Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) are believed to be the pledging technology for efficient signal propagation in future networks. The intelligent reflecting surfaces are also believed to enhance physical layer security in the future wireless and wired networks. One of the major drawbacks of energy-efficient and secure networks is the incorporation of a greater number of RF chains. To overcome this an IRS can prove to be a viable solution. In this paper, IRS-inspired generalized frequency division multiplexing-non-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (GFDM-NOMA) is proposed to obtain an effective solution to increase the coverage of communication and energy efficiency (EE). In the proposed work the main focus is laid on the IRS-assisted GFDM-NOMA system and an algorithm for EE is proposed to achieve a fine trade-off between minimization of total power consumption and sum data rate maximization. Hybrid optimization of the beamforming vis-a-vis transmit at the BS and the reflecting beamforming at IRS is proposed to exploit the EE of the system. The theoretical bit error rate (BER) expression for downlink IRS-assisted GFDM-NOMA systems is derived mathematically and is authenticated through the simulation outcomes. Joint performance improvements which include achievable sum-rate and out of band radiation (OOB) are as well obtained. Simulation outcomes reveal proposed algorithm yields better performance in comparison to the traditional IRS, NOMA, and GFDM systems.

The current DeepMark model is used to address the challenge of surviving routine transformations compression, resizing, and color adjustments while reliably exposing malicious edits. It embeds multi-bit payloads (32-512 bits) into both images and video frames through a structured process from unaltered embedding to aggressive benign edits, after which targeted malicious attacks are applied to reveal tampering. The framework was tested on multiple datasets, including CelebA, MIRFlickr, and UCF-101, using U-Net, ResNet, CNN, and LSTM. For a 64-bit message, U-Net achieves excellent visual quality (PSNR 39.44 dB, SSIM 0.981) and nearly perfect recovery under benign conditions (bit accuracy > 99.8%). In contrast, its recovery accuracy falls to about 50% when facing malicious changes, successfully differentiating between benign and malicious transformations. The tamper classifier trained on features from this setup reached an AUC of 100%, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods. Other models demonstrated varied trade-offs: CNN attained PSNR similar to 39.04 dB/0.97 SSIM at smaller payloads but collapsed beyond 128 bits; LSTM peaked at similar to 25.82 dB/0.73 SSIM; and ResNet at similar to 25.17dB/0.74 SSIM with > 98% benign BRA. Additionally, DeepMark generates pixel-level tamper maps and includes an ablation over payload size and loss-weighting lambda to guide system tuning. This versatile approach offers high-fidelity watermarking, precise tamper localization, and reliable distinction between benign edits and malicious tampering across both images and video.

Cell free Massive Multi-input Multi-output (m-MIMO) is considered as a promising technology towards the development of 5G and beyond 5G networks. This network has the capability of deploying a large number of access points over the vast geographical area to provide service to small number of users exploting same frequency and other resources. However, the deployment and practical implementation of Massive MIMO cell free communications have been the major research gap between the existing and the m-MIMO cell free communications. This paper investigates cell free massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) where in access points are aided by the optimized multiple antenna system. The cell free networks have been created by connecting large number of distributed access points (AP’s) to the central processing unit (CPU) through fronthaul connections with the user equiments. Additionally achieving desired computing efficiency, fronthaul needs and scalability for larger networks are other challenges which needs due consideration. To address such challenging issues, we incorporate the concept of dynamic cooperation cluster to develop a new framework for scalable CF-Massive-MIMO system. The scabilibity issues in the Massive MIMO cell free communications have also been addressed by exploiting much sophisticated search algorithm such as A*. The objective of the work was also to solve the scalable and other architectural issues in massive MIMO cell free communications using soft signal processing techniques. The A* Algorithm has been exploited to enhance the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR), capacity and throughput. Tackling the complexity issues are another feature of A* algorithms in high degree of freedom system such as Massive MIMO cell free communications. The traditional channel estimation, pre-coding, and combining techniques have also been scaled in the proposed technique. A new uplink and downlink duality based on vector combining is demonstrated for the heuristic creation of precoding vectors. The performance of the proposed schme is presented in terms of parameters such as commulative distribution function, specrral effieciency and sum rate.

With bio-medical wearables becoming an essential part of Internet of Medical things (IoMT) for monitoring the health of workers, patients and others in different environments, antenna play a pivotal role in such wearables. In this communication, a novel Horse shoe shaped antenna (HSPA) meant for such wearables is presented. The vitals of the workers, patients etc. are collected and sent to the IoMT platform for ensuring their safety and monitoring their physical wellbeing. In this article, regression-based Machine learning (ML) techniques are used to facilitate the design of Horse shoe shaped patch antenna to predict the frequency of operation, radiation efficiency and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values to accelerate its design process for on-body applications. The HSPA designed resonates at 2.45 GHz in the frequency band of 1.75-2.98 GHz with SAR of 1.89 W/kg for an input power of 16.98 dBm, peak gain of 1.91 dBi and radiation efficiency of 62.07% when mounted on the human body. 1080 samples of data comprising of three EM parameters have been generated using a conventional EM tool by varying the physical and electrical parameters of the design. A detailed comparison of the five regression-based ML algorithms is presented, and it is observed that the ML models help in efficient use of resources while designing an antenna for bio-medical applications.

This paper presents and assesses the performance of novel metamaterial absorber design operating in the terahertz frequency range. The design presented in this study comprises a metallic patch constructed using a modified split ring resonator (MSRR). The absorber's resonance frequency responds quickly to changes in the medium's refractive index while maintaining a constant analyte thickness. As a result, absorber design can work well as a refractive index sensor, exhibiting a remarkable sensitivity of 750GHz/RIU and a figure of merit (FoM) of 3.575 with refractive index ranging from 1.0-1.4, at the analyte thickness of 1μm. Additionally, the proposed sensor can detect changes in the thickness of the sensing layer with a sensitivity of 30GHz/μm while keeping the analytes refractive index constant at 1.4. The calculated amplitude sensitivity of 37.5/RIU has significant implications for biomedical applications. It enables the detection of refractive index variations in biological samples like blood or tissue. By analyzing the absorption of the sensor, it becomes possible to identify alterations in the sample's refractive index. These changes can serve as indicators for various biological processes, including disease presence or cell growth. Consequently, this technology holds immense potential in revolutionizing medical diagnostics by facilitating the early detection of diseases.

This study introduces, a metamaterial coaxial-fed two-element antenna with a unidirectional radiation pattern resonating at 3.88 GHz in open space. The proposed design has a minimal footprint area of 0.336 lambda x 0.2845 lambda x 0.010 lambda and showcases the remarkable results. The prospective design is made on a substrate (Rogers TMM) with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and an interdigitated rectangular parasitic patch positioned at the top of the substrate. The humanoid head phantom comprising 6 layers (brain, CSF, dura, skull, fat & skin) and the tumor, which possesses various physical and electromagnetic characteristics is designed within the HFSS. The detection of tumors in the brain is done by analyzing the difference in scattering parameters for healthy and diseased tissue. However, the localization and sizing of the cancer are done by extracting the phase and magnitude of the electric field rather than utilizing complex imaging algorithms. Furthermore, the antenna's Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for a regular head phantom is 0.16779 W/Kg, and a phantom with a tumor is 0.202 W/kg, less than the average SAR of 2 W/kg

As the rates of brain strokes and necessity of early detections continues to escalate, the need of new innovative solutions keeps on rising. This research paper proposes a new design for a wearable antenna designed on RTV silicone rubber substrate making it lightweight, low profile and highly flexible. A system of carefully designed slots have been made on the antenna patch as well as a truncated side profiles have been employed for increasing the electrical length of prototype thereby decreasing the dimensions. The final dimensions measure at 38 x 27x 1 mm3. This system works in ISM band of 2.45 GHz covering a bandwidth covering from 2.36-2.58 GHz and another band ranging from 2.89-5.34 GHz. The proposed prototype offers radiation efficiency greater than 95% in the two operating bands. In this paper, we have made use of bistatic radar technique to detect the stroke in the seven-layer human head phantom model.

Massive-Multiple Input Multiple Output-Universal Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (m-MIMO-UFMC) is the accepted signal processing scheme for fifth-generation networks and beyond. UFMC modulation technique is more compatible with the m-MIMO network. The subcarriers in UFMC are combined and then transmitted which reduces the complexity in the m-MIMO system. Massive-MIMO-UFMC presents better spectral efficacy and good sub-carrier separation. The shortcomings of UFMC is PAPR value and phase noise like in OFDM. The research gap is addreeesed by proposing a novel scrambled m-MIMO UFMC signal processing-based architecture and equalization technique to minimize PAPR and phase noise respectively. The shuffled Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) algorithm is implemented in the novel scrambled UFMC m-MIMO system for the optimization of the phase vectors from the whole search space to generate the best possible UFMC signal with minimum PAPR. Further in the proposed work, a comparison between OFDM, UFMC, and m-MIMO-ScrUFMC is presented and it is seen m-MIMO-ScrUFMC with SCSO provides less PAPR as compared to other techniques. Also, different equalization techniques for reducing phase noise of the proposed scheme have been evaluated and it is observed ZF outperforms MRT in imperfect Channel State Information (CSI). However, under perfect CSI MRT provides a better data rate as compared to ZF.

Wireless communication technology is continually evolving to satisfy the expanding expectations of users. Existing wireless systems will see increased overhead as a result of this. This is reflected in the ongoing development of wireless networks to meet rising capacity demands. As the number of users grows, cellular bands become more congested; as a result, Extremely High Frequency (EHF) bands like mmWave are gaining popularity for use in cellular networks. In next-generation networks, millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands can handle multi-gigabit rates for high-bandwidth applications. These bands have some limits, such as the inability to travel great distances or penetrate buildings or other things. These limits can be used to enable more secure communication while also allowing for high-frequency reuse. This will make spectrum usage more efficient and help with the design of tightly packed systems. This paper reviews the basic concept of the 5G MMW microstrip antenna along with the spectrum defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for 5G. Also, the challenges and applications of the MMW are cited.

Blockchain technology has gained attention in recent times owing to its ability to revolutionize traditional trade through its distributed ledger attribute. The prompt advancement of blockchain demands new systematic studies to investigate and analyze the existing knowledge in this domain. In the current work, the present standing and emerging trends of blockchain have been analyzed to direct both new and experienced researchers in establishing a baseline for future research projects. Likewise, the research advancement of consensus protocol was reviewed with a particular emphasis on their security perspective. Accordingly, the attributes, appropriate scenarios, and probable weaknesses of different consensus protocols and their future trends were reviewed. This helps in scrutinizing how blockchain technology can be applied to a variety of emerging fields, including economics, healthcare, information systems, wireless networks, and smart grids. Additionally, the current evaluation provides a throughout discussion of blockchain applications in various fields. Finally, the paper offers a brief insight into limitations and prospective future development in this domain. Overall, the aim is to aid newbies in investigating and scheming new solutions while considering the present demands and issues.

The compact and miniaturized high gain antenna for millimetre wave 5G applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna is designed on RT Duriod 5880 substrate with dielectric constant, tangential loss, and specific heat of 2.2, 0.0009, and 0.23 Cal/g/C respectively. The peak gain of 9.5 dBi in E-Plane is achieved for high gain characteristics by applying Microstrip circular Yagi Directors. The antenna operates over the frequency range of 26.5-28.5 GHz with a good reflection coefficient of -25.60 dB at a resonance frequency of 27.56 GHz. Moreover, Defected Ground Structures (DGS) are adopted in the structure to optimize the characteristics by widening the path of surface current. The proposed antenna structure is fabricated and the measured results are found in good agreement with the simulated results. The better performance of the proposed antenna makes it a viable candidate for 5G millimetre-wave communications.

Small cell deployment is considered as a sophisticated approach for enhancing capacity to the future wireless system. However, each additional cell increases the interference in the system particularly in a non-noise limited system. This paper investigates and overcomes the problem by solving the delinquent of path selection and rate allocation in the interference environment for mm-wave massive MIMO future wireless networks. Enabling mm-wave transmissions raises a potential issue of increased latency, and thus, this work aims at addressing the fundamental concerns such as selection of the best path and rate allocation over these paths subject to low latency, less channel fading, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), least path loss, and low transmission power through different scenarios. We propose a new model which simulates the movement of users within a network area. The parameters such as number of users, regions, network dimensions, number of columns and rows (nocx and nocy), total number of nodes (n), and other relevant variables have been considered and initialized in the proposed model. The model also uses a coverage set calculation to determine the coverage area of each user and identifies the path for data transmission. The communication fading channel modelling has been investigated using Rayleigh fading with a given maximum Doppler frequency shift (fd). The investigation calculates the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and determines the path loss and transmission power. For each generated route, the model calculates performance metrics such as SINR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio), packet delivery rate (PDR), packet loss rate, and end-to-end delay. On comparing the system model with these proposed-parameters and techniques with the previously published work the efficiency using these techniques has been observed to perform better as compared to existing ones.

This research presents the design and implementation of a C-slotted dual-band antenna optimized for sub-6 GHz wireless communication and radar applications. The proposed antenna integrates a C-shaped slot into the patch structure, enabling dual-band operation, specifically covering the 2.82–4.7 GHz range for sub-6 GHz communication and 8.9–10 GHz range for radar systems. The compact design achieves a gain of 6.55 dB at 3.9 GHz and 2 dB at 9.5 GHz, with return loss (S11) values of −48.01 dB at 3.9 GHz and −16.75 dB at 9.5 GHz. The antenna demonstrates a very good performance in terms of return loss, gain, and radiation pattern across both bands. It’ s simple, cost-effective design makes it a strong candidate for emerging wireless communication and radar technologies, offering reliable dual-band operation.

A highly sensitive radio frequency (RF) sensor for detection of imbalances in different organic fluids is designed, developed and tested for various samples of urine which are characterized to visualize the effect of different concentrations of water content in the urine or electrolytes in body fluids on the resonant frequency and the amplitude of scattering parameters. The proposed sensor comprises of complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) enclosed in a rectangular loop which are engraved on the ground plane, the design is further altered with firmly spaced vias that help to create a more compact and efficient design. The proposed RF sensor is made using the full wave EM simulator. The proposed sensor is developed on a Rogers 6002 substrate, which has a 3.75mm thickness. The patch element of a proposed sensor comprising of two tapered feeding lines with horizontal and vertical slots and in between the slots the space for the fluid is located. The proposed sensor has numerous benefits, including affordability and high resilience, which opens up a lot of potential for the future.

In this paper, a new rectenna system for RF energy harvesting applications has been proposed. The antenna offers 5.8327 dB of gain. The results obtained demonstrate that the suggested antenna offers a substantial gain of 5.8327 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 1.7183 GHz. The rectifying component incorporates a single series diode (SSD) design, which accurately matches the input impedance by employing L-shaped transmission line matching network. This design choice allows for the efficient utilization of the majority of the received power. The results obtained from the simulation demonstrate that the rectenna achieved a notable conversion efficiency of 68.103% when exposed to a load of 2 kΩ at 3.5 GHz operating frequency and an input power of 5 dBm. The produced output DC voltage is 2.075 V.

The explosion of wireless technology has created an ever increasing demand for more radio spectrum. Most of the studies have shown that the spectrum bands are being underutilised. These looming spectrum scarcity problems have motivated the search for breakthrough radio technologies that can scale to meet the future demands both in terms of channel capacity and energy efficiency. Cognitive radio is considered to be the promising technology innovation that can enable future wireless world. This paper integrates the cognitive radio system with NOMA to improve the energy efficiency of the downlink NOMA system by maximising the sum and target rates of weak users and minimising the average transmission power of the secondary user network, thereby limiting average interference to the primary user. The closed-form solution for optimal power allocation is to maximise the sum rate using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition. An Artificial Bee colony global optimisation algorithm is employed to derive the optimal values for the bee colony vector by analysing Lagrangian dual analysis. The power allocation problem is thus converged to its best solution using the sub-gradient method. Finally, the simulation results have been presented to validate the analytical expression and proposed algorithm. The experimental results have been outlined in terms of capacity, sum rate, target rate and outage probability.

On-body antenna design attracts a lot of attention of researchers from different sectors across the globe. In this connection, the healthcare professionals are keenly observing the evolution of biomedical systems from day one hoping that their apprehensions for the system gets resolved by the designers at the earliest. After the COVID-19 breakout, the body-centric communication (BCC) has gained attention of both the health care professionals and patients simultaneously. This paper is a step towards addressing the concerns of the health practitioners by providing the details of the evolution in the designs of on-body antennas and the recent advancements to the researchers working in the wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. Antennas have been categorized on the basis of antenna topology, operational bandwidth range, substrate material, reconfigurability etc. Metamaterial-based body worn antennas appear to be game changer in this domain as these structures ensure high gain, miniaturization and high radiation efficiency. An in-depth study is done for the specific absorption rate (SAR) for the wearable antennas. In addition to this, numerical modelling of the human body is also summarized.

In the present era, safeguarding information holds paramount importance as organizations are grappling with data security challenges due to the advancements in the technology. Coping with the exponential growth of data poses a daunting task for researchers, particularly when it comes to safely and effectively managing vast amounts of data. Consequently, verifying the authenticity of digital content has emerged as a significant concern, given that such content is generated and shared online on a daily basis. In light of these concerns, a robust authentication watermarking method was presented to safeguard documents by identifying appropriate attributes within them. Accordingly, the image was split into various blocks, with different block sizes for the inner and outer parts. The watermark was then embedded into both sections of images using different transformations: namely Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for inner sections and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for outer sections. Experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme maintain high image quality after watermarking, with a PSNR value of 35 db even after JPEG compression. The embedding process ensures acceptable image quality following tampering attacks such as JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, and scaling. Furthermore, Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) value of 1 was attained under no attacks with values ranging from 0.9014 to 0.9999 under different attack scenarios. The result show that the watermarking algorithm offers greater robustness, security, and resistance compared to other methods in the literature making the proposed method suitable for critical applications in areas such as copyright protection, secure content distribution, and digital forensic analysis.