Abstract Complex metal nanoparticles (NPs) distributed uniformly on supports demonstrate distinctive physicochemical properties and thus attract a wide attention for applications. The commonly used synthesis approaches are the wet chemistry methods, yet they display limitations to achieve the NPs structure design and uniform dispersion simultaneously. Solid synthesis serves as an interesting strategy which can achieve the fabrication of complex metal NPs on supports. Herein, the solid synthesis strategy is developed to precisely synthesize uniformly distributed CoFe@FeOx core@shell NPs via thermal syngas treatment. Fe atoms are preferentially exsolved from CoFe alloy bulk to the surface and then be carburized into a FexC shell under thermal syngas atmosphere, subsequently the formed FexC shell is passivated by air, obtaining CoFe@FeOx with a CoFe alloy core and a FeOx shell. This strategy is universal for the synthesis of MFe@FeOx (M=Co, Ni, Mn). The CoFe@FeOx exhibits bifunctional effect on regulating polysulfides as the separator coating layer for both Li/Na-S batteries. This method could be developed into solid synthetic systems to construct well distributed complex metal NPs.

Objective: To analyze the attributable burden of smoking on the deaths of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVD) in inhabitants aged 30 years and above in Jiangsu Province. Methods: Comparative risk assessment approach in Global Burden of Disease (GBD) was used with the data from Jiangsu Non-communicable Disease and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Death Monitoring Surveillance System in 2013, and population attributable fraction (PAF), years of life lost (YLL), work of potential years of life lost, index of life lost and life loss attributed to smoking were calculated. Results: In 2013, there were 162 158 CCVD deaths aged 30 years and above in the surveillance areas of Jiangsu Province, of which 25 102 deaths were attributed to smoking (PAF: 15.48%, attributed mortality rate: 55.13/100 000). The YLL, work of potential years of life lost and index of life lost were 532 494 person years, 78 024 person years and 9.15 years respectively. The decline of life expectancy was 0.58 years. The PAF of CCVD attributed to smoking in male and female were 27.97% and 3.18%, respectively, and the mortality rate of cardio-cerebral diseases attributed to smoking in male and female were 100.13/100 000 and 11.27/100 000, respectively. The burden of ischemic heart disease and hemorrhagic stroke were most severe, with standardized YLL rate were 3.65‰ and 3.20‰, respectively. Conclusion: Smoking caused a great burden of cardio-cerebral disease deaths in inhabitants in Jiangsu province.

End-pumped by a continuous-wave 976 nm diode laser, efficient 1522 nm laser operation was demonstrated in an Er:Yb:GdAl3(BO3)(4) crystal when a sapphire crystal was used as a heat diffuser. A continuous-wave 1522 nm laser with a maximum output power of 750 mW and slope efficiency of 36% was realized at an absorbed pump power of 4.1 W. The pulse performances of an acousto-optic Q-switched laser with various repetition frequencies were investigated in detail. In a repetition frequency range of 1-10 kHz, 1522 nm pulse lasers with a slope efficiency of about 10%, peak output power at the kilowatt level, and width of about 50 ns were first obtained in an Er:Yb:GdAl3(BO3)(4) crystal pumped by a continuous-wave diode laser. The results indicate that the crystal is a promising gainmediumfor an actively Q-switched 1.5 mu m laser. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

End-pumped by a continuous-wave 976 nm diode laser, efficient 1522 nm laser operation was demonstrated in an Er:Yb:GdAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystal when a sapphire crystal was used as a heat diffuser. A continuous-wave 1522 nm laser with a maximum output power of 750 mW and slope efficiency of 36% was realized at an absorbed pump power of 4.1 W. The pulse performances of an acousto-optic Q-switched laser with various repetition frequencies were investigated in detail. In a repetition frequency range of 1-10 kHz, 1522 nm pulse lasers with a slope efficiency of about 10%, peak output power at the kilowatt level, and width of about 50 ns were first obtained in an Er:Yb:GdAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystal pumped by a continuous-wave diode laser. The results indicate that the crystal is a promising gain medium for an actively Q-switched 1.5 μm laser.

Pr3+–Yb3+ co-doped transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing Ca5(PO4)3F nanocrystals were synthesized by a melting-quenching method. Spectral analyses demonstrate that Pr3+ and Yb3+ ions are both incorporated into the Ca5(PO4)3F nanocrystals. Near-infrared down-conversion around 1000nm was observed when the glass ceramics were excited at 435nm. The maximum actual down-conversion efficiency for 0.3mol% Pr3+–0.8mol% Yb3+ co-doped glass ceramic is about 125%.

•A series of phosphors Li3Ba2La3(WO4)8:Dy3+ with different Dy3+ concentrations were synthesized via the solid-state reaction.•Photoluminescence properties of the Li3Ba2La3(WO4)8:Dy3+ phosphors are investigated in detail.•The Li3Ba2La3(WO4)8:0.6Dy3+ phosphor with strong yellow emission may be applied in near ultraviolet pumped white LEDs.

A Sm3+-doped LiLuF4 single crystal was grown by the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarge technique. Polarized absorption spectra, polarized fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime of the Sm3+:LiLuF4 crystal were recorded at room temperature. Based on the Judd-Ofelt theory, spectral parameters of the Sm3+: LiLuF4 crystal were calculated. Emission cross sections for the (4)G(5/2) -> H-6(J) (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2, and 11/2) transitions with special interest for visible laser application were obtained by the Fuchtbauer-Ladenburg formula. The results indicate that the Sm3+:LiLuF4 crystal may be a potential laser gain medium operating in visible region pumped by diode lasers around 401 nm. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Based on the long fluorescence lifetime of upper laser level I-4(13/2) of Er3+ ions and high 1.5-1.6 mu m laser operation efficiency, an Er3+:Yb3+:NaCe0.43Gd0.57(WO4)(2) crystal was used to generate a Q-switched pulse laser with high energy and low threshold. End-pumped by a 970 nm diode laser, a passively Q-switched 1.5-1.6 mu m pulse laser was first realized in an Er3+ and Yb3+ co-doped tungstate crystal, when a Co2+:Mg0.4Al2.4O4 spinel crystal was used as saturable absorber. A 1.53 mu m pulse laser with about 22 mu J energy, 76 ns duration and 21 kHz repetition rate was obtained at an absorbed pump power of 12 W in a c-cut 1.7-mm-thick Er3+:Yb3+:NaCe0.43Gd0.57(WO4)(2) crystal.

The exquisite procedure for imaging a molecular orbital with high-order harmonics proposed by Itatani et al. [Nature (London) 432, 867 (2004)] encounters difficulty when extended to an asymmetric molecule because the wave function there usually does not have a definite parity. With the observation that the wave function can be decomposed into a sum of odd and even functions and that the ionization process in harmonic generation is usually not sensitive to the asymmetry of the molecular potential, we predict that asymmetric molecular orbital imaging can be implemented through decoding odd-even high-order harmonics. A generalized tomography procedure is proposed, which has been certified by analytic deduction and numerical simulation. The above finding greatly extends the molecular tomography procedure and will further stimulate related experiments.

By using mirrors with specially designed transmissions in a diode end-pumped hemispherical cavity, laser oscillations except for 1580 nm were suppressed and an enhanced pulse performance of an acousto-optic Q-switched laser at a single wavelength of 1580 nm was realized for Er:Yb:RAl3(BO3)4 crystals. When the absorbed pump power was 13.5 W and the pulse repetition frequency was 1 kHz, 250 μJ Q-switched pulse energy with a width of 215 ns and 350 μJ Q-switched pulse energy with a width of 125 ns were achieved in Er:Yb:YAl3(BO3)4 and Er:Yb:LuAl3(BO3)4 crystals, respectively. The pulsed laser performances of both the crystals were also compared and investigated in detail.

A trivalent samarium-doped LiYF4 single crystal was grown by the vertical Bridgman technique. Its polarized absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay curves were recorded at room temperature. On the basis of the Judd–Ofelt theory, the spectral parameters of the Sm3+:LiYF4 crystal were calculated. The emission cross sections for the 4G5/2→6HJ (J=5/2, 7/2. 9/2, and 11/2) transitions of special interest for visible laser application were obtained by the Fuchtbauer–Ladenburg formula.

An Eu3+-doped transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramic containing Ca-5(PO4)(3)F nanocrystals was prepared by melt quenching and subsequent thermal treatment. The transmittance of the glass ceramic with a thickness of 1.92 mm is up to 80.5% in the visible range at room temperature. Site-selective excitation and emission spectra indicate that Eu3+ ions in the Ca-5(PO4)(3)F nanocrystals occupy two types of sites, A and B, with a same point symmetry C-s. As for Eu3+ ions at site A, the crystal field is more deformed and stronger. The crystal field may appear in the form of a ligand ion F-being replaced by O2- in accordance with the charge compensation scheme: Ca2+ + F--->Eu3+ + O2-. As for Eu3+ ions at site B, the possible charge compensation scheme is 3Ca(2+)-->2Eu(3+) + Vacancy. Furthermore, an energy transfer process from Eu3+ ions at site A to that at site B in the glass ceramic at low temperature was also discussed. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America

Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped beta'-Gd-2(MoO4)(3) single crystal was investigated as gain medium for Ho3+ laser around 2.0 mu m. Polarized absorption and fluorescence spectra of the crystal were measured. Polarized spectral parameters of Ho3+ ions in the crystal were calculated and the gain curves around 2.0 mu m were estimated. The fluorescence decay curves for Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions related to the 2.0 mu m laser were measured and analyzed. The distinct coupled decay behavior for the Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped system embodies the existence of energy transfer between Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The losses incurred by traffic congestion are an important part of the external costs of highway transportation. In this paper, traffic congestion index was proposed to estimate external costs of highway congestion. On basis of analyzing the composition and type of the external costs of traffic congestion, estimation methods about each type external costs were presented. By virtue of presented traffic congestion index and estimation methods, an application case was conducted on external time costs estimation about 2010 annual Beijing expressway congestion. Finally, some strategies to improve highway congestion were proposed according to the calculation results, which provided a reference for promoting the sustainable development of road transportation.

An Er3+:BaGd2(MoO4)(4) single crystal has been grown by the Czochralski method. The polarized absorption spectra, polarized fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence decay curves were measured. In the framework of Judd-Ofelt theory, intensity parameters, spontaneous emission probabilities, fluorescence branching ratios, and radiative lifetimes were calculated. Besides, green upconversion fluorescence was also observed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Nd3+-doped transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramic containing Ca5(PO4)3F nanocrystals was prepared by thermal treatment at the crystallization temperature for the precursor glass. The transmittances of the precursor glass and the glass ceramic with a thickness of about 2mm are up to 84.7% and 77.4% in the visible range. The volume fraction of Ca5(PO4)3F nanocrystals in the glass ceramic is about 19% and the ingress fraction of Nd3+ ions into the Ca5(PO4)3F nanocrystals is about 32%. The peak absorption cross-section increases to 224% at 807nm and the full width at half maximum for the 807nm band decreases from 17.5 to 3.5nm after the crystallization process. The peak stimulated emission cross-section increases from 1.89×10−20 to 2.42×10−20cm2 at 1062nm and the effective width of the emission line for the 1062nm band decreases from 34 to 29nm after the crystallization process. The improvement of spectroscopic properties indicates that the glass ceramic is potentially applicable as the 1.06μm laser material.

A huge slide involving 68 x 10(6) m3 of soils occurred along the right bank of Yalong River in Sichuan Province, China. The sliding materials blocked the river and formed a dam-like structure having a height of 175 m and creating a reservoir with a capacity of approximately 680 x 10(6) m3. The dam breach which was caused by overtopping lasted 13 h and resulted in an estimated maximum flood discharge of 53 000 m3/s. Based on the hydrograph created by measuring the flows downstream of the dam, the process of dam breach was roughly estimated.

The linear optical properties in multilayers of polydiacetylenes (PDA) have been investigated by studying both the transmission/absorption coefficients and the waveguide properties of the thin PDA films (≃5000 A). The PDA films were deposited one monolayer at a time by the Langmuir Blodgett technique. The waveguide modes of the PDA waveguide (in an air - PDA film - silver configuration) were coupled via a grating at the air-PDA and/or PDA-Ag interface. Since the diacetylene chains are parallel to the interface, the TE wave/ waveguide modes (i.e., the electronic field is parallel to the PDA film), the system can be treated simply as an isotropic case. For TM wave/waveguide modes, the system has to be treated as an anisotropic one. The results of wavelength dependent linear optical property of PDA films and their impact to the waveguide properties as well as the grating coupling effects in the waveguide system will be discussed.