Dairy cattle are particularly susceptible to welfare challenges that can negatively impact their behaviour, physiological responses, milk yield, and overall health. These challenges include rough handling by unfamiliar people, extreme climatic conditions, inconsistent feeding, regrouping, and transportation. This pilot study investigated the interrelationships between behavioural and physiological responses and milk production of dairy cows reared in a smallholder stall housing system, restricting cow movement to standing and lying down in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. Fifty cows were observed, with all cows assessed over two days. Video recordings were made using a smartphone during the morning milking routine, focusing on specific behaviours: ear position (upright, forward, backward, downward), sniffing, stepping, and tail movement. Observations were conducted during the first two minutes after the start of the milking process manually. Physiological responses recorded included rectal temperature, vaginal temperature, and heart rate. Productivity outcomes include body condition score (BCS), milk yield per milking, daily milk yield, and milking frequency. Environmental data were collected to calculate the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), which averaged 84.5 (±1.78 SD), exceeding the thermal comfort zone for dairy cattle (THI < 72). Statistical analyses comprised principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the most descriptive variables. Pearson correlation assesses the direction and strength of relationships between variables, and simple linear regression to evaluate milk production variables using all other variables as predictors. Results showed that cows displaying an upright ear position during milking had a positive relation with average daily milk yields (r = 0.456, p = 0.001). Milk yield was negatively correlated with THI (r = −0.331, p = 0.02), forward ear position (r = −0.356, p = 0.01), kicking (r = −0.531, p < 0.001), and sniffing behaviour during milking (r = −0.511, p < 0.001). The daily milk yields were positively correlated with body condition scores of milking cows (r = 0.661, p < 0.001). Rectal and vaginal temperatures were positively associated with each other (r = 0.777, p < 0.001). Similarly, rectal temperature and heart rate were positively associated with each other (r = 0.511, p < 0.001). Therefore, ear position, kicking, and sniffing behaviour during milking were used to assess emotional states, with forward ears associated with signs of stress. Healthy cows with higher body condition scores (BCS) produced more milk, requiring farmers to milk them more than twice a day. This pilot study highlights key behaviour and physiological responses relevant to stress and milk production, and thus overall welfare. For greater generalisability, future research should incorporate larger sample sizes and repeated environmental assessments over extended periods.

Caffeine is a common ingredient in food products that are consumed highly all over the world. Most people are unaware of how much caffeine is included in these products because the caffeine amount is not listed on the label. There is no doubt that caffeine has several health benefits; however excessive amounts of caffeine intake have several deleterious effects too. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of caffeine present in samples of commercially available teas and carbonated drinks since there is no information regarding the content of caffeine. Six samples of carbonated beverages and eleven types of commercially available tea were chosen on a random basis from the Bangladeshi local market. A mobile phase of methanol and water (30:70) was used to determine the amount of caffeine using the HPLC method. It was revealed that the tea's caffeine content ranged from 1.4 to 3.0% on a % dry basis (g/100 g) and in carbonated beverages were within (6-35) mg per 250 mL of samples. Therefore, caffeine content should be determined based on medical considerations, market trends, and evolving health research. Using this information, consumers can make informed decisions aligned with their values and needs. (c) 2024 Societe Francaise de Toxicologie Analytique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

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99m-Technetium methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) is one of the most commonly utilized radiopharmaceuticals for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) and parathyroid scan. Typically MIBI kits contain substantial amounts of reagents suitable for labeling multiple doses of radiopharmaceuticals. The conventional practice of preparing only 1-2 doses from a single vial often results in significant wastage of the kit’s contents. To mitigate this inefficiency, we explored the feasibility of fractionating cold kits. The MIBI kits underwent a systematic fractionation process, with precise ratios of 1:2 and 1:4. Total eight samples of each ratio were analyzed. The average percentage RCP for eight samples with a 1:2 ratio was determined to be approximately 93.87%, while for eight samples with a 1:4 ratio, it was found to be around 89.045%, as assessed using the TLC method. Normal biodistribution patterns were observed in imaging conducted with various samples of 1:2 ratio fractions. However, there were two reported cases of failure in biodistribution for a fraction with 1:4 ratio. Using this standardized technique for the fractionation of cold kits proves to be a cost-effective approach, minimizing the wastage of chemical components in cold kits. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 26(2): 188-192, 2023

This scholarly investigation delves into the utilization of environmental and ecological metaphors within the Bangabandhu's 7th March Speech, analyzed through an eco-critical lens as theorized by Cheryll Glotfelty. The study elucidates how natural imagery and metaphors bolster the speech's thematic elements of conflict and emancipation. By meticulously examining these rhetorical devices, the research reveals their pivotal role in articulating the interplay between human struggle and natural endurance. The findings demonstrate that the ecological metaphors not only amplify the speech's emotive and symbolic resonance but also underscore the intrinsic link between human and ecological freedom. These metaphors transcend mere rhetorical embellishments, embodying a profound disconnectedness between human aspirations and environmental processes. This study contributes to eco-critical discourse by highlighting how such metaphors encapsulate the intertwined challenges of human and ecological liberation, offering significant insights into the broader implications for understanding the symbiosis of natural and societal struggles.

Technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled radiopharmaceuticals are indispensable tools in nuclear medicine, playing a vital role in various diagnoses such as myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), bone scintigraphy, thyroid imaging, renal scintigraphy, lung perfusion and ventilation scans, gastrointestinal imaging, parathyroid imaging, tumor imaging, etc. Quality control plays a key role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals, particularly in the case of radiopharmaceuticals. The production of Tc-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals involves a complex series of steps, from generator elution to final patient administration. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF), British Pharmacopeia (BP), and European Pharmacopeia (EP) limit the amount of radionuclide contamination allowed in 99m Tc solutions for patient use. Various methods have been used to ensure the quality of the 99mTceluate. The radiochemical purity of various 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals is checked by Instant Thin Layer Chromatography (ITLC), and radio-nuclide identity was confirmed by obtaining a gamma spectrum from a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector and measuring the half-life of the radiopharmaceuticals. pH and sterility testing are also performed before administration to the patient’s body. These QC methods collectively help verify the quality and safety of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals, ensuring that they meet the necessary standards for clinical use and patient care as per IAEA guidelines. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 26(2): 193-197, 2023

The aim of this research is to examine possible neurological activity of methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of Hygrophila spinosa and identify possible lead compounds through in silico analysis. In vivo, neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by using four distinct neuropharmacological assessment assays. Previously reported GC-MS data and earlier literature were utilized to identify the phytochemicals present in Hygrophila spinosa. Computational studies notably molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were conducted with responsible receptors to assess the stability of the best interacting compound. Pharmacokinetics properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity were considered to evaluate the drug likeliness properties of the identified compounds. All the in vivo results support the notion that different extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) of Hygrophila spinosa have significant (*p = 0.05) sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic, and anti-depressant activity. Among all the extracts, specifically methanol extracts of Hygrophila spinosa (MHS 400 mg/kg.b.w.) showed better sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity than aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed that among 53 compounds 7 compounds showed good binding affinities and one compound, namely apomorphine (CID: 6005), surprisingly showed promising binding affinity to all the receptors . An analysis of molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that apomorphine (CID: 6005) had a high level of stability at the protein binding site. Evidence suggests that Hygrophila spinosa has significant sedative, anxiolytic, and antidepressant activity. In silico analysis revealed that a particular compound (apomorphine) is responsible for this action. Further research is required in order to establish apomorphine as a drug for anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.

The crucial practice of newborn screening allows for the early identification of curable medical issues in infants. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a disorder brought on by insufficient thyroid hormone production, is the subject of this study. Worldwide variations exist in CH prevalence, and early identification is essential for the best results. A thorough screening program was launched in Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2022, gathering over 500,000 samples from infants throughout the nation. This program’s goal was to recognize CH cases and offer prompt intervention in collaboration with 839 hospitals. TSH levels were found above the cut-off values in 274 of the samples, which corresponds to an incidence rate of about 1 in 1,825 births. TSH levels ranged from 20 to 75 mIU/L in the majority of positive cases, with the highest value reaching 506.05 mIU/L. The study discovered that infant girls were more likely than infant boys to have CH. The greater Mymensingh region showed a higher prevalence than other places, and regional variations in CH incidence were also noted. It was determined that iodine deficiency, which affects 38% of the population, may have an impact on the prevalence of CH. Low public knowledge and the unwillingness of the uneducated population to offer samples are obstacles to newborn screening in Bangladesh. To get beyond these obstacles and underline the value of early screening, public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives are required. The study emphasizes the necessity for focused interventions, especially for female newborns in areas where the prevalence of CH is higher. To effectively address iodine deficiency, access to comprehensive iodine supplementation programs should be ensured. In conclusion, Bangladesh can successfully treat congenital hypothyroidism and enhance the health and wellbeing of babies across the country by addressing these issues, putting in place targeted interventions, and increasing access to screening programs. To improve outcomes for newborns with CH, the study underlines the relevance of early detection, timely intervention, and increasing public awareness. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 27(1): 81-88, 2024

Argemone mexicana L. is a medicinal plant, but its impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) is right now undetermined. We intended to investigate the in-vitro anti-AD potential of leaves and flowers of A. mexicana methanol, ethanol, and ethyl extracts and to identify multi-modal anti-AD phytochemicals by computational approaches. Molecular docking of 196 phytochemicals identified three hit phytochemicals (protoberberine, protopine, and codeine) with higher binding affinity and multi-targeting ability toward AChE, BChE, BACE-1, and GSK-3β. Further MM-GBSA assays confirmed the integrity of these phytochemicals as the hit phytochemicals. However, these phytochemicals demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) and drugable properties having no toxicity. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the binding strength of the hit phytoconstituents in the active pockets of AChE, BChE, BACE-1, and GSK-3β with multi-targeting inhibitory activities. All the extracts exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities supporting the in-silico results in the context of oxidative stress and cholinergic pathways. Our results offer scientific validation of the anti-AD properties of Argemone mexicana L. and identified protoberberine, protopine, and codeine that could be used for the development of multi-modal inhibitors of AChE, BChE, BACE-1, and GSK-3β to combat AD. Additional in vivo validation is recommended to ensure a thorough assessment in the present research.

Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a global health concern, affecting populations across various geographical and socioeconomic spectrums. This study, conducted at the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS) in Shahbag, Dhaka, investigates the prevalence and determinants of Vitamin D deficiency among 1,819 individuals who have visited for their regular health check-up. Utilizing retrospective data from the Laboratory Information System of the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) laboratory of In-vitro and Radiochemistry Division of NINMAS, we analyzed Vitamin D levels alongside demographic variables and seasonal fluctuations to elucidate patterns of deficiency within this cohort. Our findings reveal a widespread Vitamin D deficiency, with 62.1% of the studied population exhibiting levels below 20 ng/mL, indicative of deficiency. A gender disparity was evident, with females comprising 74.7% of those deficient, compared to 25.3% of males. The overall mean Vitamin D level was recorded at 19.73 ± 11.94 ng/mL, with a slight male predominance in Vitamin D concentrations (20.80 ± 11.48 ng/mL for males vs. 19.33 ± 12.11 ng/mL for females). Seasonal analysis further underscored higher Vitamin D levels during the summer months, pointing towards the impact of sun exposure on Vitamin D synthesis. Conclusively, the substantial prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency underscores an urgent need for comprehensive public health strategies aimed at addressing this issue within the Bangladeshi population. Strategies may include promoting dietary sources of Vitamin D, enhancing public awareness about the importance of sun exposure, and considering food fortification programs. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 27(1): 89-94, 2024

Radiolabeled tracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have revolutionized PET imaging for prostate cancer diagnosis. Here, we present the inaugural production and quality control assessment of (18F) PSMA-1007 at the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS), Bangladesh. The synthesis, conducted via a one-step procedure, yielded remarkable radiochemical yields (46.85%) with synthesis time 40 minutes. Quality control measures adhered to European Pharmacopoeia standards, enabling clinical deployment across Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT centers in Bangladesh. This pioneering effort marks a significant advancement in prostate cancer imaging within the region. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 26(2): 198-200, 2023

Abstract Dairy cattle may experience stress and anxiety due to rough handling by humans, extreme weather conditions, change in feed, social grouping, transportation, and limited access to pasture. Stress is the body’s response to a threat, while anxiety is persistent stress that impacts physical and psychological health. Cows experiencing consistent stress or anxiety tend to eat less, produce less milk, have reproductive issues, change in milk composition, spend more time being vigilant and are more prone to illness and mortality. Infrared thermography (IRT) detects temperature changes in an animal’s body caused by stress or anxiety. It measures heat radiation emitted from the body’s surface using an infrared sensor from a distance. Studies have shown that IRT of the eyes has the potential to automate the assessment of cow health, monitor changes in milk composition, and differentiate between sick and healthy animals, unlike rectal temperature recording, behavioural assessment, and milk composition tests. IRT of the eyes was found to be repeatable and positively correlated with rectal temperature, unlike rectal temperature measurements, which were found to be non-reproducible. Further research and refinement of IRT of the eyes could improve automated cow health monitoring and management. Information © The Author 2024

•Both the species of dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus and H. undatus).are enrich of phenolic contents but H. polyrhizus is predominant.•Aqueous extracted colorant of H. polyrhizus have predominant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.•Both the species of dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus and H. undatus) extracted colorant showed anti-bacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains.•H. polyrhizus species of aqueous extracted colorant showed promising anti-bacterial susceptibility against salmonella typhi and enterococcus faecium.•The aqueous extracted colorant of H. polyrhizus exhibited remarkable nontoxic effects as compared to H. undatus extracted colorant.

To achieve the health benefit from the natural of Basella. Albafruit. This study intended to figure out the bioactive compounds in the two varieties of B. alba (native and hybrid) fruit extract and measurement its biological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic activities and a molecular docking were performed to observed the pharmaceutical impact on the anti-inflammatory Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. The cold extractions along with GC-MS were used for the extraction of and analysis of phytoconstituents from B. alba fruit. The hemolytic inhibitory and BSA (Bovine serum albumin)-denaturation assay, DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2-free radical scavenging analysis, and brine shrimp lethalness test were performed to measure the biological activities of the extracted The biological activities assay results showed that the ethanol extract of native malabar spinach exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The IC50 value 21.55 ± 1.51 μg/mL was for DPPH scavenging assay and 23.36 ± 0.36 μg/mL was for H2O2 scavenging analysis. In anti-inflammatory activity assessment study, the IC50 values of the ethanol extracts were 20.52 ± 0.91 μg/mL for BSA inhibition and 20.43 ± 1.30 μg/mL for RBC hemolytic inhibitory study. In this study, cytotoxicity test results reveal that aqueous extract exhibited no cytotoxicity as compared to ethanol and ethyl acetate extract (LD50 = 875.27 μg/mL). Conversely, the current study insist the in silico analysis, to find out the anti-inflammatory activity of the investigated two fruit varieties due to pharmacokinetics analysis, toxicity properties analysis, ADMETand molecular docking. The result of this study signified that both (native and hybrid) malabar spinach fruit varieties contain phytoconstituents with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic action.Moreover, the in vitro and in silico results suggest that the native and hybrid fruit varieties of the extracts could be a superior striver for future appraisal as a prospective therapeutically active ingredient.

Lateralised behavioural responses to environmental stressors have become more frequently used as indicators of social welfare in animals. These lateralised behavioural responses are under the control of asymmetrical brain functions as part of the primary functions of most vertebrates and assist in primary social and survival functions. Lateralised behavioural responses originating from the left hemisphere are responsible for processing familiar conditions, while the right hemisphere is responsible for responding to novel stimuli in the environment. The forced lateralisation and side preference tests have been used to determine the visual lateralised behavioural responses in livestock to environmental stressors. Limb preference during movement has also been used to determine motor lateralisation. Although behavioural investigations in livestock have recorded lateralised behavioural responses to environmental stressors, there are still limitations in the implication of lateralisation to other conditions, such as restraint and invasive procedures. Thus, it is important to have a non-invasive measure for these lateralised behavioural responses. Recently, lateralised behavioural responses have been correlated with the use of infrared temperature of external body surfaces, such as the eyes and coronary bands of limbs. This review summarised the different forms of the lateralised behavioural responses in livestock, especially cattle and horses, to environmental stressors, and the association between these responses and the relevant external body surfaces’ infrared temperature, with the purpose of improving the use of non-invasive measures in assessing welfare conditions in animals. The combination of the lateralised behavioural responses and infrared temperature of external body surfaces to environmental stressors could improve the assessment strategies of welfare conditions and the related additional husbandry interventions that could be applied to improve the welfare of farm animals.

The emotions of cows could be reflected in their body temperature, productivity and behaviours. We tested whether there is a positive correlation between non-invasive infrared temperature (IRT) and right-side laterality (presumed to indicate anxiety), and negative correlation with milk production in a large group of randomly selected cows. Lactating cows (n = 171) were examined individually in 3 consecutive one-month periods. Each month maximum infrared temperatures of the head and coronary bands of forelimbs were recorded daily for 6 days and lateralisation was determined from ten daily forced lateralisation tests. In the first month right-lateralised cows had higher IRT in their eyes than left-lateralised cows. The absence of an association between IRT and laterality in periods 2 and 3 suggests habituation to the test conditions. Right lateralised cows waited for longer before milking than left lateralised cows, and limb IRTs were negatively related to the waiting time before milking. We conclude that the connection between lateralised behaviour and eye IRT in this study provides evidence of differences in cows’ emotional response to the forced lateralisation test.

Abstract Infrared thermography (IRT) allows visualization of temperature changes within the body system of animals due to emotional changes in a fearful situation such as facing an unknown person in their flight distance. Infrared thermography is becoming popular in the research of animal emotions as an objective measure. Stress stimulants activate the autonomic nervous system to secrete adrenaline, which causes the blood vessels to tighten and increase blood flow throughout the body. Infrared thermography quantifies the heat radiation emitted from the body’s surface, which fluctuates depending on the flow of blood below the skin. It has been discovered through a number of studies that IRT of the eyes of lactating dairy cows can more accurately predict their emotional responses than the commonly used rectal temperature and/or other behavioural measures. The IRT of eyes showed the potential to predict negative emotional responses in association with laterality testing, flight speed, waiting time, and other behaviours such as sniffing. The IRT of the eye was a repeatable measure, while rectal temperature was not. Information © The Author 2023

2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose ([18F]FDG) is very effective and the most successful radiotracer for the assessment of glucose metabolism in the brain, heart, and lungs. It has also been used for imaging different tumors in oncology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability and quality of [18F]FDG synthesized by the newly installed 18MeV Cyclotron facility at the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS). [18F]FDG was synthesized by nucleophilic fluorination of Mannose-triflate followed by basic hydrolysis with an IBA Synthera® auto synthesizer. [18F]FDG solution was collected in a sterilized vial after the filtration by a vented Millex®-GS 0.22µm syringe-driven hydrophilic filter. An aliquot of [18F]FDG solution was taken 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the synthesis. All quality control parameters were measured in the first evaluated period, immediately (i.e., 0 hours) after synthesis. Radiochemical purity (RCP) was measured for all [18F]FDG samples and for all time points. The radiochemical and radionuclidic purity was more than 95% and 99.99% respectively. The [18F]FDG was physiochemically & microbiologically stable over 8 hours. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 26(1): 44-50, 2023

The prime objective of ICBMSS 2022 conference was to promote research and development in the fields of business management and social sciences, which can contribute towards the sustainability of business, industry, and society in the post Covid-19 pandemic Era. The specific theme of the conference was ‘Business Management and Social Sciences: Challenges and Ways Forward in the Post-Pandemic Era’. The research scholars and industry experts submitted their research papers to this conference from different parts of the world including USA, Germany, Malaysia, Turkey, China, India and Bangladesh and ninety-three papers were finally selected by the ‘International Review Committee’ of ICBMSS 2022 for presentation in two days conference. This conference was an ideal platform for presenting and discussing the most recent issues, innovations, trends, and practical challenges encountered by the business firms in the Covid-19 and the solutions adopted in the fields of business management and social sciences for sustainable development agenda pertaining to business, economy, and the society.Covid-19 pandemic suddenly appeared and changed the speed and regular structure of business enterprises, management systems, and social activities in the globe. Still today, businesses are facing challenges to perform normal activities due to the infection of Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, in the post-Covid Era, business firms started to rethink about the innovation for survival and growth through transformation process. As new normal life has given us a new experience in the earth, new dimensions of thinking are imperative for sustainable ways to forward. Transformation is a pre-requisite of the development process related to a set of efficient innovative activities. The phases of the developments might be perceived from holistic point of view where every stage has an event and its impact on the development process. It is a comprehensive issue comprised of political, legal, economic, social, technical, cultural, spiritual, and environmental substances of business and the society. If there is no transformation, there is no change. If there is no change, there is no development. Hence, change for transformation is obvious for addressing the impact of Covid-19 impact on business and the society.