Packing media are essential for optimizing biotrickling filter (BTF) design and pollutant removal efficiency, yet how their integrated physicochemical properties affect the performance by regulating community assembly and biofilm evolution remains unclear. This study compared two parallel BTFs packed with activated carbon (AC) granules (BTFAC) and polyurethane (PU) sponge (BTFPU) for nitric oxide (NO) removal, and tested their resilience to starvation. BTFPU achieved significantly higher and more stable NO removal than BTFAC during both pre-starvation (99% ± 1% over 94% ± 5%) and post-starvation periods (98% ± 1% over 82% ± 9%, P < 0.001). For PU, despite its hydrophobic surface, the large-pore spongy structure (pore sizes of 603 ± 40 μm) and high porosity (97% ± 1%) provided greater protected internal space and lower superficial gas velocity (6 m/h), collectively created a less stressed microenvironment for microbes. This supported the fast evolution of thicker and more viable biofilms with higher microbial diversity, cooperative interactions, and stochastic assembly, facilitating the fast recovery post-starvation. In contrast, for AC, the hydrophobic surface, surface functional groups, higher gas velocity (9 m/h) from lower porosity (62% ± 2%), and small pore size (3.2 ± 0.4 nm) restricted microbial growth to the exposed external surface and imposed stronger selection pressure. These factors collectively drove thinner, less viable, and slower biofilm evolution with lower diversity, reduced proportion of denitrifiers, stronger deterministic assembly, which ultimately compromised the performance stability. These findings reveal how packing media regulate BTF performance by driving community assembly and biofilm evolution.

Biological purification technology utilizes microbial metabolism to convert volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaust gases into various degradation products and biomass, thereby offering distinct carbon sequestration potential in the context of carbon neutrality. This review moves beyond the conventional focus on removal efficiency, systematically summarizing carbon removal and transformation mechanisms in VOCs biopurification from a carbon flow perspective. It emphasizes carbon transformation pathways, methods for classifying and quantifying triphasic (gas, liquid, solid) carbon products, and strategies for establishing carbon mass balances. By analyzing the impact of key factors—including process types, operating parameters, and microbial communities—on carbon allocation, this review proposes optimized pathways to enhance the assimilation of VOCs into biomass. This review aims to facilitate the transformation of waste gas treatment from conventional end-of-pipe remediation toward carbon-neutral technologies, offering a theoretical foundation for achieving synergistic reductions in both atmospheric pollutants and carbon emissions.

Mass transport at three-phase interfaces is a primary bottleneck for industrial gas-evolving electrodes due to severe bubble coverage and suppressed liquid renewal. Here, we establish the interfacial work of adhesion (ΔGad)-quantified via spherical-tip AFM nanoindentation-as a predictive nanoscale descriptor of surface energetics under ambient conditions. ΔGad captures the thermodynamic competition between electrolyte wetting and gas adhesion at the solid surface, thereby governing bubble-mediated mass transport. Using model MoS2 electrodes, we show that vertical structuring and phase engineering (Vhetero-MoS2) significantly increase the AFM-quantified ΔGad. This heightened ΔGad strengthens the solid-electrolyte affinity, effectively suppressing gas adhesion and reducing bubble blockage. In situ Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and pseudopotential simulations consistently show that surfaces with higher ΔGad yield smaller bubbles and enhanced interfacial renewal. Accordingly, the apparent aerophobicity follows from stronger electrolyte affinity via interfacial energy competition. Using hydrogen evolution as a representative gas-evolving reaction, the Vhetero-MoS2 electrode sustains stable hydrogen evolution at 1000 mA cm- 2. This work provides a unified energetic framework for three-phase interface engineering, establishing ΔGad as a quantifiable, AFM-accessible metric for the rational design of high-performance gas-evolving electrodes.

According to the Zhejiang Province Action Plan for Emerging Contaminants Control, benzophenone (BP) was detected at 1000 ng L-1 in a local wastewater treatment plant effluent, highlighting the need for effective removal of such low-concentration contaminants. Three-dimensional boron-doped diamond (3D BDD) electrodes were prepared on SiC substrates via MPCVD for the first time, with deposition time effects on morphology, structure and electrochemistry systematically studied. The 3D BDD-12 h electrode exhibited superior electrochemical performance, including a high oxygen evolution potential (OEP) (2.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl), a wide electrochemical potential window (3.14 V), low charge-transfer resistance (Rct) (44.43 Ω), a high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) (0.3575 mF cm-2), along with a large specific surface area (59.7327 m2 g-1. This electrode exhibited exceptional long-term stability under harsh conditions, with negligible performance decay over 120 h, attributed to its intact 3D architecture and well-crystallized diamond framework. In BP degradation experiments, to simulate the retentate produced during reverse osmosis treatment in wastewater treatment plant, initial BP concentrations were set over the range of 10 - 30 mg L-1. The 3D BDD-12 h electrode outperformed a flat BDD electrode, achieving a 4.1% increase in removal efficiency, a 27.9% reduction in energy consumption, and a 33.6% faster pseudo-first-order reaction rate. The degradation pathway was further elucidated, revealing that the meta-position of the benzene ring and oxygen atom were more susceptible to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This study demonstrates a promising strategy for fabricating high-performance 3D BDD electrodes for low-concentration contaminant removal in wastewater treatment.

A novel amino-ligand-assisted MOF-derivation strategy was developed to fabricate hierarchically structured Pt@CeO2 microspheres with highly dispersed Pt species (0.34 wt. %). The -NH2 functional groups effectively anchored Pt precursors, preventing aggregation and preserving hierarchical porosity during calcination. The resulting catalyst exhibited exceptional toluene oxidation performance, achieving T50 and T90 values of 155 and 177 °C, respectively, significantly outperforming conventional impregnation-derived counterparts. Characterization revealed abundant surface oxygen vacancies, enhanced Ce3+ concentration, and superior low-temperature reducibility due to strong metal-support interaction. In situ DRIFTS analysis confirmed a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism with sequential degradation pathway: toluene → benzyl alcohol → benzaldehyde → benzoate → anhydride → CO2 and H2O. The superior catalytic performance arises from the synergistic effects of the hierarchically oriented mesoporous structure, inherently enlarged specific surface area, and the highly dispersed active Pt species confined within the CeO2 matrix. This work establishes a versatile platform for designing high-performance catalysts with controlled metal dispersion and hierarchical porosity for VOC abatement and oxidation reactions.

According to the Zhejiang Province's Action Plan for Emerging Contaminants Control, benzophenone (BP) has been widely detected in local wastewater treatment plant effluents, highlighting the need for effective removal of such emerging contaminants. This study is the first to propose an electrochemical approach for degrading BP. Three-dimensional boron-doped diamond (3D BDD) electrodes were prepared on porous SiC substrates via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD), with the effects of deposition time on morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties systematically studied. The 3D BDD-12 h electrode exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared with the commercial flat BDD electrode, including a high oxygen evolution potential (OEP) (2.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl), a high double-layer capacitance (Cdl) (0.3575 mF cm−2), along with a large effective electroactive surface area (1.36 cm2 cm−2). Besides, this electrode exhibited exceptional long-term stability under harsh conditions, attributed to its intact 3D architecture and well-crystallized diamond scaffold. In BP degradation experiments, the 3D BDD-12 h electrode outperformed a commercial flat BDD electrode, achieving a 6.7% increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, a 27.9% reduction in energy consumption, and a 33.6% faster pseudo-first-order rate constant. For the first time, the electrochemical degradation pathway of BP is proposed, revealing that the meta-positions of the benzene rings and the carbonyl oxygen atom were more susceptible to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This study demonstrates a promising strategy for fabricating high-performance 3D BDD electrodes for removal of the emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment.

The electrocatalytic sulfide oxidation reaction (SOR) has emerged as a promising strategy for removing reduced sulfur, owing to its low thermodynamic energy barrier and capacity to generate high‐value products. However, current progress remains largely restricted to laboratory studies, and industrial‐scale implementation is urgently needed to achieve effective sulfur pollution control and resource recovery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in catalyst fabrication, reaction system engineering, and product acquisition, all of which offer opportunities to accelerate the industrial development of SOR. Particular attention is paid to the existence of diverse reduced sulfur species (S 2− , HS − , and H 2 S) under varying industrial conditions, as these strongly affect catalyst mechanisms and application feasibility. Building on this foundation, several catalyst design strategies are discussed to enhance catalyst stability and activity. Beyond catalyst design, emphasis is placed on coupling SOR with diverse cathodic reactions for integrated applications and on leveraging novel electrolytic devices to improve process efficiency. Pathways to high‐value products are also highlighted, with a focus on diversifying product types and developing cost‐effective recovery strategies. This review concludes by discussing current challenges and future opportunities, aiming to provide guidance for advancing SOR from laboratory research to sustainable industrial practice.

Abstract Conventional biological treatment of ester-type volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is challenged by low mineralization rates or uncontrolled CO2 emissions when high mineralization occurs. In this study, an algal-bacterial symbiosis (ABS) system with a high carbon fixation rate and bidirectional interaction was successfully established in a phototrophic-biotrickling filter (PBTF), enabling low-carbon treatment of VOCs. Metabolic reconstruction based on metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses suggested that endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) may contribute to synergistic interactions between microalgae and bacteria. The concentration of endogenous IAA reached 446.16 ± 40.03 mg/m3 (packing material), with the expression of IAA-related genes exhibiting a 3.23-fold increase; this resulted in highly active cross-kingdom signal transduction between microalgae and bacteria. Consequently, the biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) increased to 973.52 ± 277.36 mg/m3 (packing material), leading to the formation of a dense EPS-derived physical barrier that protected ABS from n-butyl acetate-induced toxicity. Additionally, the presence of microalgae increased the abundance of phototrophic bacteria (e.g., Leptolyngbya) and the expression of associated carbon-related genes (rbcL/S) by 2.54-fold. As a result, the synergistic ABS mode ensured efficient n-butyl acetate removal (99.43 ± 0.50%) and CO2 fixation (705.33 ± 17.70 g/(m3 packing material·d), thus maintaining the stability of the PBTF. Overall, the dual-enhancement system of ABS in a PBTF presents an effective low-carbon VOC removal strategy, paving the way for broader, stable applications of this system in the treatment of ester-type VOCs.

This study focuses on the coupled process of bio-enhanced absorption and biodesulfurization for the toxic gas H2S and the greenhouse gas CO2. The results show that on the basis of stabilized absorption of H2S and CO2 by alkaline solution (Stage I), the addition of air-lift bioreactor process solution in the absorption column enhanced their absorption (Stage II). Specifically, at constant inlet concentrations of HAS and COA of 3% (30,000 ppmv) and 30% (300,000 ppmv), respectively, the outlet gases were primarily HAS, COA, and NA. And the outlet H2S and CO2 concentrations decreased from 10,038 f 1166 ppmv and 49,897 f 2545 ppmv in Stage Ito 940 f 163 ppmv and 21,000 f 2165 ppmv in Stage II. S0-producing performance (348 f 20-503 f 23 mg S/L) and biomass concentration (467 f 13-677 f 55 mg/L) in the subsequent bioreactor also increased in response to the enhanced absorption of H2S and CO2. Biologically enhanced H2S and CO2 absorption differs from physicochemical factors in that it depends on several physiological parameters such as microbial community composition and gene expression levels. In this study, the sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria Thioalkalivibrio and Arenimonas had high abundance and activity (abundance: 69.5% and 21.1%, expression: 82.4% and 13.9%), and they were the main contributors to the bio-enhanced absorption of H2S and CO2 in this system. In addition, the main factor for enhanced H2S absorption could be the high expression of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR, encoding gene sqr) (45 f 9 to 821 f 102 transcripts per million). Enhanced CO2 absorption could have been achieved by the oxidation of more H2S generating more energy to increase the carboxylation activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, encoding genes rbcLS). Enhanced H2S absorption enhances CO2 absorption and facilitates microbial growth, which in turn benefits the metabolism of H2S, creating a complementary biologically enhanced absorption. This study provides a novel strategy, demonstrating the potential of autotrophic sulfide-oxidizing microorganisms in the simultaneous removal of HAS and assimilation of COA, and offers a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) have emerged as promising candidates in electrocatalysis due to their unique band structures and tunable electronic properties. Nevertheless, establishing robust, low-resistance contacts between TMDs layers and conductive supports has remained a challenge. Their atomically thin nature makes these layers prone to structural disruption and undesired chemical interactions, hampering charge transfer and diminishing catalytic efficiency. Recently, the visualization of microscopic interface behaviors and atomic layer interactions between metals and 2D TMDs has led to the introduction of ohmic contact metal-TMDs electrocatalysts to address these challenges. Specifically, synergy at the metal-2D TMDs interface endows the catalyst with new functionalities, including enhanced redox activity and selective reactant immobilization, thus helping address core challenges in energy conversion and storage. This work first examines the fundamental structural traits of 2D TMDs and introduces design principles and strategies for ohmic metal-TMDs composites in electrocatalysis. The discussion covers methods for adjusting work function differences, constructing edge contacts in TMDs, incorporating interface doping/insertion, and engineering orbital hybridization or bonding interfaces. Additionally, this work analyzes the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of each approach, offering valuable insights for the development of efficient metal-semiconductor catalysts, electrodes, and energy conversion and storage devices.

Dichloromethane (DCM) is widely used in industry and is one of the key components of industrial exhaust. The paramount challenge for bamboo charcoal (BC) as a common adsorbent is how to achieve high adsorption capacity at high humidity, especially for some chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs). Herein, the adsorption capacity of BCNK2-800 (2:1:1 mass ratio of KOH, urea and BC, 800 °C pyrolysis), for DCM under dry conditions was 610.9 mg/g, which was the highest value reported in the literature. The adsorption ability still stayed at 87.6 % (535.2 mg/g) of that obtained under dry condition, even as the relative humidity increased to 80 %. The specific surface area of BCNK2-800 rose from 332.96 up to 1590.4 m2/g, and the water contact angle increased from 116.5° to 137.9°, indicating that BCNK2-800 had more adsorption sites and better hydrophobicity than BC800. Density functional theory calculations showed that N-containing groups reduced the preferential occupation of adsorption sites by water vapor. The desorption and regeneration of saturated BCNK2-800 was carried out with 5 % ethanol at 80 °C, and the adsorption capacity was still > 90 % after 5 cycles. Compared to conventional high-temperature regeneration method, this approach could be easier to implement and more energy-efficient. Competitive adsorption studies indicate that BCNK2-800 prefers to adsorb VOCs with higher hydrophobicity. Such a modified bamboo charcoal-based adsorbent performed better adsorption ability for VOCs over a wide range of humidity, which provided a feasible solution for the treatment of actual industrial waste gases.

Biotrickling filter (BTF) technology is inefficient in the treatment of Cl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as chlorobenzene (CB). This study adopted non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a pretreatment and conducted in-depth analyses, especially in microorganisms, to investigate strengthening mechanism of a NTP to a BTF in the process. The introduction of NTP enhance efficiency of CB removal from 65 % to 90 %, and CO2 generation from 60 % to 85 %. It is found that the protein content of the extracellular polymeric substances increases from 212 x 10-3 mg center dot g-1 filler to 299 x 10-3 mg center dot g- 1 filler, thus CB capturing and utilization enhanced. Metagenomic analysis showed that bacteria with CB-degrading properties were enriched in BTF, and CB was involved in cellular metabolism as a carbon source. The presence of active substances from NTP is found to stimulate the ability of BTF treatment. The findings of this study will provide theoretical support for the application of NTP-BTF technology.

Two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) have been widely used because they overcome the mass-transfer limitation of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in waste gas biological treatments. Understanding the mechanisms of mass-transfer enhancement in TPPBs would enable efficient predictions for further industrial applications. In this study, influences of gradually increasing silicone oil ratio on the TPPB was explored, and a 94.35 % reduction of the n-hexane partition coefficient was observed with 0.1 vol.% silicone, which increased to 80.7 % along with a 40-fold removal efficiency enhancement in the stabilised removal period. The elimination capacity increased from 1.47 to 148.35 g/(m3·h), i.e. a 101-fold increase compared with that of the single-phase reactors, when 10 vol.% (3 Critical Micelle Concentration) silicone oil was added. The significantly promoted partition coefficient was the main reason for the mass transfer enhancement, which covered the negative influences of the decreased total mass-transfer coefficient with increasing silicone oil volume ratio. The gradually rising stirring rate was benefit to the n-hexane removal, which became negative when the dominant resistance shifted from mass transfer to biodegradation. Moreover, a mass-transfer-reaction kinetic model of the TPPB was constructed based on the balance of n-hexane concentration, dissolved oxygen and biomass. Similar to the mechanism, the partition factor was predicted sensitive to the removal performance, and another five sensitive parameters were found simultaneously. This forecasting method enables the optimisation of TPPB performance and provides theoretical support for hydrophobic VOCs degradation.

Biological treatment technology utilizing algal-bacteria consortium (ABC) has shown remarkable effectiveness in synergistically reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2. However, the impact of empty bed residence time (EBRT) on the performance and underlying synergistic mechanisms of the ABC has remained unclear. In this study, we systematically compared an algal-bacterial airlift photobioreactor (PB) with a conventional bacterial airlift bioreactor (CB) under varying EBRT conditions. At longer EBRTs of 51 and 34 s, both reactors achieved nearly 100 % removal efficiency (RE) for n-butyl acetate. Simultaneously, the activity of the Rubisco enzyme increased substantially, enhancing the CO2 assimilation efficiency (RCO2 ) of the microalgae, which peaked at 92.65 +/- 0.88 %. At shorter EBRTs of 26 and 20 s, the PB exhibited n-butyl acetate REs approximately 1.11 and 1.46 times higher than the CB, respectively. Notably, shorter EBRT stimulated the ABC to secrete more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and promoted the formation of more complex microbial communities, thereby ensuring more stable and efficient pollutant removal. It is demonstrated in this work that synergistic reductions of VOCs and CO2 across various environmental conditions can be effectively achieved by the ABC, providing valuable theoretical insights for the development of gas bio-purification technologies.

Increased COD/N (chemical oxygen demand/nitrogen) ratios and reduced temperatures critically limit mainstream partial nitritation-anammox (PN-A) by disrupting functional microbial dynamics, but their specific impacts on microbial competition and evolution remain poorly understood. This study addressed this gap in a mainstream PN-A reactor operated under precise oxygen-input control. Increasing COD/N from 0.5 to 1.5 enhanced Anammox and heterotrophic denitrification (HD), while suppressing nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) at a higher rate of 0.0098 d-1 than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB, 0.0021 d-1). These led to a better total nitrogen removal performance. Sudden cooling from 20 °C to 15 °C decreased all studied activities, yet Anammox showed lower reduction rate of 0.0014 d-1 than other microbes. Anammox's competitiveness was defined as the percentage of Anammox's activities when competing with HD (Anammox HD) and nitrifiers (Anammox Nitrifiers) to the contemporaneous maximum Anammox activity (Anammox max) to investigate the competition of Anammox with HD and nitrifiers. Increased COD/N didn't affect Anammox's competitiveness against nitrifiers, but reduced its competitiveness against HD from 95 % to 56 %. Surprisingly, the reduced temperatures to 15 °C improved Anammox's competitiveness over both nitrifiers and HD by 63 % and 67 %, respectively. Thus, increased COD/N and reduced temperatures had opposite effects on Anammox: increased COD/N enhanced Anammox max, but reduced its competitiveness against HD, while reduced temperatures dramatically reduced Anammox max, but increased its competitiveness over other microbes. These findings reveal that COD/N and temperature regulate mainstream PN-A performance through the reshaping of both the activities and the competitive landscape of the core microbes.

Mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide precipitate (MHP) obtained via pretreatment and leaching of nickel laterite ore, is a vital source of nickel and cobalt. This work proposes an efficient and economical hydrometallurgical process for recovering Ni and Co from MHP. Initially, an acid leaching process was employed, achieving leaching efficiencies of 99.9 % for Ni and 98.3 % for Co. Notably, the leaching efficiency for Mn was significantly lower at 26.1 %, attributed to partial oxidation of Mn. Subsequently, the purification of the leach liquor resulted in a significant reduction of impurities such as Si, Sc, Fe, and Al to concentrations of 18 mg/L, 1.8 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L, and 0.8 mg/ L, respectively. Finally, the subsequent semi-extraction process further minimized impurities, including Co, Mn, Mg, and Ca, to levels below 1 mg/L in the purified solution. Furthermore, the Sc enriched in P204 was stripped by 3 mol/L NaOH, yielding a Sc-enriched solid residue with a grade of 30 %. The results show that the process can extract Ni and Co from MHP, and Ni, Co solution are suitable for the production of lithium batteries.

Bio-purification has been recognized as an effective method of removal of volatile organic pollutants (VOCs), yet exist a technical bottleneck of low removal efficiency in the treatment of high toxicity and low water-soluble VOCs, especially chlorobenzene (CB). Herein, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology was used as a pretreatment technology, and the effect of process parameters (specific input of energy (SIE), inlet concentration of CB, humidity, and discharge length) of DBD on the removal performance of CB was analyzed, in order to investigate the feasibility of DBD as a pre-treatment approach for bio-purification. Taking energy yield, byproduct analysis and exhaust evaluation as considerations, an SIE of 1,131.57 J center dot L-1, an inlet CB concentration of 300 ppm, a humidity of 50 %, and a discharge length of 10 cm were selected as the most suitable experimental conditions for the air DBD reactor. The temperature of gas flow was analyzed. Results suggested that DBD have no adverse thermal effect on the subsequent biotechnology (decreased by about 8 K during the discharge process). The temperature change caused by the degradation of CB (e.g., phenyl ring-opening and other processes) accounts for about 90 % of the total temperature change, where remaining part of temperature decreased caused by the large number of active substances produced by electron excitation, collision and cracking during discharge. The regulation of short-life active substances (e.g., center dot NO, center dot NO2,center dot OH, and O2-center dot) further reduced the toxicity of the outlet gas generated by DBD through affect the contents the long-life active substances (e.g., H2O2, and O3). This study provides a better understanding of the feasibility of DBD as a treatment for bio-purification and a new coupling technology for the effective removal of CB.

The investigation into the development of an active transition-metal oxide catalyst with controllable morphology for the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a subject of considerable importance and warrants further exploration. In this study, ZIF-67 was prepared and employed as a sacrificial template, with varying quantities of Cu ions incorporated to synthesize layered copper-cobalt double oxide (CuCo-LDO) featuring a modifiable surface state. A comprehensive characterization of the CuCo-LDO catalysts was conducted, encompassing structural properties, morphology, surface chemical state, and redox properties, utilizing a range of analytical techniques. Subsequent evaluations included testing the catalytic activity for toluene oxidation and assessing stability performance. The results revealed that differing Cu contents played a pivotal role in inducing changes in the morphology and structure of CuCo-LDO, thereby significantly influencing its oxidation activity towards toluene. Notably, the flower-like structure of 3CuCo-LDO (Cu% = 20.14 wt.%) exhibited outstanding toluene oxidation activity attributable to its unique structure and composition. This research contributes novel insights to the design of highs-performance catalysts targeting volatile organic compounds.

The recognized sulfur oxidation reaction (SOR) is performed in alkaline condition, and its main products of NaSx (x=1-4) are dissolvable, increasing chemical consumption to obtain solid S-x products by the multi-step recovery. Herein, the dopant of atomic carbon on MoS2 nanosheets (C-MoS2) was fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, and it can one-step convert H2S gas to solid S-8 products in an acidic solution. Results showed that the yield of S-8 product on C-MoS2 reached up to 2.5 kg/m(2)/d with a Faraday efficiency of 87.1 % at 20 mA/cm(2). Moreover, theoretical and experimental studies proved that the electron density surrounding S active site increased with the incorporation of atomic C into MoS2, subsequently improving the adsorption energy of H2S and decreasing the reaction energy to obtain S-8 product. Our work provides a new guideline for the SOR research on the one-step conversion of H2S to S-8 solid products in acidic condition.