The Columbia Basin once supported a diversity of native fishes and large runs of anadromous salmonids that sustained substantial fisheries and cultural values. Extensive land conversion, watershed disruptions, and subsequent fishery declines have led to one of the most ambitious restoration programs in the world. Progress has been made, but restoration is expensive (exceeding US$300M/year), and it remains unclear whether habitat actions, in particular, can be successful. A comprehensive approach is needed to guide cost-effective habitat restoration. Four elements that must be addressed simultaneously are (1) a scientific foundation from landscape ecology and the concept of resilience, (2) broad public support, (3) governance for collaboration and integration, and (4) a capacity for learning and adaptation. Realizing these in the Columbia Basin will require actions to rebalance restoration goals to include diversity, strengthen linkages between science and management, increase public engagement, work across traditional ecological and social boundaries, and learn from experience.

Well-functioning food webs are fundamental for sustaining rivers as ecosystems and maintaining associated aquatic and terrestrial communities. The current emphasis on restoring habitat structure-without explicitly considering food webs-has been less successful than hoped in terms of enhancing the status of targeted species and often overlooks important constraints on ecologically effective restoration. We identify three priority food web-related issues that potentially impede successful river restoration: uncertainty about habitat carrying capacity, proliferation of chemicals and contaminants, and emergence of hybrid food webs containing a mixture of native and invasive species. Additionally, there is the need to place these food web considerations in a broad temporal and spatial framework by understanding the consequences of altered nutrient, organic matter (energy), water, and thermal sources and flows, reconnecting critical habitats and their food webs, and restoring for changing environments. As an illustration, we discuss how the Columbia River Basin, site of one of the largest aquatic/riparian restoration programs in the United States, would benefit from implementing a food web perspective. A food web perspective for the Columbia River would complement ongoing approaches and enhance the ability to meet the vision and legal obligations of the US Endangered Species Act, the Northwest Power Act (Fish and Wildlife Program), and federal treaties with Northwest Indian Tribes while meeting fundamental needs for improved river management.

We used observational and experimental approaches to obtain information on factors affecting the timing of maturation of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka, a semelparous, landlocked salmon. Gonadal staging criteria were developed and applied to three kokanee populations in Idaho lakes and reservoirs. Testes were classified into three stages: immature (stage one, S1), maturing (S2), and mature (S3). Ovaries were classified into eight stages: immature (S1-S3), transitional (stage S4), maturing (S5-S7), and mature (S8). Males entered the maturing stage (S2) in February through April of the spawning year. Females entered maturing stage (S5) as early as July of the year before the spawning year, and as late as March of the spawning year. Three hatchery experiments demonstrated that attainment of a larger body size 10 to 16 months before spawning increased the likelihood of initiation of maturation in both sexes. No gonads in a state of regression were observed. A gonadosomatic index above 0.1 by early July was a food indicator of a maturing male, and a gonadosomatic index above 1.0 by early July was a good indicator of a maturing female. Instantaneous growth rates were not good predictors of maturation, but attaining a size threshold of 18 to 19 cm in the fall was a food predictor of maturation the following year. This improved knowledge of kokanee maturation will permit more effectively management of the species for age, growth and size at maturity as well as for contributions to fisheries.

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 37, Issue 11 p. 1146-1149 Stability of some commonly measured blood-chemistry variables in juvenile salmonids exposed to a lethal dose of the anaesthetic MS-222 James L Congleton, James L Congleton US Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author James L Congleton, James L Congleton US Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01528.xCitations: 21 Correspondence: J L Congleton, US Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1141, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Barton B.A., Schreck C.B., Ewing R.D., Hemmingsen A.R. & Patino R. (1985) Changes in plasma cortisol during stress and smoltification in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. General and Comparative Endocrinology 59, 468– 471. Björnsson B.T., Young G., Lin R.J., Deftos L.J. & Bern H.A. (1989) Smoltification and seawater adaptation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): plasma calcium regulation, osmoregulation, and calcitonin. General and Comparative Endocrinology 74, 346– 354. Bourne P.K. (1984) The use of MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) as an anaesthetic for routine blood sampling in three species of marine teleosts. Aquaculture 36, 313– 321. Congleton J.L. & Wagner T. (2006) Blood-chemistry indicators of nutritional status and food intake in juvenile salmonids. Journal of Fish Biology (in press). Davis K.B., Parker N.C. & Suttle M.A. (1982) Plasma corticosteroids and chlorides in striped bass exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate, quinaldine, etomidate, and salt. The Progressive Fish – Culturist 44, 205– 207. Gingerich W.H. & Drottar K.R. (1989) plasma catecholamine concentrations in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at rest and after anesthesia and surgery. General and Comparative Endocrinology 73, 390– 397. Holloway A.C., Keene J.L., Noakes D.G. & Moccia R.D. (2004) Effects of clove oil and MS-222 on blood hormone profiles in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum. Aquaculture Research 35, 1025– 1030. Houston A.H., Madden J.A., Woods R.J. & Miles H.M. (1971) Some physiological effects of handling and tricaine methanesulphonate anesthetization upon the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28, 625– 633. Iwama G.K., McGeer J.C. & Pawluk M.P. (1989) The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid-base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 2065– 2073. Kirk R.E. (1995) Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd edn. Brooks/Cole Publishing, Pacific Grove, CA, USA. Laidley C.W. & Leatherland J.F. (1988) Cohort sampling, anaesthesia and stocking-density effects of plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, metabolite and ion levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 33, 73– 88. McDonald D.G. & Milligan C.L. (1992) Chemical properties of the blood. In: Fish Physiology (ed. by W.S. Hoar, D.H. Randall & A.P. Farrell), pp. 56– 135. Academic Press, New York, USA. Mazeaud M.M. & Mazeaud F. (1981) Adrenergic responses to stress in fish. In: Stress and Fish (ed. by A.D. Pickering), pp. 49– 75. Academic Press, New York, USA. Nieminen M., Laitnen M. & Pasanen P. (1982) Effects of anaesthesia with tricaine (MS 222) on the blood composition of the splake (Salvelinus fontinalis X Salvelinus namaycush). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 73C, 271– 276. Pickering A.D., Pottinger T.G. & Christie P. (1982) Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study. Journal of Fish Biology 20, 229– 244. Smit G.L., Hattingh J. & Burger A.P. (1979) Haematological assessment of the effects of the anaesthetic MS 222 in natural and neutralized form in three freshwater fish species: interspecies differences. Journal of Fish Biology 15, 633– 643. Soivio A., Nyholm K. & Huhti M. (1977) Effects of anaesthesia with MS 222, neutralized MS 222 and benzocaine on the blood constituents of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology 10, 91– 101. Strange R.J. & Schreck C.B. (1978) Anesthetic and handling stress on survival and cortisol concentration in yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35, 345– 349. Thomas P. & Robertson L. (1991) Plasma cortisol and glucose stress responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to handling and shallow water stressors and anesthesia with MS-222, quinaldine sulfate and metomidate. Aquaculture 96, 69– 86. Wagner T. & Congleton J.L. (2004) Blood chemistry correlates of nutritional condition, tissue damage, and stress in migrating juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 61, 1066– 1074. Wedemeyer G. (1970) Stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 and benzocaine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27, 909– 914. Wedemeyer G.A., Barton B.A. & McLeay D.J. (1990) Stress and acclimation. In: Methods for Fish Biology (ed. by C.B. Schreck & P.B. Moyle), pp. 451– 489. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, USA. Citing Literature Volume37, Issue11August 2006Pages 1146-1149 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Relationships between dietary lipid source, stress, and oxidative stress were examined in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Four different experimental diets were used: menhaden oil (MHO; elevated 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3), soybean oil (SBO; elevated 18:2n-6), linseed oil (LSO; elevated 18:3n-3), and a mixture of 55% linseed oil and 45% soybean oil (MIX; approximately equal levels of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3). Juvenile salmon (initial body weight of 16.0 g) were fed experimental diets for 12 weeks (early March to early June). At the end of feeding, fish subjected to a low-water stressor for 96 h had greater liver and brain lipid peroxidation compared to unstressed controls; peroxidation was not influenced by diet. Diet and stress affected plasma cortisol levels. Stressed fish fed SBO had the greatest cortisol concentrations, followed by MIX, MHO, and LSO (mean concentrations for the SBO and LSO diets differed significantly). The cortisol response to stress may have been influenced by the ratio of prostaglandin 1- and 2-series to prostaglandin 3-series precursor fatty acids provided by the different diets. The results of this study suggest a connection between the physiological response to stress, dietary lipid quality, and oxidative stress. This is the first evidence of such a relationship in fish.

Macrophages isolated from the anterior kidney of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in 96-well microtiter plates were exposed for 72 h to 0, 10(5), or 10(6) live or heat-killed Renibacterium salmoninarum cells per well or to 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mu g/mL of R. salmoninarum soluble proteins. After treatment, the bactericidal activity of the macrophages against Aeromonas salmonicida was determined by a colorimetric assay based on the reduction of the tetrazolium dye MTT to formazan by viable bacteria. The MTT assay was modified to allow estimation of the percentage of bacteria killed by reference to a standard curve relating the number of bacteria added to microtiter wells to absorbance by formazan at 600 nm. The live and heat-killed R. salmoninarum treatments significantly (P < 0.001) increased killing of A. salmonicida by chinook salmon macrophages. In each of the five trials, significantly (P < 0.05) greater increases in killing occurred after exposure to 10(5) R. salmoninarum cells than to 10(6) R. salmoninarum cells per well. In contrast, treatment of macrophages with 10 mu g/mL R. salmoninarum soluble proteins significantly (P < 0.001) decreased killing of A. salmonicida, but treatment with lower doses did not. These results show that the bactericidal activity of chinook salmon macrophages is stimulated by exposure to R. salmoninarum cells at lower dose levels but inhibited by exposure to R. salmoninarum cells or soluble proteins at higher dose levels.

“Over the past thirty years or so we have constructed an elaborate and interde reliant to the management of natural stocks of Chinook and coho salmon. These species are impacted by a variet commercial and recreational fisheries at various stages of the life history throughout their migratory ranges efficient coastwide data collection systems essential for stock and fishery assessments. Current fishery re Chinook and coho salmon are inextricably linked to the CWT system. In his introductory remarks to a CWT Workshop, convened by the Pacific Salmon Commission in June 2004, Larry Rutter from the National Marine Fisheries Service described this relationship as follows:

Journal of Aquatic Animal HealthVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 281-287 Article Detection of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) Virus in Rearing Units for Steelhead before and during IHN Epizootics Yan Zhang, Yan Zhang Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83843 USASearch for more papers by this authorJames L. Congleton, James L. Congleton National Biological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83843 USASearch for more papers by this author Yan Zhang, Yan Zhang Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83843 USASearch for more papers by this authorJames L. Congleton, James L. Congleton National Biological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83843 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 1 December 1994 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1994)006<0281:DOIHNI>2.3.CO;2Citations: 6 To whom correspondence should be addressed. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Nursery tanks and Burrows ponds at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery, Ahsahka, Idaho, containing age-0 steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were sampled for IHN virus before and during epizootics of IHN. The hatchery water supply was also sampled weekly from March to September. By use of a precipitation method involving polyethylene glycol (PEG) to concentrate virus from water samples, IHN virus was detected in nursery tanks and Burrows ponds during the early stages of epizootics at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL. Peak virus concentrations were 1–5 pfu/mL in nursery tanks and exceeded 50 pfu/mL in Burrows ponds. When tangential flow filtration was used in conjunction with PEG precipitation, virus was detected in Burrows ponds at concentrations of 0.007–0.07 pfu/mL, 3–12 d before periods of rapidly increasing mortality. The results indicate that IHN epizootics begin with waterborne IHN virus at relatively low concentrations. Virus was not detected in the hatchery water supply, but waterborne virus can apparently be transmitted to susceptible populations even when the concentrations are below the threshold of detection for the methods used in this study. Citing Literature Volume6, Issue41 December 1994Pages 281-287 RelatedInformation

Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to waterborne live cutthroat trout virus (CTV) showed increased resistance to experimental challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Pre-exposure to CTV caused a relative percent survival (RPS) of 70 when compared to CTV-mock-treated groups challenged with IHNV. Additionally, the mean day to death was 10 d for CTV-exposed versus 8 d for the CTV-mock-treated group. Protection was obtained following exposures as brief as 5 min but was greatest among trout exposed for 1 h to CTV and then challenged 1 wk later with IHNV. Protection was observed for up to 4 wk following CTV exposures but absent at 6 wk. Concentrations of serum anti-IHNV neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher (p = 0.007) among trout previously exposed to CTV when compared to the mock-treated group 5 wk following challenge with IHNV. Both groups (CTV and CTV-mock) surviving the first IHNV exposure were solidly protected to a second IHNV challenge. The mechanisms for the viral mediated resistance induced by CTV is unknown, but the virus was shown to be a potent inducer of interferon-like activity in anterior kidney cells isolated from rainbow trout.

The influence of current velocity on the survival and development of lingcod embryos was investigated in the field and laboratory. Examination of egg masses at five lingcod spawning sites indicated that embryo mortalities were high (up to 95%) at low-current sites because of inadequate ventilation and resulting hypoxia. Development of embryos near the center of poorly ventilated egg masses was retarded relative to development of embryos near the periphery. Hatching of embryos from poorly ventilated eggs was protracted; embryos from the interior of egg masses hatched later and were significantly smaller than embryos from eggs near the periphery. Oxygen levels measured in egg masses at low-current velocity sites during tidal flow average 16% air saturation, corresponding to a Median Tolerance Limit (LT50) of about 73 h. Oxygen levels measured in egg masses at high-current velocity sites during slack water average 69% air saturation, a level that did not adversely affect the embryos. Current velocities of 10–15 cm s−1 were needed to maintain interstitial oxygen levels in egg masses near that of the ambient water. Water movement may be an important stimulus for spawning site selection by lingcod. In areas where tidal currents were weak, spawn deposition occurred in shallow water where waves and vertical tide motion created water movement. In areas where tidal currents were strong, spawns were consistently deposited in deeper water.

1.1. Unspawned pink salmon were captured on their fresh-water spawning grounds. Serial blood samples were withdrawn via an indwelling aortic catheter and analyzed for lactate ion.2.2. Following postoperative recovery a progressive increase in circulating lactate was observed which continued for up to 10 days. In several cases blood lactate levels in excess of 7 m-equiv/l. were attained before death.3.3. It is suggested that the observed increase in circulating lactate ion is ancillary to the general physiological deterioration of sexually mature pink salmon.