death was defined as 'bitten or struck by a dog' were identified. The average annual number of dog-related deaths and trends in incidence were calculated. Age and sex demographics of victims were described. RESULTS:In total, there were 69 registered deaths, a mean of 3.3 (95% confidence interval 0.3-6.3) dog-related deaths per year, and a mean annual incidence of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.06-1.11) deaths per 10 million population. There was no year-on-year change in incidence. Of victims, 59% were male, 10% were <5 years, and 30% were ≥75 years. CONCLUSIONS:Dog-related deaths are rare in England and Wales and have not increased between 2001 and 2021. Further contextual information about the incidents is needed to be able to develop public health strategies and interventions.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are amongst the most common occupational illnesses in nurses due to the physically demanding and stressful occupational activities involved in their job routines. This study aimed to examine the WRMSDs annual prevalence and relationship of workplace physical demands mong nurses. A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out among female nurses. The Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to identify the annual prevalence of WRMSDs, while, the physical demands were assessed using Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire. In addition, the participants' profiles of the participants were also obtained.73.1% of the nurses sustained WRMSDs for the past 12 months. The most common sites were neck, feet, upper back and shoulders. Nurses perceived high physical demands were significantly presenting WRMSDs in region one (neck and shoulders) and region four (hips, knees, ankles, and feet) with odds of risk ranging from 1.68 to 1.83. In conclusion, the prevalence of WRMSDs among Malaysian nurses is high and neck was the most prevalent site. The analyses revealed that workplace physical demands increased the risk of WRMSDs. As such, interventional program aims to prevent and reduce physical risk factors are required in near future. (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology: Materials Science.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire. Study design: An observational study with a mix-method approach by utilising both questionnaire and short debriefing interviews. Methods: Forward and backward translations of the original questionnaire were performed. The translated questionnaire was assessed for clarity by a multidisciplinary research team, translators, and several Malay native speakers. A total of 24 subjects participated in the pilot study. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and validity (content validity) of the original and translated questionnaires were examined. Results: The English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire were found to be reliable tools in measuring driving behaviours amongst older drivers and riders, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.9158 and 0.8919, respectively. For content validity, the questionnaires were critically reviewed in terms of relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity. The feedback obtained from participants addressed various aspects of the questionnaire related to the improvement of wordings used and inclusion of visual guide to enhance the understanding of the items in the questionnaire. This feedback was incorporated into the final versions of the English and Malay questionnaires. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated both the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire to be valid and reliable. (C) 2017 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Driving or riding is fundamental of freedom and independence but due to degenerative changes associated with ageing, there is increasing recognition of the need for older adults to cease driving or riding. While research in developing countries on driving or riding cessation are scarce, this brings down to the objective of this study which is to identify potential factors influencing driving or riding cessation in older Malaysian current and former car drivers or motorcycle riders aged 60 years and above. A sample of 105 participants that fulfilled the inclusion criteria had given their consent and completed the questionnaires. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant determinant factors of driving or riding cessation by controlling for baseline characteristics and potential confounding variables. Significant factors identified in influencing the decision to stop driving or riding among older adults were comorbidity (diabetes mellitus), depression, type of road user (motorcycle rider), and self-rated level of confidence (low) in the selected driving or riding situations.

Introduction: There is substantial evidence showing that work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) have become a common occupational health problem in nursing population. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and impact of WRMSDs among nurses in public hospitals in the Klang Valley. The study also evaluated the reliability of the Malay version of the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (M-SNMQ). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 female nurses working in four selected public hospitals in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The validated M-SNMQ was used to estimate the prevalence and impact of WRMSDs. The socio-demographic and occupational information were also obtained from the nurses. Results: A total of 77.4% response rate was achieved with 376 nurses completing the survey. Of these, 88.6% (n=333) and 73.1% (n=275) experienced symptoms of WRMSDs in their lifetime and for the past 12 month respectively. Neck (48.9%) was the most prevalent site followed by feet (47.2%), upper back (40.7%) and shoulders (36.9%) and of those, the majority sustained at least moderate pain. Less than 25% of the nurses agreed that WRMSDs affected their quality of life. The result if Kappa agreement indicates a good level of test –retest reliability of M-SNMQ. Hence, proven that the M-SNMQ is a reliable instrument to assess the presence of WRMSDs among female nurses in Malaysia. Conclusions: These findings suggests that WRMSDs is relatively high among the studied Malaysian nurses. Further study should be undertaken to identify the potential risk factors to reduce the prevalence in the near future.

Background: The Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ) is an established self-reported instrument used across the world to measure the work dimensions based on the Karasek's demand-control-support model. Objective: To evaluate the psychometrics properties of the Malay version of M-JCQ among nurses in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on nurses working in 4 public hospitals in Klang Valley area, Malaysia. M-JCQ was used to assess the perceived psychosocial stressors and physical demands of nurses at their workplaces. Construct validity of the questionnaire was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach's α values were used to estimate the reliability (internal consistency) of the M-JCQ. Results: EFA showed that 34 selected items were loaded in 4 factors. Except for psychological job demand (Cronbach's α 0.51), the remaining 3 α values for 3 subscales (job control, social support, and physical demand) were greater than 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. However, an item was excluded due to poor item-total correlation (r<0.3). The final M-JCQ was consisted of 33 items. Conclusion: The M-JCQ is a reliable and valid instrument to measure psychosocial and physical stressors in the workplace of public hospital nurses in Malaysia.

O r i g i n a l Acceptance of navigation systems by older driversSome older drivers have difficulty with wayfinding in unfamiliar areas [1][2][3] .Wayfinding whilst driving in unfamiliar areas is a complex activity which involves planning and remembering a route, finding information in the environment and using it to navigate, maintaining orientation to maps or directions and executing the correct driving manoeuvres 4,5 .Portable or built-in automotive navigation systems have the potential to provide automated solutions for many tasks associated with wayfinding.There is emerging evidence suggesting that newer generation navigation systems can reduce older drivers' driving performance decrements compared to use of paper or electronic maps 6,7 .An important element of the success of any Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technology is whether the technology is adopted by the target group 8 .A recent study has found that older drivers, particularly those aged over 75 years, are less likely to own and regularly use navigation systems compared with younger drivers 9 .Little is known about the characteristics of older drivers who are slow to adopt navigation technologies.Research findings describing use of other kinds of technologies amongst older adults found that that participants who were older, had poorer health, a lower education and female gender were, generally, less likely to be willing to use technology 10,11 .It is also important to determine whether some older drivers have concerns about aspects of navigation systems which lead to rejection of the technology.Attitudes towards the technology before (acceptability) and after use (acceptance) should both be considered 12 .The United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model 13 provides a systematic approach for the study of potential barriers and facilitators to use of ITS.The model describes categories of attitudes towards a system: Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE) and social influence.These attitudes predict intention to use a system.Intention to use, along with facilitating conditions (provision of support to use the system and having access to the system) predict actual use of technology 13