Various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies on high-rise buildings and horizontal axis wind turbines models have been conducted independently over the past decades. However, neither study has addressed the validation of results from both models within the same work. The primary objective of this study was to validate CFD simulations of a high-rise building and a horizontal axis wind turbine by employing the Realizable k-epsilon and SST k-omega turbulence models, aiming to determine the model that exhibits the highest accuracy when compared with experimental data available in the literature. Initially, models for the building and turbine were developed. Subsequently, grid independence studies were performed for both models. Finally, numerical results from both models were compared using validation metrics, including Hit Rate (HR), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), and Mean Square Error (MSE). Overall, the Realizable k-epsilon model achieved superior results (NMSE = 0.022) compared to the SST k-omega model (NMSE = 0.039) in predicting the flow pattern on the building rooftop. Conversely, in simulations of the turbine, the SST k-omega(MSE = 0.370) outperformed the Realizable k-epsilon model (MSE = 0.445). These findings suggest that for CFD simulations of both models, particularly in urban wind energy applications, the SST k-omega model can be effectively employed.

Mounted Wind Turbines (BMWTs) are installed on building rooftops to exploit the wind velocity amplification found there. Optimal positioning of BMWTs (micrositing problem) can increase the energy gathered from the wind and reduce the total energy cost. Although micrositing methodologies have been extensively studied for wind farms, a gap in knowledge exists regarding the micrositing of BMWTs. The main objective of this work was to propose a methodology for optimal micrositing of BMWTs using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). Thus, a site assessment was initially performed. Wind data treatment was carried out to determine those wind velocities and directions to be used in the next stages. These wind velocities and directions were simulated within an urban environment via CFD. The selection of a BMWT was then carried out. Furthermore, the zones with low wind speeds and high turbulence levels restricted the search space used in the GA-based micrositing optimization. Finally, a sensitivity analysis employing the building reinforcement factor (F) was performed. The results showed that the energy produced yearly by the BMWT is the key parameter in reducing the Cost of Energy (CoE), which achieved a value of 3.05146 $/kWh.

This systematic review analyzed energy efficiency strategies in Latin American university buildings, with emphasis on highland climates. Following PRISMA guidelines, 225 documents were screened from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, yielding 36 studies published between 2015 and 2025. Reported interventions achieved 10–40% energy savings (median 18.5%), annual cost savings of USD 5672–USD 218,426 per building, with substantial variation reflecting differences in building size, intervention scope, and technology selection and carbon mitigation of 79–497 tons CO2e annually. Common measures included LED retrofits, building automation, and solar photovoltaics, while integrated approaches reached up to 60% savings but required longer payback periods. Only six studies validated simulations with field data, and six addressed highland climates, limiting regional applicability. Free modeling tools such as EnergyPlus and OpenStudio increased accessibility but faced adoption barriers due to steep learning curves and scarce documentation in Spanish and Portuguese. Key barriers included inadequate metering (53%), limited funding (61%), and policy gaps (53%), while enablers involved ISO 50001 adoption and strong institutional leadership. Overall, evidence remains fragmented, highlighting the need for integrated frameworks linking validated models, technology, governance, and regional collaboration.

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems presents challenges related to variability, stability, and efficiency, particularly in smart microgrids. This systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, analyzed 66 studies focused on advanced energy storage systems, intelligent control strategies, and optimization techniques. Hybrid storage solutions combining battery systems, hydrogen technologies, and pumped hydro storage were identified as effective approaches to mitigate RES intermittency and balance short- and long-term energy demands. The transition from centralized to distributed control architectures, supported by predictive analytics, digital twins, and AI-based forecasting, has improved operational planning and system monitoring. However, challenges remain regarding interoperability, data privacy, cybersecurity, and the limited availability of high-quality data for AI model training. Economic analyses show that while initial investments are high, long-term operational savings and improved resilience justify the adoption of advanced microgrid solutions when supported by appropriate policies and financial mechanisms. Future research should address the standardization of communication protocols, development of explainable AI models, and creation of sustainable business models to enhance resilience, efficiency, and scalability. These efforts are necessary to accelerate the deployment of decentralized, low-carbon energy systems capable of meeting future energy demands under increasingly complex operational conditions.

Decentralized generation has gained importance in the energy industry, since self-consumption with renewable resources presents attractive costs and allows load management actions. In this sense, photovoltaic generation systems are a promising technology. This work presents a proposal for a peak shaving system using solar photovoltaic (PV) energy and a battery storage system, known as battery energy storage systems (BESS), to be installed by an industrial customer to reduce energy consumption during peak hours. For the study, a hybrid approach is presented, starting from deterministic variables, such as the demand curve of the industry under study, and the generation of stochastic variables, such as the energy production of the photovoltaic system. For the analysis of the proposed peak shaving system, the design and sizing of the photovoltaic systems are developed in a base case of self-generation and an optimized system for the system to cover the energy demand generated during peak hours. The technical–economic study carried out in the research allowed us to determine the optimal power of the photovoltaic system with the storage system. The proposed system allows the integration of a peak shaving strategy from a certain power limit, in order to cover the peak demand over this power limit, allowing the system to be profitable under the current regulations and standards in Ecuador.

The uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles poses a great challenge for distribution network operators and power system planners. Instead of focusing on controlling this uncontrolled load, a model that uses contingency analysis variables to calculate the power capacity needed in the power system is proposed. The unserved power variable is used to evaluate the amount of uncovered load power at each bus of the system, followed by the calculation of the additional power capacity required using a photovoltaic and storage system and another constant generation alternative in the 14-bus IEEE power system with information on some electric vehicles and daily load in the power system of Peru. The results obtained in the power system with distributed generation, the absence of unserved power, corroborate the success of the methodology used. This model provides tools to both distribution network operators and power system planners, reducing the impact on the power system of electric vehicles and providing a methodology applicable to other electric distribution systems with uncontrolled loads.

La carga no controlada de vehículos eléctricos plantea un gran desafío para los operadores de redes de distribución y los planificadores de sistemas de potencia. En lugar de focalizarse en el control de esta carga no controlada, se propone un modelo que utiliza variables de análisis de contingencias para calcular la capacidad de potencia necesaria en el sistema de potencia. Se emplea la variable de potencia no servida para evaluar la cantidad de potencia de carga no cubierta en cada barra del sistema, seguido del cálculo de la capacidad de potencia adicional requerida, utilizando un sistema fotovoltaico y de almacenamiento y otra alternativa de generación constante en el sistema de potencia IEEE de 14 barras con información sobre algunos vehículos eléctricos y la carga diaria en el sistema de potencia de Perú. Los resultados obtenidos en el sistema de potencia con generación distribuida muestran que no hay presencia de potencia no servida, corroborando el éxito de la metodología utilizada. Este modelo brinda herramientas tanto a los operadores de redes de distribución como a los planificadores de sistemas de potencia, reduciendo el impacto en el sistema de potencia de los vehículos eléctricos y aportando una metodología aplicable a otros sistemas de distribución eléctrica con cargas no controladas.

This article analyzes the feasibility for the implementation of floating solar panels in reservoirs. For this, the Mazar hydroelectric dam in Ecuador will be taken as a case study. It is intended to contribute to the growing demand of the country and the transition processes that Ecuador and the world are experiencing towards renewable energies that are more friendly to the environment. Ecuador has a large contribution of hydroelectricity in its energy matrix, which represents an opportunity to take advantage of reservoirs, which are areas that can be better used to implement floating solar panels, as is done in other countries of the world. It is of special interest to be able to increase the power generation capacity with floating solar energy and, on the other hand, reduce the levels of use of fossil fuels. This case study can be an important basis to replicate in other hydroelectric power plants in Ecuador and be a reference at the intemational level.

Currently, inefficient use of electricity in homes, businesses, schools, and industries requires the implementation of policies, mechanisms, and technological innovations of rational use of energy. In this sense, the implementation of new distribution systems, low-voltage direct current, LVDC, is presented as a technological solution for energy saving as well as for the efficiency for end users and for energy distribution companies’ power. The emergent of new distribution systems such as LVDC has encouraged the development of innovative methods and components for power to low voltage DC, which are applied to lighting systems, datacenters, and interior spaces. Existing experience about LVDC distribution systems have shown that reducing energy loss is proportional to increased levels of DC voltage. In addition, conversion AC/DC systems have higher losses than conversion DC/DC ones. Therefore, the implementation of LVDC systems is comparatively more efficient than traditional distribution methods of alternating current. The massive integration of LVDC distribution systems will significantly reduce energy losses and increase the efficiency of energy end users. In this article, the implementation of a cloud platform control and management of an isolated distribution system that feeds LVDC lighting loads is described. Also, the conceptual development of integration of LVDC system with a renewable generation, which supplies current to the lighting system is presented.

The trend for renewable energies has motivated residential consumers around the world to have a rapid penetration in the installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems. For this reason, power utility companies must plan the inclusion of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in their distribution grid. The proposed method projects the quantity and location of these systems. The method is divided into 3 modules: temporal, spatial, and potential modules. In the case of the temporal module, it uses census data by dividing the area into districts, and also, it calculates the number of residential customers, which can be converted into rooftop solar photovoltaic systems. On the other hand, the spatial module adjusts the temporal module based on the interaction and spatial influence of neighbours for each district. Finally, the potential module calculates their energy potential according to the geographical location of the districts and evaluates it with the forecast number of customers from the spatial module. The performance of the method is assessed in the service area of an Ecuadorian power utility. The results show that in Cuenca the greatest influence on adoption is given by two variables, the number of heads of households with permanent employment and the district's electrical power. The customers and energy results produced represent for each scenario only the 7% and 9% of the energy demanded, this concentration is shown through thematic maps that allow identifying the districts that have rapid adoption of solar panels. The results are important tools for the planning of the distribution company, the company will have the areas of highest rooftop solar photovoltaic systems penetration to evaluate its distribution system and maintain its reliability levels.

This study aims to calculate the theoretical potential that Talara region in Peru has for biodiesel's production from microalgae, capturing future emissions from the new Talara refinery which is currently in the modernization process (it will produce 2.5 million tons of CO2 per year). The state of the art in the production of biodiesel from microalgae was investigated, reviewing the research carried out worldwide about biodiesel's production from microalgae, taking as a reference existing plants in Almeria (Spain) and using a mixed culture system: photobioreactor and open pond. The microalgae proposed to be used in the extraction of biodiesel is called Dunaliella tertiolecta. The theoretical plant of this study for biodiesel's production would allow to obtain 160 thousand tons per year, capturing approximately 300 tons per hour of CO2 and considering only 30% lipids in the Dunaliella tertiolecta microalgae.

Actualmente, la integración de sistemas solares fotovoltaicos en las redes de distribución para el suministro eléctrico directo a usuarios industriales permite reducir significativamente los costos de operación e incrementar la competitividad de los sectores productivos. En este sentido, los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos podrían suministrar un importante porcentaje de las necesidades eléctricas de las empresas camaroneras de forma económica y fiable. Las fincas camaroneras se localizan generalmente en sitios remotos, cerca de las costas e incluso en islas, sin conexión al sistema eléctrico nacional. La construcción de redes eléctricas de suministro eléctrico resultaría excesivamente costosa. Así, los motores diésel de combustión interna se encargan de garantizar el suministro de la demanda energética en esta industria. Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que la integración de sistemas fotovoltaicos de generación solar puede satisfacer parcialmente la demanda eléctrica de los cultivos intensivos y extensivos de camarones de la provincia de El Oro. El estudio se lo realiza en Puerto Pitahaya perteneciente al cantón Arenillas, donde se comprueba la existencia de un excepcional recurso solar en promedio 133.02 kWh/m²- mes, el costo de inversión por cada kW de esta tecnología es de $415,8 lo cual representa un precio competitivo, así mismo la madurez de la tecnología solar garantizan una rápida recuperación de la inversión, un suministro eléctrico de elevada fiabilidad y una sustancial mejora de la eficiencia energética de la producción de las empresas del sector camaronero del Ecuador.

The Urban Wind Turbine (UWT) industry has experienced diverse results with some positive outcomes and various negative ones. Regarding negative outcomes, designers have often overestimated performances of UWTs. Differences of 20% or less between actual energy produced and energy originally estimated were found in literature. These differences would have been caused by an incorrect location of the UWTs. Note that determining the optimal location for UWTs is a complex task due to unforeseen wind behaviour found in urban environments. To cope with this complex task, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is presented as a suitable alternative. Thus, this paper aimed to develop a review to introduce recent advancements in the field of CFD design of UWTs, and to perform a critical analysis of these advancements. Accordingly, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) associated with the topic was performed to obtain suitable information (primary studies) for the critical analysis. The results showed that the maximum velocity amplification factor, power coefficient and torque coefficient found in the primary studies were 1.8, 0.4627 and 0.4195, respectively. Note that these values were obtained using novel UWTs and wind amplification devices. Regarding CFD modelling, the standard k-epsilon turbulence model was the most used (42% of studies).

This study shows a description of the design procedure for a photovoltaic charging station isolated from the electricity grid, which guarantees the recharging of batteries for electric vehicles and electric scooters at the Campus La Estancia "Luis Cordero el Grande" of the Catholic University of Cuenca of the city of Cuenca -Ecuador.The design of the photovoltaic charging station is focused on the generation of clean energy for electric mobility, having the conviction and security that the energy used to recharge the batteries is one hundred percent renewable; In this sense, the Ecuadorian state seeks to promote the integration of renewable energies in urban transport (electromobility) through the academy.

En el presente artículo se describe el diseño, simulación e implementación de un prototipo de gestión, operación y control de un sistema de iluminación fotovoltaico desde una plataforma Cloud/GIS. La plataforma Cloud/GIS regula la intensidad lumínica de diferentes luminarias LED interconectadas y visualizadas en un Sistema de Información Geográfico, GIS. El prototipo electrónico de iluminación LED se instaló en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato. El prototipo de control automático de iluminación se programa para dos formas de funcionamiento: los días de lunes a viernes, y los sábados y domingos. Asimismo, se propone una metodología de análisis del impacto económico y medioambiental, asociado a la implementación de una plataforma de gestión, operación y control de sistemas fotovoltaicos de iluminación. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis comparativo del impacto económico y medioambiental de sistemas convencionales de alumbrado público, sin ningún tipo de control de luminosidad, frente a un sistema de alumbrado público integrado a una plataforma Cloud/GIS de gestión, operación y control de luminarias LEDs.

In Germany, Spain, Italy and other European countries, the promotion and development of distributed residential photovoltaic (PV) generation markets has been based mainly on the mechanism of regulated premiums by kWh generated - Feed in Tariff. The United States has employed the net metering mechanism. Both mechanisms have determined the price of the electricity injected to the grid energy be equal or higher than the grid electricity tariff. The accelerated cost reduction of PV technology has allowed, in diverse electricity markets, Grid parity. This circumstance has driven the revision and reformulation of the promotion mechanisms for distributed PV generation. This paper is to development to evaluate the net billing and self-consumption mechanism and the impact on the business sustainability of the electricity distribution company (DSO); as well as the economic incentive for the residential user to become prosumer. The mechanism has applied to the electricity retail market of Arequipa, located in southern Peru, with a specific solar potential higher than 2000 kWh/kWp. The results showed that: The subsidized electricity tariff for consumer less than 100 kWh/month, would not reach full grid parity before 2020. For consumer of higher than 100 kWh/month, the net billing and self-consumption mechanism allows the promotion of distributed PV generation. In addition, the under net billing, DOS would maintain their business sustainability. Finally, under the net billing mechanism the user will have the incentive not to oversize the grid-connected PV power

En el Ecuador, el principal consumidor final de energía es el sector transporte. En el año 2014, el consumo de energía alcanzó el 42% del consumo nacional total. El Estado ecuatoriano debe importar un importante volumen de derivados de petróleo para garantizar la demanda total de los combustibles fósiles empleados en el sector transporte. Además, el expendio de combustible fósil está subvencionado, implicando un sustancial gasto de recursos económicos. En el presente artículo, se simula la estrategia de una futura implementación de vehículos eléctricos en el sistema nacional de transporte terrestre. El estudio de prospectiva y planificación energética en el sector transporte se realizó con ayuda del Modelo de Simulación y Análisis de la Matriz Energética – SAME, perteneciente a la Organización Latinoamericana de Energía OLADE. A través de un tablero virtual, se simula en el año 2035 la sustitución de combustibles fósiles: gasolina y diésel por electricidad, minimizando así el volumen de importaciones de los derivados del petróleo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar la viabilidad técnica de electrificación del sector de transporte y desacoplamiento de los derivados del petróleo. Como resultados de una primera aproximación estratégica en esta sustitución implicaría una reducción de 86.223,0 kbep de diésel del consumo nacional, además, una importante reducción de importaciones de gasolina. De esta manera, al año 2035, sólo se importaría alrededor de 19.650,9 kbep, destinados al consumo de sectores comercial, residencial y construcción.

In Ecuador, the City of Ambato has a public transport system dependent exclusively on oil derivatives. The Directorate of Traffic, Transport and Mobility Decentralized Autonomous Government Municipality of Ambato, GADMA, is responsible for the planning, organization and regulation of traffic of interparochial, intercantonal and urban land transport throughout the territory comprising the jurisdiction of the Ambato Canton. The Directorate of Traffic, Transport and Mobility prepares and signs the contracts of operation for the public transport in the city of Ambato. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the energy consumption, economic costs and environmental impact between fossil and electric buses for the urban public transport of the city of Ambato is evaluated. This study is based on information provided by the operating contracts of the Directorate of Traffic, Transport and Mobility of the Municipality of Ambato, on simulation of urban transport routes in ArcGIS software and on technical characteristic of fossil and electric buses provided by manufacturers.

En el presente articulo se analizan las implicaciones energeticas y medioambientales de la integracion de autobuses electricos en el sistema de transporte urbano de la ciudad de Ambato. El parque automotor del sistema de transporte publico urbano de la ciudad de Ambato consta de una flota de 438 autobuses, distribuidos en 5 cooperativas y companias operadoras. La informacion se obtuvo de los contratos de operacion suscritos entre la Direccion de Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de la Municipalidad de Ambato y las empresas y cooperativas operadoras de las rutas de transporte publico. El analisis comparativo emplea indicadores como el consumo energetico – fosil y electrico, el coste economico del consumo energetico y el impacto medioambiental de los combustibles fosiles. En el estudio realizado se demuestra que la sustitucion de autobuses con motores de combustion por autobuses electricos supondria una reduccion anual en el consumo energetico fosil de 511 TJ a 140,66 TJ, ademas, el pais reduciria sus importaciones en 3 millones 180 mil 760 galones de diesel al ano. Adicionalmente, se obtendria un ahorro de 24 mil 774 toneladas equivalentes de CO 2 emitidas a la atmosfera.