Background: The Post-Liver Transplant Quality of Life (PLTQ) instrument is a specific, disease-based questionnaire to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among liver transplantation (LTx) recipients. Objectives: This study focused on the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the psychometric properties of the PLTQ questionnaire to provide the Persian version of the Post-Liver Transplant Quality of Life (PV-PLTQ) instrument. Methods: This investigation is a translation and cross-cultural adaptation study followed by evaluation of validity and reliability of PV-PLTQ. Between February and June 2021, a total of 175 LTx recipients completed the PV-PLTQ and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires at the Liver Transplantation Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Sixty-seven randomly selected patients were asked to complete the PV-PLTQ two to three months later. Face validity, content validity, acceptability, ceiling and floor effects, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, responsiveness to change, convergent validity, and minimal detectable change (MDC) were evaluated. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (≥ 0.7); test–retest reliability using ICC; and responsiveness using effect size (ES), mean difference (MD), and standardized mean difference (SMD). Convergent validity was tested using Spearman’s correlation due to nonlinear relationships. Results: The results of face validity, content validity, and missing data proportion indicated that the PV-PLTQ questionnaire is acceptable and easy to understand. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the PV-PLTQ questionnaire was 0.97. The results of test-retest reliability showed a moderate to good intraclass correlation coefficient from 0.6 to 0.86 (P < 0.05). PV-PLTQ also demonstrated strong responsiveness to HRQOL changes, with a very large effect size (Cohen’s d = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.51 - 5.11), indicating substantial improvement over time among participants who reported improvement by SF-36. The correlations between PV-PLTQ domains and physical (r = 0.65) and mental (r = 0.63) components of SF-36, calculated using Spearman’s correlation, presented good convergent validity (P < 0.05). No floor effect was observed. The amount of 0.9 was calculated as the MDC of the total PV-PLTQ score. Conclusions: The PV-PLTQ questionnaire is a valid, reliable, and responsive to change instrument to evaluate HRQOL in LTx recipients.

OBJECTIVES:This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify and synthesize evidence on risk factors for COVID-19 in incarcerated populations. METHODS:A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted for English articles until October 2025. Study quality was assessed using the PRISMA checklist and NOS tool. Meta-analysis was performed in Stata 17 using a random-effects model, with odds ratios as the primary effect measure and statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Heterogeneity was evaluated via I2 statistics. RESULTS:Twelve articles were ultimately included in the study. For the meta-analysis, only 5 articles were considered, which evaluated sex, age, and vaccination status as the risk factors of COVID-19. The total sample size was 176169, consisting of 169117 males and 7,726 females. In most studies, the average age was reported to be around 40 years. Fully vaccinated prisoners were less likely to contract COVID-19 than unvaccinated ones (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.67; P = 0.001), while no significant relationships were found regarding sex and age. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings confirm that full vaccination significantly protects against COVID-19 in prisons. Prioritizing vaccination campaigns, along with measures like mask use and hand hygiene, is essential to protect incarcerated individuals and the wider community.

BACKGROUND:The most common cause of muscle pain is myofascial pain syndrome. Myofascial pain syndrome caused by sensitive areas called trigger points (TrP). Some physiotherapy modalities have acceptable effects for this disorder, but it is necessary to check the effects of placebo, appropriate dose, and long-term effects for each intervention. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of intramuscular electrical stimulation (IMES) compared to dry needling (DN) on sonographic and clinical parameters in upper trapezius muscle TrP. METHODS:This is a randomized, single-blind control trial. The study period was from December 2, 2020, to April 10, 2021. Thirty volunteer patients with active upper trapezius TrP were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) IMES, (2) DN. Participants received interventions in three sessions. Primary outcome measurements were neck range of motion (ROM) and TrP circumference. Secondary outcome measurements were pain by visual analog scale (VAS), pain pressure threshold (PPT), disability, TrP longitudinal and transverse diameter, TrP stiffness, and muscle blood flow by vascular resistance index (RI). All outcome measurements were evaluated before, after, and one month after the intervention. If the data were normal, the repeated measure ANOVA test was used; if data were not normal, the Friedman test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. A significance level of 0.05 has considered. RESULTS:ROM increment was significantly more in the IMES group. TrP circumference decrement was significantly more in the IMES group. VAS changes did not show significant difference between two groups. The PPT improvement was significantly more in the IMES group. Disability changes were not significant. Longitudinal diameter changes were significantly more in the IMES group. TrP stiffness changes were not significant. The vascular RI decreased significantly in IMES group. CONCLUSION:It seems that both IMES and DN have promising effects for improving upper trapezius TrPs. However, IMES is more effective in some clinical and ultrasound parameters. In order to investigate the effects of this intervention more precisely more studies are necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION:This study was prospectively registered at Iranian registry of clinical trials (IRCT: IRCT20170616034567N2).

Introduction: Liver transplantation can change the quality of life, physical activity, mood, and psychological symptoms in patients. Considering that exercise capacity is correlated to the level of depression and quality of life among patients, this study investigates the effect of exercise therapy on the quality of life and depression in orthotopic liver transplantation recipients (LTRs). Materials and Methods: This was a single-blinded study with randomized controlled trial parallel groups, and 30 LTRs were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio. The experimental group underwent a three-month home-based exercise therapy, while the control group received no exercise therapy. Assessments included short-form-36 and the Beck depression questionnaires, along with the 6-min walk test. Results: There was no significant difference between groups in demographic characteristics. Before the intervention, the mean scores of depression in the intervention and control groups were 27.87±8.68 and 25.77±6.77, respectively. After the intervention, t-test revealed a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.001). The results of the t-test indicated that the average quality of life dimensions improved post-intervention compared to the control group, with significant differences in the scores of these dimensions. After the intervention, the t-test showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the 6-min walk test (P=0.001). Conclusion: Rehabilitation through prescribed exercise can improve quality of life and physical activity, and alleviate depression symptoms in LTRs. As a result, incorporating physiotherapy into the post-transplantation care of transplant recipients holds potential benefits.

PURPOSE:COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Considering the restricted and enclosed nature of prisons and closed environments and the prolonged and close contact between individuals, COVID-19 is more likely to have a higher incidence in these settings. This study aims to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 among prisoners. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:Papers published in English from 2019 to July 7, 2023, were identified using relevant keywords such as prevalence, COVID-19 and prisoner in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. For the meta-analysis of the prevalence, Cochrane's Q statistics were calculated. A random effect model was used due to the heterogeneity in COVID-19 prevalence across included studies in the meta-analysis. All analyses were performed in STATA-13. FINDINGS:The pooled data presented a COVID-19 prevalence of 20% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.26] and 24% [95%CI: 0.07, 0.41], respectively, in studies that used PCR and antibody tests. Furthermore, two study designs, cross-sectional and cohort, were used. The results of the meta-analysis showed studies with cross-sectional and cohort designs reported 20% [95%CI: 0.11, 0.29] and 25% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.38], respectively. ORIGINALITY/VALUE:Through more meticulous planning, it is feasible to reduce the number of individuals in prison cells, thereby preventing the further spread of COVID-19.

Introduction: Various treatment protocols have been recommended since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and have gradually evolved. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of incentive spirometer exercise (ISE) in outcomes of hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: A 3-month single-blind, two parallel-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted at Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Participants aged >18 years with documented COVID-19 pneumonia were randomly allocated to 2 groups of IS (ISE in addition to the usual treatment) and control (usual care alone). The IS group was also asked to perform ISE after discharge for three months. The primary outcomes were peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2), VBG parameters (pCO2, PH, HCO3), dyspnea level measured by Modified Borg Scale (MBS), length of hospital stay (LOS), and respiratory rate (RR). Secondary outcomes included mortality rate, intubation rate (IR), and ICU admission rate. Results: A total of 160 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the IS (n = 80) or control (n=80) groups. Although there were no significant differences in primary and secondary outcomes between the groups post-intervention, adjusted analysis showed that participants allocated to the IS group had significantly higher SpO2 levels and lower RR, MBS levels, and LOS. Also, the adjusted model analysis showed a marginal statistically significant difference between groups in secondary outcomes, such as IR, the 1-month mortality rate, and the 3-month mortality rate. Conclusion: It seems that adding the ISE to usual care in the early treatment setting of COVID-19 patients resulted in a relatively significant increase in SpO2 levels, improved respiratory status, and marginally decreased LOS. Additionally, ISE minimally reduced ICU admissions and intubation rates, with no significant impact on in-hospital or long-term mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Introduction. Since May 2022, an unusually large number of new monkeypox infections-a previously rare viral zoonotic disease, mainly reported from central and western Africa has been reported globally, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency in July 2022. We aimed to systematically review the monkeypox virus epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, presentations, and outcomes. Materials and methods. Our aim is to systematically review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and outcomes of Monkeypox disease. We searched the keywords in the online databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science and investigated all English articles until December 2022. In order to ascertain the findings, this study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. In order to optimize the quality, this review study benefits from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. To minimize any probable bias risk, we utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) risk assessment tool. Results. The most prevalent symptoms were rash and fever. The infection was accompanied by different complications such as, but not limited to, encephalitis (mainly in children), septicemia, bacterial cellulitis, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses, etc. A wide range of hospitalization from 3.7% to 100% has been reported. The mortality rate ranged from 0% to 23%, which mainly occurred in infants and children. High mortality of the monkeypox rate was reported among pregnant women. The mortality rate of monkeypox is lower among women and those who received the smallpox vaccine compared to men and those who did not receive the vaccine. A wide range of the overall second-rate attack was reported, which is more pronounced in unvaccinated patients. Conclusion. In our systematic review of 35 studies on monkeypox, we cast light on the existing evidence on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestation, and outcomes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the natural history of the disease in various patients’ population, as well as detailing the monkeypox attack rate.

Background and Objectives: Balance disorders are a common concern in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Core stability exercises are recommended as one of the treatment principles of rehabilitation in patients with balance disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the effects of core stabilization exercises (CSE) on balance in PwMS.Methods: Online databases were searched from 1980 to December 15, 2022, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PEDro, Embase, and ProQuest to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of CSE on balance in PwMS. The methodological qualities of the included studies were assessed using the modified Cochrane risk bias tool for randomized trials. Random-effect meta-analyzes were performed on the Berg balance test and Biodex balance system outcomes.Results: Seven RCTs were included in this study. A total of 379 patients (EDSS<6) were enrolled in the included studies. All researchers had applied CSE within six to ten weeks with the frequency of two to three sessions/week. According to qualitative results, core stability exercise significantly changes the most balanced outcomes. The meta-analyses illustrated that allocated participants to experimental groups had statistically significantly higher Berg balance test scores (standardized mean difference: 1.1; 95% CI: [0.1, 2.1]) and insignificant lower Biodex score (standardized mean difference: -0.59; 95% CI: [-1.09, -0.09]) compared to the control groups.Conclusion: Six to ten weeks of CSEs is an effective therapeutic strategy for balance improvement in PwMS that can help improve balance, especially in patients with moderate disability levels (EDSS3.5-6). Further randomized clinical trials are needed to compare the efficacy of CSEs and routine balance training in PwMS.

Organic synthesis under green and efficient conditions is crucial for sustainable development. Among the 12 principles of green chemistry, using “safer solvents” is considered as one of the vitally necessary principles of correlated to the organic syntheses. Water is the most abundant and entirely safe molecule in the earth. It is a non-toxic, nonflammable, odorless, colorless, cheapest, renewable, easily accessible, and non-hazardous natural compound. Actually, water is the most ordinary and extraordinary solvent in the world. It is the only compound that naturally exists in three states of matter as solid, liquid, and gas. So, it occupies a unique position in nature due to its task as a solvent for biochemical reactions performed in the bodies of creatures. From the view point of organic synthesis, some of the chemical transformations such as Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction are found to be more accelerated in water than traditional organic solvents. Ease of product separation is also another advantage of using water in organic reactions, even though, in the reactions that no remarkable rate acceleration is seen. This short review is focused on the importance of the role of water in promoting organic reactions. Organic reactions using water as a green solvent focusing on biphasic systems are reviewed. In this sense, aqueous phase heterogeneous catalysis reactions have a great interest. The advantages and limitations of using water as a green alternative solvent to volatile organic solvents are discussed. We have tried to show a clear image of the role of water in organic reactions. Thus, several considerable examples are given, and some related concepts such as hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding, phase-transfer catalysts, and superheated water as essential factors in organic reactions are concisely discussed.

Objective Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a clinical disorder with a prevalence of 85%. It is characterized by the presence of trigger points, and all people experience it at least once in their lives. Different physiotherapy and medical methods are used to manage MPS. Intramuscular electrical stimulation (IMES) is a relatively new treatment option for MPS. This study aims to examine the effect of IMES on clinical and ultrasound imaging parameters related to trigger points in patients with MPS. Materials & Methods This is a case series clinical trial. Twelve participants with trigger points in their upper trapezius muscles participated in this study. They were treated three times per week with IMES. Before and after the intervention, pain and cervical spine range of motion (ROM) were measured with the visual analog scale and goniometry. Ultrasonic parameters (longitudinal diameter and the area of trigger points, and the thickness of the upper trapezius muscle) were assessed with B-mode ultrasound imaging technique. The pre-test and post-test values were compared using the paired t-test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results After three sessions of IMES, pain and cervical spine ROM improved significantly (P<0.05). All ultrasound imaging parameters, including trigger points’ longitudinal diameter and area and upper trapezius muscle thickness, decreased significantly compared to baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion IMES seems to have promising effects on clinical and ultrasound imaging parameters of patients with MPS. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to investigate the long-term effects of IMES with the inclusion of a matched control group.

Background Pulmonary physiotherapy (PPT) is an important treatment in the management of patients with different types of pulmonary disorders. We aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of PPT in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods In this randomised, single-blind, controlled trial, we enrolled hospitalized, non-intubated patients (18 to 75 years with oxygen saturation (Spo2) in free-air breathing ≤90%) with COVID-19 pneumonia at a referral hospital. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive PPT (six sessions PPT with breathing exercises and airway clearance techniques) or basic care. The primary outcomes were venous blood O2 (pO2) and CO2 (pCO2) pressures, Spo2, and three-minute walking test (3MWT) that were assessed before and end of sixth session. Secondary outcomes included level of dyspnea, venous blood PH, one-month mortality, three-month mortality and short form-36 (SF-36) after one and three months. The assessor was blinded to the assignment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04357340). Findings In April-May 2020, 40 participants were randomly assigned to PPT or basic care groups. While at the end of intervention, pO2 (adjusted mean difference to baseline measure (AMD) 6.43 mmHg [95%CI 2.8, 10.07], P<0.01), Spo2 (AMD 4.43% [95%CI 2.04, 6.83], P = 0.0011), and 3MTW (AMD 91.44 m [95%CI 68.88, 113.99], P<0.01) were higher in PPT group and basic care group, pCO2 was not improved (AMD -2.1 mmHg [95%CI-6.36, 2.21], P = 0.33). Based on the logistic model adjusted to baseline Spo2, the risks of mortality were reduced 81% ([95%CI: 97% reduction to 30% increase], P = .09) and 84% ([95%CI 74% reduction to 5% increase], P = .06) at one-month and three-month, respectively. There were no significant differences in most SF-36 domains scores after one and three months. No serious adverse event was observed during PPT sessions. Conclusion Early PPT can be considered a safe and relatively effective therapeutic choice for patients with severe COVID-19.

Introduction: An exaggerated immune response is considered the most important aspect of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Hypertonic saline (HS) has shown promise in combating inflammation in several respiratory diseases. We investigated the effects of nebulized HS on clinical symptoms and inflammatory status in patients with severe novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pneumonia. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned 60 adults admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to severe COVID-19 pneumonia to the experimental (received nebulized 5% saline) and control (received nebulized distilled water) groups. All interventions were applied 4 times daily for 5 days. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and other clinical factors from venous blood were evaluated before and after intervention application. Mortality rate, intubation rate, and durations of ICU and hospital stay were also compared between groups. Results: The levels of TNF-α (MD: −21.35 [−32.29, −10.40], P = 0.000) and IL-6 (−9.94 [−18.86, −1.02], P = 0.003) were lower in the experimental group compared to the control group after applying the interventions. The levels of white blood cell count, PO2, and serum sodium were also statistically significant differences between groups. However, we did not observe significant differences in terms of hospitalization durations and mortality rates. Conclusion: Nebulization of HS in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia appears to be effective in reducing inflammation, but does not appear to affect intubation rates, mortality, hospitalization, or length of stay in ICU.

A novel melamine-based metal-organic framework (MTsCOO-Cu) has been designed, synthesized, and structurally characterized by FT-IR, NMR, PXRD, FE-SEM, EDX mapping, DTA, and TGA techniques. The MTsCOO-Cu is successfully synthesized by the reaction of melamine with tosyl chloride and oxidation of methyl groups of the tosyl counterpart to carboxylic acids moieties and a consequent reaction with copper ion under ultrasonic irradiation. The synthesized MTsCOO-Cu is catalytically used for the facile preparation of a series of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles derivatives via click [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between various arrays of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles and sodium azide in PEG-400 at 75 degrees C up to 86 %. The crucial reaction parameters including the type of solvent, temperature, and catalyst loading in progressing the reaction are evaluated and discussed. The synthesized MTsCOO-Cu MOF showed an excellent catalytic activity, high chemical and thermal stabilities above 600 degrees C, simple preparation with readily available starting materials, and also ease of recyclability and reusability for four consecutive uses without considerable loss of activity. The output of this work may open new approaches for using new generations of MOFs catalysts in diverse chemical transformations.

Background: In late December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread to almost all countries worldwide. The outbreak of this virus has been confirmed on 19th February, 2020, in Iran. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the time of viral RNA clearance in swab and serum samples of COVID-19 patients having received different medications. We also evaluated different factors that may affect viral RNA persistence in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Methods: In March 2020, twenty-one hospitalized COVID-19 patients participated in this prospective study. All patients received antiviral agents in their routine care. Throat swabs and blood samples were obtained from all patients in different intervals, including day 3 or 5, day 7, day 10, and finally, 14 days after the first positive real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCT) test. Result: The median time from the symptom onset (SO) to the first negative rRT-PCR results for throat swabs and serum samples of COVID-19 patients was 18 and 14 days, respectively. These times were more significant in patients with lymphopenia, oxygen saturation ≤ 90%, and comorbidity. Conclusion: This preliminary study highlights that SASR-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable in the upper respiratory tract for longer than three weeks. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 may persist for a long period of time in the respiratory than in the serum samples. This study supports the idea that in limited resource settings, the patients should be tested earlier than three weeks for discharge management.

It is crucial to gather as much clinically relevant evidence as possible regarding the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety profiles of available vaccines and adhere wisely to CDC protocols and guidelines for vaccine production.

The use of nano-silica melamine trisulfonic acid as a reusable heterogeneous solid acid catalyst in the esterification reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols is reported. The reaction conditions were optimized by testing temperature, each component of catalyst, feedstock ratios as well as load of catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The results showed that nano-silica melamine trisulfonic acid was an efficient dehydrating agent in the condensing reactions between different kinds of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids and alcohols. The method was simple, rapid, straightforward, catalyst reusability, and holds potential for further application in acid-catalyzed organic synthesis and industrial requirements.

In this work, a new curcumin-based bidentate linker ligand, CurOAc, including two -COO- moieties at positions-4 in phenyl rings, was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Accordingly, its corresponding zinc-organic framework, Zn-CurOAc, as a bio-metal-organic framework (MOF) has been prepared and evaluated in the one-pot three-component Biginelli condensation reaction of substituted aromatic aldehydes, urea, and dimedone in ethanol. Zn-CurOAc shows an excellent catalytic performance for the synthesis of tetrahydroquinazolinone derivatives at room temperature with high turnover frequency (TOF) values (5.43-10.86 h(-1)). The chemical structure of Zn-CurOAc was characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. This new catalytic approach was proceeded by the excellent isolated yields, short reaction times, and easy workup.

INTRODUCTION:COVID-19 is the third rising epidemic in the 21st century that quickly turned into a worldwide pandemic. Many clinical studies have been achieved to investigate treatments to confront COVID-19. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to describe the recent treatment strategies to treat COVID-19 patients.METHODS:A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science direct, Up to date, and Web of Science using the keywords of Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Treatment, Medicine, Therapy, Intervention, Drug, Medications, and Cure. All the relevant articles were collected from December 2019 to July 2020.RESULTS:We included 58 studies including 38 articles (eleven reviews, ten editorial documents, three case reports, one mix method, one cohort study), and 19 published clinical trials. Review of studies showed that Lopinavir/Ritonavir (n=16), Remdesivir (n=13), Convalescent plasma (n=11), Chloroquine (n=11), Ribavirin (n=9), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (n=8), Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (n=8), and Arbidol (n=7), were the most frequently therapies used to treat COVID-19 patients.CONCLUSION:In the absence of definitive treatment protocols, recently proposed approaches have appeared to be an effective therapy for accelerating the recovery of COVID-19 patients. Some of these treatments may have been in the early stages of testing. However, future preclinical and clinical trials are warranted to validate findings.

The steelmaking slag (SMS) is a by-product of steelmaking factories and a valuable industrial waste, which is a heterogeneous mixture of some common metal oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO. The SMS is a readily available, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, thermally stable, and reusable magnetic heterogeneous catalyst that can be easily handled and it showed a good magneto-catalytic performance. In this work, a successful and versatile water preparation of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in the presence of steelmaking slag as a catalyst is reported via click reaction. A series of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles underwent via [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with sodium azide under standard conditions to afford a diverse array of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in good to excellent yields. The reactions occur at almost low reaction times, with no need of inert reaction conditions and avoids usage or formation of any potentially toxic or explosive chemicals. The SMS catalyst was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray mapping and scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence techniques. Moreover, the procedure is simple, cost effective, and reliable that holds potential for further applications in organic syntheses and industrial requirements.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and could afflict individuals from all walks of life. Children are usually asymptomatic or represent non-specific mild to moderate symptoms; therefore, they often remain undiagnosed and could be potential reservoirs and silent carriers of the virus. Despite the global attention to COVID-19 and its importance in public health, some clinical and paraclinical aspects of this disease in children are still unclear. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review of available literature to reflect on the current knowledge and practice of the disease among children. Methods: This study was a systematic review of current evidence conducted in October 2020. We performed a systematic search using the keywords in online databases. The investigation adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to ensure the reliability and validity of extracted literature and results. Results: We selected and reviewed 23 most related studies out of 1744 identified papers in an initial online search based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present review; of whom 13 were original research studies, and 10 were letters to the editors, commentaries, viewpoints, consensus statements, and perspectives. Although due to the origin of the current pandemic, China was the country with the most publications (12 articles), data from several countries have been included in this review. Conclusion: COVID-19 can also affect children and cause systemic disease with several internal organ involvements. However, the prevalence, severity, and diversity of the symptoms in children are less than in adults. Cough and fever appear to be some of the most common symptoms, followed by other symptoms such as gastrointestinal manifestations. Comorbidities increase the risk of severe COVID-19 in children, and those without underlying conditions are very unlikely to suffer from severe disease. Mental health issues such as anxiety and depression due to the isolated situation caused by pandemics are common findings in children of early ages and should be seriously considered in current practice.