NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has made measurements of aerosol chemical, microphysical, optical, and cloud nucleating properties onboard research cruises since 1991. The twenty-five cruises have covered all of the world's oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern. The result is the most comprehensive, publicly available database of aerosol properties in the marine atmosphere to date. The database also contains gas-phase species (O3, SO2), Radon, and dimethylsulfide (DMS), seawater species (DMS, NH4+, NO3-, and chlorophyll a), and meteorological parameters. Details of the cruises (locations, dates, and objectives), parameters measured, instrumentation used, and data availability are provided here. Also included are PMEL's high-level major findings and past usage of the data by others. The goal of this paper is to promote broader awareness of the database to the atmospheric aerosol in situ measurement, satellite, and modelling communities. Data are publicly available at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) data archive (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/, NOAA, 2025) (see also the list of all data sets in Table 7). Links to the Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for each cruise are provided herein.

Studying tropospheric ozone over the remote areas of the planet, such as the open oceans and the polar regions, is crucial to understand the role of ozone as a global climate forcer and regulator of atmospheric oxidative capacity. A focus on the pristine oceanic and polar regions complements the available land-based datasets and provides insights into key photochemical and depositional loss processes that control the concentrations and spatiotemporal variability in ozone as well as the physicochemical mechanisms driving these patterns. However, an assessment of the role of ozone over the oceanic and polar regions has been hampered by a lack of comprehensive observational datasets. Here, we present the first comprehensive collection of ozone data over the oceans and the polar regions. The overall dataset consists of 77 ship cruises/buoy-based observations and 48 aircraft-based campaigns. The dataset, consisting of more than 630 000 independent ozone measurement data points covering the period from 1977 to 2022 and an altitude range from the surface to 5000 m (with a focus on the lowest 2000 m), allows systematic analyses of the spatiotemporal distribution and long-term trends over the 11 defined ocean/polar regions. The datasets from ships, buoys, and aircraft are complemented by ozonesonde data from 29 launch sites or field campaigns and by 21 non-polar and 17 polar ground-based station datasets. The datasets contain information on how long the observed air masses were isolated from land, as estimated by backward trajectories from the individual observation points. To extract observations representative of oceanic conditions, we recommend using a subset of the data with an isolation time of 72 h or longer, from the analysis with coincident radon observations. These filtered oceanic and polar data showed typically flat diurnal cycles at high latitudes, whereas daytime decreases in ozone (11 %-16 %) were observed at lower latitudes. The ship/buoy- and aircraft-based datasets presented here will supplement the land-based ones in the TOAR-II (Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report Phase II) database to provide a fully global assessment of tropospheric ozone. The described dataset is available at 10.17596/0004044 (Kanaya et al., 2025).

Abstract. Studying tropospheric ozone over the remote areas of the planet, such as the open oceans and the polar regions, is crucial to understand the role of ozone as a global climate forcer and regulator of atmospheric oxidative capacity. A focus on the pristine oceanic and polar regions complements the available land-based data sets and provides insights into key photochemical and depositional loss processes that control the concentrations, spatio-temporal variability of ozone, and the physico-chemical mechanisms driving these patterns. However, an assessment of the role of ozone over the oceanic and polar regions has been hampered by a lack of comprehensive observational data sets. Here, we present the first comprehensive collection of ozone data over the oceans and the polar regions. The overall data set consists of 77 ship cruises/buoy-based observations and 48 aircraft-based campaigns. The data set, consisting of more than 630,000 independent ozone measurement data points covering the period from 1977 to 2022 and an altitude range from the surface to 5000 m (with a focus on the lowest 2000 m), allows systematic analyses of the spatio-temporal distribution and long-term trends over the defined 11 ocean/polar regions. The data sets from ships, buoys, and aircrafts are complemented with an ozonesonde data set from 29 launch sites or field campaigns, and by 21 non-polar and 17 polar ground-based stations data sets. The data were filtered by using backward trajectories calculated with the HYSPLIT model from the individual observation points to extract essentially oceanic observations, defined as air masses that have travelled over oceans for 72 hours or more, which were further tested with the coincident Radon observations. The oceanic and polar data thus selected showed typically flat diurnal patterns at high latitudes and daytime decreases (11–16 %) at low latitudes, indicating the adequacy of the data collection and processing procedures, as well as the potential for further studies of processes with statistical robustness and coverage. The ship/buoy- and aircraft-based data sets presented here will supplement the land-based ones in the TOAR-II database to provide a fully global assessment of tropospheric ozone.

An uncrewed aerial system (UAS) has been developed for observations of aerosol and cloud properties relevant to aerosol direct and indirect forcing in the marine atmosphere. The UAS is a Hybrid Quadrotor–fixed-wing aircraft designed for launch and recovery from a confined space such as a ship deck. Two payloads, clear sky and cloudy sky, house instrumentation required to characterize aerosol radiative forcing effects. The observing platform (UAS plus payloads) has been deployed from a ship and from a coastal site for observations in the marine atmosphere. We describe here details of the UAS, the payloads, and first observations from the TowBoatU.S. Richard L. Becker (March 2022) and from the Tillamook UAS Test Range (August 2022). The development of this UAS technology for flights from ships and coastal locations is expected to greatly increase observations of aerosol radiative effects in the marine boundary layer over both temporal and spatial scales.

The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) began measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in 1982 to better understand the seawater sulfur cycle and the contribution of seawater DMS emissions to the global atmospheric sulfur budget. These measurements led to a global ocean database of DMS seawater concentrations currently hosted at PMEL, with contributions from researchers worldwide. In the mid-1980s, PMEL followed DMS from the ocean into the atmosphere and began aerosol measurements. It was found that DMS-derived, biogenic sulfate can make up a large fraction of the submicron aerosol in the remote marine atmosphere. In addition, it was found that a significant and variable fraction of submicron aerosol over the ocean was composed not only of biogenic sulfate but also included sea spray aerosol and long-range transported components. These measurements were pioneering in providing evidence that marine aerosols are a complex mixture of chemical components that should be included in climate models in order to accurately model Earth’s radiation budget. Measurements from 27 cruises have helped form a coherent view of species responsible for aerosol light scattering and cloud drop nucleation in the marine boundary layer. This global database of aerosol properties is publicly available on PMEL web pages for use by the modeling and satellite communities. Most recently, PMEL has developed payloads for uncrewed aerial systems to extend surface shipboard measurements up to 3,000 m in altitude and to include measurements of cloud properties.

<p>The TRopospheric Ozone and Precursors from Earth System Sounding (TROPESS) project generates Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) of ozone, and other atmospheric constituents (CH4, CO, H2O, HDO, NH3, PAN and temperature) by processing data from multiple satellites through a common retrieval algorithm and ground data system. Satellite Level-1B input data used in generating the TROPESS L2 data products include CrIS NOAA-20 (JPSS-1), CrIS SNPP, AIRS Aqua, OMI Aura, and TROPOMI S5P. The common retrieval framework is known as the MUlti-SpEctra, MUlti-SpEcies, Multi-SEnsors (MUSES) science data processing system (MUSES-SDPS). Several of the TROPESS data products are now available from the NASA Godddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Service Center (GES DISC) for users to download.</p> <p>In this presentation we provide an overview of the various TROPESS data products. These data products can be divided into the following Forward Stream types: Standard Products, Summary Products, and Full-Archival Products.  Standard Products are for users that are doing full analysis with avenging kernel and covariance corresponding to retrieved vertical profiles. Summary products have a smaller file size and are more convenient for first-look and rapid analysis, include total and partial columns, as well as column averaging kernels. The Full-Archival Products will contain all information used in creating the data. TROPESS also creates Special Products, provided on an as-needed and as-available basis to support NASA field missions and individual-investigator requests over specific regions. Eventually, TROPESS will also produce and deliver a set of Reanalysis Stream products.</p> <p>Data at the GES DISC are being transitioned into the "Cloud". This will allow users with "Cloud" access to perform data analysis directly on the data without downloading the data to their system. Services, such as subsetting and data visualization, will also be provided for TROPESS data products at the GES DISC.</p>

At first glance, the idea of outdoor play and learning is both appealing and simple. Indeed, there are many popular articles that both advocate for more outdoor experiences for children and admonis...

The Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) took place from 7 January to 11 July 2020 in the tropical North Atlantic between the eastern edge of Barbados and 51∘ W, the longitude of the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) mooring. Measurements were made to gather information on shallow atmospheric convection, the effects of aerosols and clouds on the ocean surface energy budget, and mesoscale oceanic processes. Multiple platforms were deployed during ATOMIC including the NOAA RV Ronald H. Brown (RHB) (7 January to 13 February) and WP-3D Orion (P-3) aircraft (17 January to 10 February), the University of Colorado's Robust Autonomous Aerial Vehicle-Endurant Nimble (RAAVEN) uncrewed aerial system (UAS) (24 January to 15 February), NOAA- and NASA-sponsored Saildrones (12 January to 11 July), and Surface Velocity Program Salinity (SVPS) surface ocean drifters (23 January to 29 April). The RV Ronald H. Brown conducted in situ and remote sensing measurements of oceanic and atmospheric properties with an emphasis on mesoscale oceanic–atmospheric coupling and aerosol–cloud interactions. In addition, the ship served as a launching pad for Wave Gliders, Surface Wave Instrument Floats with Tracking (SWIFTs), and radiosondes. Details of measurements made from the RV Ronald H. Brown, ship-deployed assets, and other platforms closely coordinated with the ship during ATOMIC are provided here. These platforms include Saildrone 1064 and the RAAVEN UAS as well as the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and Barbados Atmospheric Chemistry Observatory (BACO). Inter-platform comparisons are presented to assess consistency in the data sets. Data sets from the RV Ronald H. Brown and deployed assets have been quality controlled and are publicly available at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) data archive (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/ATOMIC-2020, last access: 2 April 2021). Point-of-contact information and links to individual data sets with digital object identifiers (DOIs) are provided herein.

Global and regional air quality measurements play an important role in the everyday life of people, inasmuch as atmospheric constituents such as ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), and aerosols may cause severe threats to human health and agriculture productivity. Space-based sensors on satellites are able to detect these atmospheric constituents directly and indirectly at high spatial and temporal scales. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite provides measurements of O3, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde (HCHO), aerosols, and cloud in ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), near infrared (NIR), and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral ranges. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura mission measures ozone, aerosols, clouds, surface UV irradiance, and trace gases including NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO, and OClO using UV electromagnetic spectrum bands. The Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS) on the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP or SNPP) provides environmental data products including O3, NO2, SO2, and aerosols. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on Aura has been monitoring atmospheric chemical species (CO, volcanic SO2, O3, N2O, BrO), temperature, humidity, and cloud ice since 2004. MLS measurements help understand stratospheric ozone chemistry, and the effects of air pollutants injected into the upper troposphere and low stratosphere. The Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) covers a wide spectral range from VIS to thermal infrared (TIR), which enables remote observations of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4. Furthermore, atmospheric constituent data are also available in the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) NASA's atmospheric reanalysis data collection. MERRA-2 uses an upgraded version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5) data assimilation system, enhanced with more aspects of the Earth system.The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) supports over a thousand data collections in the focus areas of Atmospheric Composition, Water & Energy Cycles, and Climate Variability. Some of these data collections include atmospheric composition products from the ongoing TROPOMI, OMI, OMPS, MLS, TANSO-FTS, and MERRA-2 missions and projects. The GES DISC web site (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov) provides multiple tools designed to help data users easily search, subset, visualize, and download data from these diverse sources in a unified way. We will demonstrate several methodologies employing these tools to monitor air quality.

This chapter examines certain factors within healthy life experiences without limiting the search for what is needed and in the best interests of children and their families beyond developmental science and other knowledge from Western cultural worldviews. Both culture and development are important to consider in their complex interaction in order to relate well to early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy and practice work and to best serve children and families worldwide. Policy considerations regarding infants and young children require tools for thinking about actions and consequences related to them. Putcha and van der Gaad estimate that more than 200 million children in the developing world under the age of 5 are suffering the consequences of poverty, nutritional deficiency, and inadequate opportunities for early education. The professional preparation and ongoing professional development of people who work with young children and their families in caregiving and educative capacities is an important aspect of ECEC.

This chapter discusses brief history of early education and child study in the United States (US) and describes important curricular approaches and programs. It covers early care and education (ECE) research and evaluation, teacher preparation and professional development, and future directions. The Creative Curriculum and Tools of the Mind models are also commonly employed in Head Start and other kinds of ECE classrooms. Compared to other ECE programs in the US, childcare programs are likely to be challenged by insufficient resources for adequate teacher compensation and other program needs. These institutional and fiscal challenges in turn lead to unsettling compromises in the key areas of caregiver qualifications, validated curriculum, parental outreach, and regular assessment. In the course of their career ECE teachers benefit from considerable support and encouragement; in-service or professional development opportunities are commonplace and differentiated by type of ECE setting and age/grade level served, and sometimes by content area.

In situ atmospheric aerosol measurements have been performed from a Manta unmanned aircraft system (UAS) using recently developed miniaturized aerosol instruments. Flights were conducted up to an altitude of 3000 m (AMSL) during spring 2015 in Ny-angstrom lesund, Svalbard, Norway. We use these flights to demonstrate a practical set of miniaturized instruments that can be deployed onboard small UASs and can provide valuable information on ambient aerosol. Measured properties include size-resolved particle number concentrations, aerosol absorption coefficient, relative humidity, and direct sun intensity. From these parameters, it is possible to derive a comprehensive set of aerosol optical properties: aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter. The combination of instruments also allows us to determine the aerosol hygroscopicity.Copyright (c) 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research

This study explores pre-service teachers' perceptions of movement education, the benefits they perceive from participating in a 12-week movement education module in a course on play, and the module's effects on their confidence and competence in regard to incorporating movement into a curriculum. Findings suggest that the pre-service teachers achieved a deeper understanding of movement education and appreciated the module as a worthwhile professional growth experience. Specifically, they viewed the module as enabling them to build a new understanding of movement, to express themselves physically, to develop movement skills, to engage in social interactions, and to teach a variety of subjects using movement education principles. The study demonstrated that the module of this nature constitutes a useful educational tool for fostering the professional development of pre-service teachers in regard to their beliefs, attitudes, and skills pertaining to movement education.