Electric vehicle (EV) charging management can be implemented through centralized or decentralized strategies. Strategic coordination between these approaches enhances system efficiency and balances energy loads, thereby supporting the widespread adoption of EVs and fostering a sustainable, emissions-free society. In this study, distribution network operators (DNOs), acting as centralized charging managers, are responsible for mitigating the lack of coordination among electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs), which represent decentralized managers. The primary objective of the centralized management in this research is to constrain each decentralized optimization model, characterized using Monte Carlo simulations. Three EV adoption scenarios-comprising 2,000, 2,500, and 3,750 vehicles-are evaluated by comparing decentralized charging management with an unregulated charging baseline in the IEEE 14-bus power system. Improvements are required only in the highest adoption scenario, where the proposed centralized coordination model is applied. The study models energy trading constraints for each EVA, assigning one aggregator per load-bearing bus in the system. Transmission-level results are analyzed and then synthesized for application in the IEEE 13-bus distribution power system. Findings demonstrate that coordinated centralized and decentralized charging management significantly improves operational conditions in both transmission and distribution networks without necessitating changes to travel behavior.

This paper investigates the impact of natural gas pipeline congestion on the integrated gas–electricity market in Peru, focusing on short-term market dynamics. By simulating congestion by reducing the primary natural gas pipeline’s capacity, the study reveals significant patterns in production costs and load flows within the electrical network. The research highlights the critical interdependencies between natural gas and electricity systems, emphasizing how constraints in one network can directly affect the other. The findings underscore the importance of coordinated management of these interconnected systems to optimize economic dispatch and ensure the reliability of both gas and electricity grids. The study also proposes strategic public policy interventions to mitigate the financial and physical impacts of pipeline congestion, contributing to more efficient and resilient energy market operations.

When estimating significant wave height and wave power, it is regularly assumed 4 for the spectral estimate factor. It means considering a narrowband wave spectrum. That approach is accurate enough when the spectral broadness parameter is near zero. Since the Peru Basin is an open ocean: swells and local wind waves can overlap; therefore, its wave spectrum should be considered broadband. This work aims to demonstrate that the wave spectrum in the Peru Basin has waves in a broad band of frequencies and also discuss how this characteristic affects estimating the significant wave height and wave power. The methodology comprises numerical methods, inferential statistics, and spectral analysis applied to ocean data. The paper's conclusions declare the Peru Basin wave spectrum as broadband. The estimated significant wave height for broadband wave spectrum is 7% lower than if the wave spectrum was considered narrowband. We propose 3.7 as the spectral estimate factor for calculating the significant wave height in the Peru Basin instead of the commonly used 4. The significant wave height error when assuming a narrowband wave spectrum slightly affects the spectral parametric wave power calculation, causing a maximum overestimation of 5%. Nevertheless, accurately estimating significant wave height is critical for diverse marine technologies.

The uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles poses a great challenge for distribution network operators and power system planners. Instead of focusing on controlling this uncontrolled load, a model that uses contingency analysis variables to calculate the power capacity needed in the power system is proposed. The unserved power variable is used to evaluate the amount of uncovered load power at each bus of the system, followed by the calculation of the additional power capacity required using a photovoltaic and storage system and another constant generation alternative in the 14-bus IEEE power system with information on some electric vehicles and daily load in the power system of Peru. The results obtained in the power system with distributed generation, the absence of unserved power, corroborate the success of the methodology used. This model provides tools to both distribution network operators and power system planners, reducing the impact on the power system of electric vehicles and providing a methodology applicable to other electric distribution systems with uncontrolled loads.

The energy period is a crucial parameter needed for assessing wave energy. This parameter is regularly approximated using standard wave spectrums that do not always characterise an actual ocean region, even more if this region is far from the Northern Hemisphere, where most of the energy period approximations have been developed. In this work, diverse approximations for the energy period were evaluated using spectral data from a region of the Peru Basin. It included the assessment of a proposed Kernel “coefficient” curve. They were assessed regarding their time series, wave climate, and temporal variability. The time series analysis showed that the approximations based on the peak period do not have a realistic physical representation of ocean waves. On the other hand, the proposed Kernel correlation gave the best results for computing the energy period and the monthly/seasonal variability indexes for temporal variability analysis. Additionally, the correlations based on the zero-up-crossing period generated the best results for computing the coefficient of variation. Conversely, the highest errors were calculated for the correlations based on the traditional Bretschneider and JONSWAP spectrums. The wave climate indicated an annual average energy period equal to 9.8 s, considered stable due to its low variability.

La carga no controlada de vehículos eléctricos plantea un gran desafío para los operadores de redes de distribución y los planificadores de sistemas de potencia. En lugar de focalizarse en el control de esta carga no controlada, se propone un modelo que utiliza variables de análisis de contingencias para calcular la capacidad de potencia necesaria en el sistema de potencia. Se emplea la variable de potencia no servida para evaluar la cantidad de potencia de carga no cubierta en cada barra del sistema, seguido del cálculo de la capacidad de potencia adicional requerida, utilizando un sistema fotovoltaico y de almacenamiento y otra alternativa de generación constante en el sistema de potencia IEEE de 14 barras con información sobre algunos vehículos eléctricos y la carga diaria en el sistema de potencia de Perú. Los resultados obtenidos en el sistema de potencia con generación distribuida muestran que no hay presencia de potencia no servida, corroborando el éxito de la metodología utilizada. Este modelo brinda herramientas tanto a los operadores de redes de distribución como a los planificadores de sistemas de potencia, reduciendo el impacto en el sistema de potencia de los vehículos eléctricos y aportando una metodología aplicable a otros sistemas de distribución eléctrica con cargas no controladas.

An essential aspect in the operation and expansion of the electricity infrastructure is to ensure a reliable power supply, despite uncertainty (mainly caused by random failures, variability of renewable sources, and load growth). Reliability evaluation of composite power systems is a valuable tool for identifying possible deficiencies in operation. Power systems operation is becoming more variable and stochastic. Consequently, there is an urgent need to update the tools used to analyze their reliability. This article presents a novel method based on cluster-based stratified sampling (CBSS) and sequential Monte Carlo simulations (SMCS) to improve the reliability evaluation of composite power systems. Here, clustering algorithms are applied to reduce the number of observations required by traditional SMCS. The proposed approach is applied to RTS-79, RTS-96, and RTS-GMLC electrical networks to verify its accuracy and speed. The results obtained demonstrate that CBSS increase calculation speed in highly reliable networks, while preserving information on the probability distribution of the reliability indices.

Plenty of works have treated the system expansion planning problem in the presence of intermittent renewable energy resources like wind. However, most of those proposals have been approached from scenarios of plenty of data, which is not the rule in developing countries, where principal investment actors have recently switched their focus. In contrast to operation problems where existing literature can be successfully applied since it requires short-term historical time-series gathered from the same studied plants, proposals for planning problems are almost impossible to apply because of a lack of information and measurement about renewable resources in places where no renewable plants have been previously installed. In order to fill this information gap, this paper presents a novel methodology to synthesize wind production time-series on an hourly time scale, taking as inputs aggregate data such as monthly wind speed average values and Weibull annual parameters. The methodology comprises four steps, from data gathering to calculating electrical power produced by a wind farm. Three application tests are performed for different places in India, Chile, and Peru to validate the proposed methodology. The results show that the methodology successfully synthesizes time-series of output power, correctly achieves persistence characteristics, and slightly over or underestimates the produced wind energy, having a discrepancy of 6.2% in the yearly total.

The Pacific coastal sector of Peru is mainly a dry area where precipitation events are episodic, however, on interannual time scales, in the North, there are extraordinary precipitation events associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Therefore, an evaluation of climatic variables such as the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTa) and its correlation with river discharges data is necessary to define prediction models. 19 stations with river discharge data (1965-2015) distributed along the North Pacific coast of Peru are analyzed. To classify El Nino and La Nina events we will use the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)) where the Nino 3.4 anomalies are represented by the SSTa. A map of lags that improve the correlation in each discharge station and their respective statistical and physic interpretation is proposed. Finally, as results, a predictive model is built for each discharge station based on its preceding flows and the SSTa (corresponding to region 1+2 or region 3.4 associated with a lag that maximizes its correlation). The interpretation of results contains a physical support for the choice of the best significant variables.

The ancillary services markets for the electric power system have been increasing relevance the last decade. Inside, the secondary regulation market is increasing because the electric generation sources based on power electronics converters produces a decrease in the inertia of the electric power system, instability of the frequency and changes in the automatic generation control systems. This research evaluates the market power for secondary regulation reserve and quantify it through the Herfindhal-Hirschman index. The methodology of grey clustering and entropy weight allows distinguishing which generation companies gather the market power and quantify it according to five criterions: total duration accumulated during the annual regulation, average energy of the maximum registered reserve during the annual regulation, maximum reserve capacity registered during the annual regulation, minimum reserve capacity registered during the annual regulation and average reserve capacity during the annual regulation. Moreover, the result shows a multicriteria Herfindhal-Hirschman index calculation.

países vecinos es un reto actual ya que se deben identificar, comprender y resolver los problemas de las diferentes políticas energéticas adoptadas en los países.Sin embargo, cada país ha venido aplicando unilateralmente políticas diferenciadas de desarrollo energético y suficiencia de generación que han influenciado el comportamiento de su mercado eléctrico interno.En el presente artículo se investiga los efectos de la aplicación de estas políticas unilaterales y aisladas de desarrollo energético, de subsidios a los combustibles, de la variación del precio de los combustibles, de suficiencia de oferta de capacidad de generación en base de fuentes renovables, no-renovables y de nueva tecnología; así como de la ampliación del interconector.Para ello, se ha estructurado un modelo que hace uso de la teoría de dinámica de sistemas y se analizó el caso de estudio de la interconexión Perú -Chile, se concluyó que la diferencia que existe en la disponibilidad de recursos energéticos NR (gas natural) entre Perú y Chile ha influido en diferencia entre los costos marginales de sus sistemas eléctricos (CMg9, que en todos los escenarios simulados la mayor parte del intercambio de energía se realiza desde Perú a Chile representando entre el 98% y el 79% del total de intercambios durante todo el periodo.también, para el caso de ausencia del gasoducto sur peruano, se alcanza la suficiencia de capacidad eléctrica en el Perú, No se observa en el corto ni en el mediano plazo la existencia de complementariedad energética entre ambos países.Ambos países pueden llegar tener una matriz eléctrica de oferta del 75% RER al 2050.

Generate electricity from a variable mechanical energy source, such as wind, deals with methods to track the maximum extraction power point of the generator since they can operate under a wide random speed range. This paper presents a novel control strategy of a three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) in order to get the maximum active power that this generator is capable to provide, for a given rotor speed. This proposition of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is based on Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method at different speeds of the rotor. Thus, MPPT uses a slip as perturbed variable and the active power as observed variable. Finally, the analysis of a rigorous simulations is presented, showing the behavior of the generator system with various given speed values applied to the generator rotor in a wide working range, verifying its feasibility and validity.

The dynamic behavior of the power curve of the wind turbine and the self-excited induction generator separately, with respect to the angular velocity of the rotor, are different. By joining them mechanically into a single system, it has a particular characteristic of power. This paper presents the dynamic behavior analysis of the wind conversion system with a self-excited induction generator, for different wind speeds applied to the wind turbine blades, varying the synchronous speed of the generator field in a wide range, obtaining the behavior of the active power of the generator. Simulation results are presented.

The Urban Wind Turbine (UWT) industry has experienced diverse results with some positive outcomes and various negative ones. Regarding negative outcomes, designers have often overestimated performances of UWTs. Differences of 20% or less between actual energy produced and energy originally estimated were found in literature. These differences would have been caused by an incorrect location of the UWTs. Note that determining the optimal location for UWTs is a complex task due to unforeseen wind behaviour found in urban environments. To cope with this complex task, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is presented as a suitable alternative. Thus, this paper aimed to develop a review to introduce recent advancements in the field of CFD design of UWTs, and to perform a critical analysis of these advancements. Accordingly, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) associated with the topic was performed to obtain suitable information (primary studies) for the critical analysis. The results showed that the maximum velocity amplification factor, power coefficient and torque coefficient found in the primary studies were 1.8, 0.4627 and 0.4195, respectively. Note that these values were obtained using novel UWTs and wind amplification devices. Regarding CFD modelling, the standard k-epsilon turbulence model was the most used (42% of studies).

This paper presents a new method based on the circuit theory and game theory for the allocation of reactive power. The allocation is calculated for each load, identifying and quantifying the responsibility of each reactive source. In the proposed method: the generators, line shunt, and bus shunt are modeled as current sources and loads are modeled as constant admittance, and obtained modified Z-bus matrix using circuit theory, which was coupled to the Aumann-Shapley method for calculating the unitary participation of each current source in the reactive power consumed by each load, considering each one as an independent player of the “reactive power allocation” game. The properties of the Aumann-Shapley method ensure equitable allocation and recovery of the total reactive power. Numerical results applied to the 5-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems are presented, discussed and compared with the other methods to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.

Modelos de planeamiento energético aplicados en Perú: una revisión y propuesta metodológica José Neil Meza Segura1, Jaime Luyo Kuong2 1 Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias con Mención en Energética, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rímac, Lima, Perú 2 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rímac, Lima, Perú Presentado el 31 de diciembre 2020. Revisado 13 de enero. Aprobado 13 de febrero 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2020.0002/ Resumen Un modelo energético sirve de base para realizar estudios de prospectiva. Sin embargo, en el contexto internacional de lucha contra el cambio climático y negociaciones internacionales de reducción de GEI, se plantean nuevos retos y paradigmas que los enfoques metodológicos deben cumplir. En el presente artículo se realiza una evaluación de los modelos energéticos empleados en estudios de planeamiento del sistema energético peruano, clasificándolos y evaluando el cumplimiento de paradigmas que plantean los sistemas energéticos actuales. Finalmente, para cumplir con los nuevos retos y paradigmas, se plantea una propuesta metodológica hibrida que cuenta con cuatro componentes: de uso final, de optimización, de integración del balance energético y de evaluación de escenarios simulados. Descriptores: modelos energéticos, matriz energética, prospectiva energética, balance de energía, gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) Abstract An energy model serves as the basis for prospective studies. However, in the international context of combating climate change and international GHG reduction negotiations, it poses new challenges of paradigms that methodological approaches must meet. In this article an evaluation of the energy models used in planning studies of the Peruvian energy system is carried out, classifying them and evaluating the fulfillment of paradigms posed by current energy systems. Finally, to meet the new challenges and paradigms, a hybrid methodological proposal is proposed that has four components: end use, optimization, integration of the energy balance and evaluation of simulated scenarios. Keywords: energy models, energy matrix, energy prospective, energy balance, greenhouse gases (GHG)

La interconexión de mercados eléctricos posibilita la optimización del uso de recursos energéticos y mejora la confiabilidad de los sistemas. Sin embargo, también genera una redistribución de los beneficios entre los agentes, lo cual conlleva nuevos problemas para la coordinación y regulación, por lo cual existe la necesidad de diseñar nuevas políticas de regulación basadas en análisis de los impactos de dicha interconexión. El objetivo del presente artículo es mejorar la comprensión de los efectos que tendrá la interconexión en parámetros como: la evolución del parque de generación electricidad en cada sistema eléctrico, la incorporación de centrales hidroeléctricas de gran tamaño especialmente en países que cuenten con complementariedad hídrica y la incorporación de centrales eléctricas a base de recursos energéticos renovables no convencionales. Para ello, se ha estructurado un modelo que hace uso de la teoría de dinámica de sistemas y se analizó el caso de la interconexión Perú – Ecuador, se concluye que las políticas de estado previamente aplicadas en ambos países han originado que los costos marginales de sus sistemas sean artificialmente bajos, con lo cual no se dan las señales necesarias para que ingrese nueva capacidad de generación en el corto plazo.

Modelado de la interconexión de los mercados de gas y electricidad en el Perú Modelado de la interconexión de los mercados de gas y electricidad en el Perú Jaime E. Luyo Kuong DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2009.0026/ RESUMEN En este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo económico para analizar los mercados de gas y electricidad interconectados en el Perú, considerando un ambiente oligopólico en el mercado spot de electricidad con generación hidro-térmica que interactúa con un mercado monopólico de gas donde se realizan transacciones en un mercado spot y a través de contratos forward. Se aplica un enfoque Nash-Cournot. Palabras clave: duopolio, equilibrio Nash-Cournot, mercado spot, mercado forward. ABSTRACT This paper shows an economic model to analize the interconnected gas and electricity markets in Peru, considering the spot electricity market on oligopoly environment with a hydro-thermal power generation that interacts with a monopolistic gas market that is doing spot and contracting transactions. It is applied a Nash-Cournot approach. Keyword: duopolio, equilibrio Nash-Cournot, mercado spot, mercado forward.

This paper presents the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the self-excited three-phase induction generator (SEIG) during the generation of electricity from variable energy sources such as wind power. The work focuses especially on determining how the voltage, current, flow and power generated during the variation of the speed applied to the rotor behaves in a wide range from a variable energy source, allowing to determine which are the best conditions to generate the maximum active power. Simulation results are presented, explaining in detail the dynamic behavior in a wide range of variation of the speed applied to the rotor from a variable energy source.