This study investigated the relative efficiencies of a stereographic display and two monoscopic display schemes for detecting lung nodules in chest computed tomography (CT). The ultimate goal was to determine whether stereoscopic display provides advantages for visualization and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) medical image datasets. A retrospective study that compared lung nodule detection performances achieved using three different schemes for displaying 3D CT data was conducted. The display modes included slice-by-slice, orthogonal maximum intensity projection (MIP), and stereoscopic display. One hundred lung-cancer screening CT examinations containing 647 nodules were interpreted by eight radiologists, in each of the display modes. Reading times and displayed slab thickness versus time were recorded, as well as the probability, location, and size for each detected nodule. Nodule detection performance was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic method. The stereo display mode provided higher detection performance with a shorter interpretation time, as compared to the other display modes tested in the study, although the difference was not statistically significant. The analysis also showed that there was no difference in the patterns of displayed slab thickness versus time between the stereo and MIP display modes. Most radiologists preferred reading the 3D data at a slab thickness that corresponded to five CT slices. Our results indicate that stereo display has the potential to improve radiologists' performance for detecting lung nodules in CT datasets. The experience gained in conducting the study also strongly suggests that further benefits can be achieved through providing readers with additional functionality.

PURPOSE:Knowledge of pulmonary interlobar fissure integrity is of interest in a number of clinical and investigational applications. The authors developed and tested a high resolution CT based automated computerized scheme for this purpose.METHODS:The fissure integrity assessment scheme consists of the following steps: (1) Fissure detection, (2) individual fissure identification, (3) fissure type determination, (4) "complete" interlobe surface estimation, and (5) fissure integrity estimation. For evaluation purposes, 50 anonymized chest CT examinations were ascertained and the complete and "incomplete" regions of the fissures of interest were manually marked by two experienced radiologists. After applying the scheme to the same examinations, differences among fissure percent completeness estimates based on the radiologists' manual markings and the automated computerized scheme were computed and compared.RESULTS:Average differences in estimated fissure percent completeness (integrity) between the results of the computerized scheme and that based on each of the two radiologists' markings were 6.88% +/- 5.86%, 9.57% +/- 7.77%, and 4.19% +/- 5.64% for the right major fissures, the right minor fissures, and the left major fissures, respectively. The differences between results based on radiologists' markings for the same fissures were 4.27% +/- 3.32%, 7.02% +/- 5.54%, and 4.23% +/- 4.93%, respectively. The difference among the three matched measurement sets for each fissure were statistically significant (Friedman's test, p < or = 0.005) but paired comparisons showed that much of the observed difference was related to inter-reader differences rather than reader-computerized scheme differences. Computerized estimates were correlated with each of the radiologist's estimates (Spearman, p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS:While variability between readers-based estimates of fissure integrity was smaller than differences between the computerized scheme and each of the readers, the result reported here are quite encouraging in that the magnitude of these differences were in the same magnitude, demonstrating the feasibility of using a computerized scheme for this purpose.

Evaluation of malignancies by positron emission tomography/computed tomography has revolutionized the noninvasive approach to cancer diagnosis and management. However, demonstration of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity is not synonymous with a malignant finding since a wide variety of nonmalignant conditions have been reported which demonstrate FDG uptake. We report an asymptomatic patient with an atypical pattern of moderate FDG uptake along the border of a pleural based opacity at the lung base on positron emission tomography/computed tomography, suggesting the presence of a pulmonary infarct. Awareness of this appearance is important, since this pattern may indicate underlying pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening condition.

Currently, breast cancer screening protocols are based on a woman's age, but not on. other risk factors or on the physical characteristics of her breasts. One commonly cited risk factor is dense breast tissue. This study is part of an effort to provide basic information needed to develop automatically, individualized screening protocols, by clarifying the relationships between age, risk, breast composition, lesion conspicuity, and other factors. In this project, a database was established that includes 227 cancer negative cases and 116 cancer positive cases across a wide range of age groups. In the cancer positive cases, we included a subgroup in which the cancer had been missed in the previous exam. Using our physics based model of breast density, we quantified percentage of breast parenchyma as an index of density. Density distributions and changes over time were analyzed. The most significant finding within this data was a significantly slower density decrease over the time in the cancer positive group than in the cancer negative group, with no overall difference in the density distribution in those two groups. False negative cases were found to be significantly more dense than true positive cases. In addition, our results showed a trend of density decrease with increasing age, which is in agreement with others' widely reported results.

The goal of this study was to assess whether radiologists’ search paths for lung nodule detection in chest computed tomography (CT) between different rendering and display schemes have reliable properties that can be exploited as an indicator of ergonomic efficiency for the purpose of comparing different display paradigms. Eight radiologists retrospectively viewed 30 lung cancer screening CT exams, containing a total of 91 nodules, in each of three display modes [i.e., slice-by-slice, orthogonal maximum intensity projection (MIP) and stereoscopic] for the purpose of detecting and classifying lung nodules. Radiologists’ search patterns in the axial direction were recorded and analyzed along with the location, size, and shape for each detected feature, and the likelihood that the feature is an actual nodule. Nodule detection performance was analyzed by employing free-response receiver operating characteristic methods. Search paths were clearly different between slice-by-slice displays and volumetric displays but, aside from training and novelty effects, not between MIP and stereographic displays. Novelty and training effects were associated with the stereographic display mode, as evidenced by differences between the beginning and end of the study. The stereo display provided higher detection and classification performance with less interpretation time compared to other display modes tested in the study; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Our preliminary results indicate a potential role for the use of radiologists’ search paths in evaluating the relative ergonomic efficiencies of different display paradigms, but systematic training and practice is necessary to eliminate training curve and novelty effects before search strategies can be meaningfully compared.

To improve radiologist's performance in lesion detection and diagnosis on 3D medical image dataset, we have conducted a pilot study to test viability and efficiency of the stereo display for lung nodule detection and classification. Using our previously developed stereo compositing methods, stereo image pairs were prestaged and precalculated from CT slices for real-time interactive display. Three display modes (i.e., stereoscopic 3D, orthogonal MIP and slice-by-slice) were compared for lung nodule detection and total of eight radiologists have participated this pilot study to interpret the images. The performance of lung nodule detection was analyzed and compared between the modes using FROC analysis. Subjective assessment indicates that stereo display was well accepted by the radiologists, despite some uncertainty of beneficial results due to the novelty of the display. The FROC analysis indicates a trend that, among the three display modes, stereo display resulted in the best performance of nodule detection followed by slice-based display, although no statistically significant difference was shown between the three modes. The stereo display of a stack of thin CT slices has the potential to clarify three-dimensional structures, while avoiding ambiguities due to tissue superposition. Few studies, however, have addressed actual utility of stereo display for medical diagnosis. Our preliminary results suggest a potential role of stereo display for improving radiologists' performance in medical detection and diagnosis, and also indicate some factors likely affect the perforinance with new display, such as novelty of the display, training effect from projected radiography interpretation and confidence with the new technology.