One of the uncertainty components in Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) stems from spatial variability in design parameters, such as local soil / rock strength or modulus. A solution is presented for uncertainty propagation of effective rock mass modulus through O’Neill’s (non-linear) equations for drilled shaft settlement in intermediate geomaterials. Associated tip resistance is combined with side friction resistance (fully mobilized) of one or more geological layers to form total ultimate shaft resistance with respective uncertainty. Based on this, a graphical iteration chart (existing for side friction in a single layer without end bearing) is generalized to find shaft length as a function of given reliability (probability of failure), factored design load and site conditions. Results are demonstrated by a practical example.

For a mixed system of a typical membrane protein solubilizer CHAPS (a derivative of a bile acid cholic acid) combined with a bile salt (sodium salt of glycocholic acid, NaGC), which is also a candidate as a membrane protein solubilizer, micellization and adsorbed film formation in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4 at 303K were studied paying special attention to the synergistic effect upon mixing. The collection of sufficient data based on plots of surface tension (γ) versus logarithmic concentration (Ct or mt) in total molality at discrete mole fractions (X2) in the mixture of surfactants 1 and 2 (where 1 and 2 correspond to CHAPS and NaGC, respectively) allowed us to accurately determine critical micelle concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension at CMC (γCMC), and the slope (dγ/dlnCt) from the γ–lnCt curves in the concentration range just below CMC. These data enabled us to estimate surface excess (Γt), and mean molecular area (Am) in addition to such parameters as the minimum surface Gibbs energy (Gmin(S)), pC20 and CMC/C20 related to synergism accompanied by blending. Applying the regular solution theory (RST), the relation of compositions of the singly dispersed phase (X2) and the micellar phase (Y2) as well as the interaction parameter (ωR) (by using the Rubingh's equations) were estimated. The relation between the composition in the adsorbed film (Z2) and X2 together with the interaction parameter (ωA) in the adsorbed film was also estimated. The partial molecular area (PMA), γCMC, and Gmin(S) were examined as functions of X2 and/or Z2. The resultant CMC–X2 and CMC–Y2 curves and ωR and ωA values have demonstrated that mixed micelles and adsorbed film formation are attained accompanying to some extent enhanced intermolecular interaction (with negative ωR and ωA values). Comparing with previous results for mixed systems of CHAPS with n-acyl (octanoly, nonanoyl, and decanoyl)-N-methylglucamides [MEGA-n's (n=8, 9, and 10)] and of sodium chenodeoxycholate (NaCDC) with sodium ursodeoxycholate (NaUDC), the synergism observed for the mixed system of CHAPS with NaGC lies between both combinations. However the expected properties as a membrane protein solubilizer are judged to be sufficient.

This study investigated the behavior of large diameter drilled shafts embedded short distances in Florida Limestone (i.e. L/D = 1 & 3). The work was performed via laboratory (centrifuge) tests and the two field sites (17th Street and Fuller Warren Bridges). The work focused on modeling the axial, shear and moment response of shafts subject to combined axial and lateral loading in uniform and variable strength/modulus limestone. The study found that O’Neill’s method of assessing tip resistance vs. displacement was accurate if the Harmonic or Geometric Mass Modulus of the rock is assessed within three diameters below the shaft’s tip. In the case of tip shear, it was found that a bilinear elastic plastic model with failure assessed from Mohr-Coulomb provided good results. For tip rotation the model proposed by Bell (1991) gave very reasonable results even though it requires assessment of tip shear and lateral tip displacement. An important finding from the field investigation was the variability of the LRFD resistance factors from the spatial variability of the rock at the two sites. Using standard Geostatistics measures, Variogram, covariance, etc., the Variance of the Geometric Mass Modulus 3D below a shaft was assessed, along with tip resistance, and its associated variability. LRFD resistance factors based on FOSM were calculated with reliability values of 2.5 and 3.0. An Excel spreadsheet is provided for LRFD assessment and design for other sites.

Recent studies on mixed surfactant systems were systematically overviewed, paying special attention to synergism observed in micellization as well as adsorbed film formation upon mixing of a few nonionic surfactants with a variety of surfactants (such as anionics including bile salts and a hybrid type surfactant, cationics including a Gemini type surfactant, different types of nonionics and a zwitterionic surfactant used as a membrane solubilizer) in addition to various combinations of anionics. Through the text, it was shown for each given binary mixed system composed of surfactants 1 and 2 how to estimate not only the composition of mixed micelles (Y(2)) equilibrated with singly dispersed surfactant species in bulk solution phase, where the mole fraction of 2 in the surfactant mixture is denoted as X(2), but also the composition of adsorbed film phase (Z(2)). Almost all combinations were discussed in terms of the respective interaction parameters, omega(R) and omega(A), in mixed micelles (3-D phase) and in mixed adsorbed film (2-D phase), respectively, surface excess concentration (Gamma), partial molecular area (PMA), minimum surface Gibbs energy (G(s)min), and such defined measures as pC(20), CMC/C(20) etc. for evaluation of synergism.

By means of surface tension measurement (Wilhelmy method), micellization and adsorbed film formation were investigated for three combinations of mixed surfactant systems: a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was combined with three nonionic surfactants used as membrane-protein solubilizers, n-alkyl (octyl, nonyl and decyl)-N-methylglucamides (MEGA-8, MEGA-9 and MEGA-10, respectively) in water at 30°C. The data of surface tension (γ) versus logarithmic total molality of both single and mixed surfactant systems (mt) plots as a function of mole fraction of surfactant 2 (2 corresponds to MEGA-n's), X2, enabled us to determine critical micellization concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension at CMC (γCMC), surface excess (Γt), mean surface area occupied by a molecule (Am) and parameters related to synergism in surface activity such as pC20 and CMC/C20. Based on the regular solution theory, the relation of compositions of the singly dispersed phase (X2) and the composition of the adsorbed film phase (Z2) were estimated, and then the interaction parameters in micelles (ωR) and in adsorbed film (ωA) were also calculated. Both the CMC-X2 and CMC-Y2 curves were found for all combinations to show a negative deviation from ideal mixing, and even the curve of mt (bulk phase concentration) versus Z2 produced a prominent negative ωA. A marked synergism in surface tension reduction was observed for these MEGA-n's mixtures with SDS; the extent of the synergism increased in the order of MEGA-8, -9 and -10. A positive synergism was observed, even from the partial molecular area (PMA) and the minimum free energy at surface G(S)min= (γCMC·Am·L) where, L is the Avogdro's number.

A surface tension study (drop volume method) was performed at 30°C on micellization and adsorbed film formation of a mixed system of a cationic Gemini-type surfactant with a cationic surfactant in comparison with another mixed system of the same Gemini-type surfactant with a nonionic surfactant. The systems studied were Bis-ammonium Gemini derived from tartaric acid dibromide salt [BAGTB, 1,4-Bis(trimethylammonio)-2,3-dodecyloxy butane dibromide] with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB): BAGTB / HTAB mixed system and with n-decanoyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA-10): BAGTB / MEGA-10 mixed system. The data of surface tension (γ ) vs logarithmic molality plots as a function of mole fraction of surfactant 2 (2 corresponds to HTAB or MEGA-10), X 2, enabled us to determine the critical micellization concentration (CMC), the surface tension at CMC (γCMC), surface excess concentration (Γt ), the mean molecular surface area (A m), the partial molecular area (PMA), and the measures of efficiency of adsorption (pC20 = -log C20) and CMC / C20 which is available for evaluating the facilitating balance between adsorption and micellization. In addition, a newly defined measure of synergism in surface activity, i.e., the minimum surface Gibbs energy (G (S)min) was employed. Based on these data, the examination of synergism in micelle formation and in surface tension reduction elucidated that the Gemini-type surfactant does not exhibit any positive synergism for either BAGTB / HTAB or BAGTB / MEGA-10 mixed systems. Most of these parameters are found to depend conspicuously on the mixing ratio for both mixtures; indicating that the state of adsorbed film is divided into three ranges of X 2; the lower, the middle and the higher. The compositions of micelles formed at CMC (Y 2) and of adsorbed film (Z 2) equilibinated with bulk solution at a fixed surface tension were estimated.

Mixed micellization and mixed adsorbed film formation were investigated for the combination of a Gemini type cationic and a nonionic surfactants mixture: Bis-trimethyl ammonium Gemini derived from tartaric acid bromide (BAGTB) and n-Decanoyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA-10). The surface tension of the aqueous mixed surfactant solution was measured at every 0.1 mole fraction of MEGA10 in the surfactant mixture applying a drop volume method at 30°C. From the curves of surface tension (γ) vs logarithmic concentration in molality (ln m ), critical micellization concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension at CMC (γCMC), surface excess (Γ), mean surface area occupied by a molecule (A m) and parameters related to synergism in surface activity such as pC20 and CMC / C20 were determined. Based on the regular solution theory, the relation of compositions of the singly dispersed phase (X MEGA10) and the micellar phase (Y MEGA10), and the relation of X MEGA10 with the composition in adsorbed film phase (Z 2) were estimated, and along with these, the interaction parameters in micelles (ωR) and in adsorbed film (ωA ) were calculated. Both the CMC-X MEGA-10 and CMC-Y MEGA-10 curves showed a negative deviation from ideal mixing and even the curve of Z MEGA10-m t (bulk phase concentration) produced a slightly negative ωA . However, the synergism in surface tension reduction was found to be rather weak from examination of partial molecular area (PMA) and the minimum free energy at surface G min(S) = (γCMC·A m·L ). As for the adsorbed film, the interaction mode between molecules, as well as two dimensional molecular packing, was observed to be separated into three regions; i. e. at X STDS = 0.45 and at X STDS = 0.75 different properties changed discontinuously.

The bilayer forming ability of pseudo-ceramide PC104 in octanoic acid/water/n-octyl β-d-glucoside mixtures was investigated through the phase diagram. Because of its low solubility in water and of its crystallization, pseudoceramide PC104 was dissolved in octanoic acid, which is nontoxic additive for foods and cosmetics. The mixtures formed four different phases (L1, L2, LC and two phases). Depending on the concentration of PC104 in octanoic acid, the realm of each phase was extended or contracted. On the contrary to the realm of L2, realms of lamellar phase and L1 phase were expanded. The bilayer-forming ability of PC104 was explained on the basis of concentration of PC104 at interface and interaction between PC104 and octanoic acid. From FT-IR results, it was found that the interactions of PC104's polar head group with octanoic acid increased as the amount of PC104 in octanoic acid increased. Also emulsion size and size distribution have been studied depending upon the emulsification path. Droplets of emulsion prepared from lamellar phase were smaller and more homogeneous compared to those of emulsions formed from L2 phase.

The chemical evidence for involvement of singlet oxygen during photoirradiation for 2-ethylanthracene [2-EA] and 9-phenylanthracene [9-PA] was based on the rapid decomposition of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran [DPBF] in methanol-water mixture and aqueous CTAB, and SDS micellar solutions. The average microenvironmental polarities of 2-EA and 9-PA were estimated by UV spectroscopic characteristics sensitive to the polarity of solvent. When 2-EA and 9-PA were solubilized in aqueous CTAB, SDS and Brij 35 solutions, their average microenvironmental polarities were polar, and their microenvironmental polarity parameter showed little dependence on the ionic properties of the micelles. The average microenvironmental polarity of 2-EA was similar to the polarity of 40% (w/w) aqueous ethanol, and that of 9-PA was similar to the polarity between 30 and 40% (w/w) aqueous ethanol. It was found that the greater part of these species might be distributed at the surface of micelles when they were solubilized in aqueous micellar solutions. The methanol-water mixture solution appeared to have characteristics more favorable for photooxidation reaction than aqueous micellar solutions.

A method to calculate the magnetic moments for and complexes in a strong crystal field of trigonal symmetry has been developed in this work choosing the trigonal axis (Ⅲ) as the quantization axis. The calculated magnetic moments using this method for and complexes in a strong trigonal ligand field fall in the range of the experimental values. The dipolar shifts for and complexes in a strong trigonal ligand field are also calculated using the calculated magnetic susceptibility components. The calculated values of the dipolar shifts also fall in the reasonable range.