Traditional printing technologies rely heavily on chemical dyes and organic reagents, posing significant environmental risks and resource sustainability challenges. Although bio-inspired structural colors offer a promising alternative, efficiently and conveniently achieving high-resolution, reversible, and eco-friendly patterning of dynamic optical content remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a scalable and sustainable color-printing strategy that employs pure water to activate dynamic patterns within laser-programmed cholesteric liquid crystal networks (CLCNs). By leveraging laser direct-writing technology, a highly temporal-spatial resolution complex optical information with a highly customizable printing ecosystem has been constructed. This strategy relies on adjusting the spatial distribution anisotropy of internal cross-link density to program the swelling behavior of the helical-structures, which generating structural-color can cover across the full visible spectrum. We demonstrate the versatility of this high-throughput fabrication platform through multidimensional information encryption, self-adaptive QR codes, and smart architectural coatings. The presented new printing ecosystem, due to its characteristics such as easily accessible raw materials, simple process, high economic applicability, and environmental friendliness, is bound to have a broader development space and will not be confined to laboratory manufacturing.
Bio-inspired rigid-flexible integrated architectures effectively mitigate the intrinsic trade-off between strength and toughness. However, conventional rigid-flexible architectures assembled by adhesives or non-covalent interactions typically suffer from weak interfacial bonding and modulus-mismatch-induced stress concentration, thereby causing delamination. Here, we report a facile strategy combining monomer diffusion with network reconfiguration to construct rigid-flexible multilayered materials with continuous modulus gradient interphases. The optimized 7-layer gradient material (7L-G), comprising rigid polydicyclopentadiene and its flexible copolymers, exhibits a high tensile strength of 51.7 MPa and an elongation at break of 261.0%. Real-time fluorescence tracking using aggregation-induced emission molecules and quantum dots reveals the monomer diffusion kinetics, while nanoindentation confirms a ∼60 µm-thick gradient transition interphase. Both quasi-static tensile and split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) tests demonstrate that the 7L-G sample displays significantly superior energy dissipation to its non-gradient counterparts. This enhancement is attributed to the efficient stress delocalization and coordinated plastic deformation enabled by the gradient interphases. Ballistic impact tests and numerical simulations demonstrate the exceptional ballistic resistance performance of the 7L-G sample. This study confirms the effectiveness of modulus gradient interphases in enhancing the interfacial integrity and energy dissipation of rigid-flexible materials, and provides a versatile strategy for developing high-performance impact-resistant polymer materials.
Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) encapsulate the complex molecular signature of their native microenvironment, serving as critical mediators for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of Ti-EV biology, critically evaluating current evidence from the liver, heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle while identifying key challenges and future perspectives for clinical translation. We first categorize current isolation technologies by their validation status in the Ti-EV context, and then survey organ-specific functional profiles with emphasis on the functional shifts that accompany transitions between physiological and pathological states, as well as inter-organ communication. Cross-tissue comparison reveals conserved cargo classes, shared signaling pathways, and five recurrent regenerative mechanisms, including cell cycle regulation, metabolic reprogramming, microenvironment remodeling, angiogenesis, and programmed cell death control. These patterns point to three overarching principles: cargo composition encodes tissue identity, effector mechanisms are drawn from a constrained functional repertoire, and functional output is calibrated by tissue states. Engineering strategies for cargo reprogramming, controlled delivery, and targeted modification are discussed alongside bottlenecks in scalable production and regulatory compliance. This integrated framework positions Ti-EVs as context-dependent signaling systems and highlights single-vesicle analysis, smart cargo editing, and personalized precision approaches as key directions for clinical translation.
The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is substantially lower than that of lithium-ion batteries, primarily owing to the intrinsic limitations of hard carbon anodes. Cathode sodium-compensation additives have emerged as a promising strategy to address this challenge, offering both safety and ready scalability for mass production. However, most reported additives rely on catalytic decomposition, which inevitably raises cost and introduces inert components into the battery. Here, catalyst-free sodium formate (HCOONa) is introduced as a cathode additive that delivers a sodium-compensation capacity of 398 mAh g- 1. It is revealed that the HCOO- possesses a higher highest occupied molecular orbital energy than conventional carbonate solvents, enabling preferential oxidation that suppresses detrimental electrolyte decomposition. The oxygen species derived from HCOONa facilitate the formation of a robust and thin cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode. This CEI comprises a Na2O-rich inorganic phase and a COOR-rich organic phase, which enhance interfacial mechanical strength and electrochemical stability. Hard carbon||NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 pouch cells containing 2.5 wt% HCOONa exhibit a 5.7% increased initial discharge capacity and superior cycling stability, retaining 88% capacity after 700 cycles. These findings establish an effective presodiation strategy that compensates for sodium loss while stabilizing electrode interfaces in practical SIBs.
In practical photocatalysis, the strong interaction between surface adsorbates and the cocatalyst is unavoidable, which inevitably triggers a reconfiguration of its electronic structure. However, how this strong adsorption-induced electronic state reconfiguration (SA-ESR) affects the ultrafast charge transfer kinetics remains poorly understood. To fill this gap, we deliberately introduced thiocyanate ions (SCN-) as a model adsorbate, which selectively adsorb onto the Au nanoparticles deposited on CdZnS, thereby establishing a well-defined strong-adsorption system to probe how such SA-ESR effect governs the ultrafast charge transfer kinetics during photocatalytic H2 evolution. Comprehensive investigations reveal that the strongly adsorbed SCN- effectively withdraws electrons from Au, inducing an electronic state reconfiguration to form electron-deficient Auδ+. Such SA-ESR effect efficiently promotes ultrafast photoelectron transfer from CdZnS to the Au cocatalysts, thereby accelerating the overall charge transfer kinetics and ultimately boosting the photocatalytic H2-evolution performance. Consequently, the optimized CdZnS/Au-S system (0.05 mM SCN-, pH = 2) achieves an outstanding H2-production rate of 8.33 mmol g-1 h-1 with visible hydrogen bubble evolution. This work clarifies the deterministic role of strong surface adsorption in driving ultrafast charge kinetics, providing practical insights for the precision design of highly efficient photocatalytic architectures.
Over the past decade, piezoelectric biomaterials have emerged as powerful platforms for tissue repair and regeneration by enabling self-generated, minimally invasive bioelectric stimulation. Among them, skin wound healing has become a prominent area of research due to the tissue's accessibility and clinical relevance. Specifically, the microcurrents powered by piezoelectric biomaterials closely mimic the endogenous electrical cues present in healthy skin. These bioelectrical signals regulate multiple stages of wound healing, including cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix formation, and immune modulation. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of piezoelectric biomaterials for skin wound healing and examine the physiological and biochemical roles of the naturally occurring electric fields in healthy skin and injured skin. By integrating these perspectives, we highlight how piezoelectric scaffolds can power skin tissue repair by recapitulating native bioelectric signaling. We further discuss current challenges, translational opportunities, and future directions toward the development of next-generation electroactive wound dressings for the treatment of acute and chronic wounds.
The intrinsic trade-off between high specific capacity and structural stability severely limits the development of high-capacity K+ cathodes. Herein, we address this limitation through a strategic pairing of f/p-block elements for constructing isolated heteronuclear diatomic sites (La/Sn) on carbon substrate. This pairing drives the reconstruction of V2O5 into hydrated layered phase, forming a dual-function interface where La acts as a structural anchor and Sn as a kinetics promoter. The strongly Lewis acidic La center stabilizes the host framework by suppressing vanadium dissolution, whereas Sn, with energetically accessible p-orbitals, facilitates interfacial charge transfer. The resulting interface couples K+ intercalation with interfacial proton storage, forming a highly reversible hybrid reaction pathway that reconciles capacity and stability. As a result, C/Sn/La-V2O5 electrode achieves a high specific capacity of 350 mAh g-1, exceptional rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability (95.5% retention after 10 000 cycles). Operando spectroscopic analyses support the existence of this dual-ion coupling pathway governs the reversible charge-storage process, with the exceptional electrochemical performance originating from the functional complementarity of the Sn/La dual-atomic sites. This work establishes f/p-block element pairing as a promising design strategy for engineering atomic interfaces that integrate complementary charge-storage mechanisms, with preliminary generality supported by additional element pairs.
Electrochemical reduction of ammonia represents a highly promising approach for transforming harmful environmental pollutants into more valuable products. In this study, we successfully achieved precise control over the environment surrounding single-atom Ni sites by modifying functional groups on ligands. To validate this strategy, we constructed two similar hollow Ni-MOFs. The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing the p-type tetraazanaphthotetraphene ligand (Ni-TT) demonstrated exceptional performance compared to n-type triphenylene (Ni-TP). Its overall reduction rate reached 196.9 µmol·h-1·cm2, with a Faraday efficiency as high as 90.9% at -0.4 V versus RHE. The exceptional performance of Ni-TT stems from the p-type tetranaphthalenetetracene ligand, which is nitrogen-rich and electron-deficient. The electronic properties of the ligand significantly influence the coordination environment around the single-atom Ni site, enabling precise control over proton-transfer behavior during the reaction. Theoretical calculations also indicate that hydrogen adsorption on p-type Ni-TT surfaces accelerates hydrogen transfer at Ni active sites compared to n-type Ni-TP. This significantly enhances the rate-determining step (RDS) in the NO hydrogenation process. The constructed Ni-TT-based Zn-NO battery achieved a power density of 2.1 mW cm-2. These results provide insight into how conjugated ligand structures modulate the electronic structure and hydrogenation behavior, which may guide future studies on MOF-based electrocatalysts for nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR).
Sluggish lithium polysulfide (LiPS) reduction kinetics and the shuttle effect lead to low active mass utilization and poor cycling stability, thereby seriously hampering the commercial application of Li-S batteries. Herein, a theoretically guided high-entropy phosphide (Fe0.74Co0.64Ni0.61Cu0.32Mo0.24P, FCNCMP-HEMP) nanoparticle is designed to enhance LiPS conversion. The electronic interaction among the S 3p orbitals of Sx 2- in LiPSs, the metal d orbitals, and the P 3p orbitals in FCNCMP-HEMP enables favorable catalytic activity for LiPS conversion. Impressively, FCNCMP-HEMP/C exhibits a higher electron transfer number and lower activation energy in solid-liquid-solid LiPS reduction reactions, indicating enhanced LiPS conversion kinetics. Specifically, Li-S cells with FCNCMP-HEMP/C@S cathodes deliver a high discharge capacity of 744 mAh g- 1 and an ultralow capacity decay of 0.014% per cycle over 2000 cycles at 5 C. Moreover, the assembled pouch cell with the FCNCMP-HEMP/C@S cathode shows a high energy density of 456 Wh kg- 1. This work opens a new pathway for designing high-entropy metal phosphides for high-performance Li-S batteries.
Artificial skins combining sustainable tactile sensing and high-precision contextual interaction could transform medical devices and robotics yet developing body-integrated systems that are electrically stable, comfortable, and scalable remain challenging. We develop a heterogeneous Janus e-skin enabled by gel-fiber-mediated interlayer adhesion and co-design of materials, structure, and architecture. An engineered polyurethane ionogel (PUIL) coupled with an elastic SBS scaffold redistributes mechanical stress. Hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions immobilize the liquid metal (LM) conductor to form a reconfigurable interface. Consequently, interleaved conductive, strain-insensitive nanofiber electrodes mitigate LM migration and leakage and exhibit exceptional long-term electrical stability, withstanding 400% strain with minimal resistance change (R/R0 ≈ 1.07). The bonding interlayer and hierarchically porous Janus membrane create a surface-energy gradient that promotes air permeability and unidirectional moisture transport, thereby improving comfort and cycling durability. Additionally, the Janus fibrous membrane mitigates strain/thermal/moisture-induced signal distortion, ensuring stable bioelectrical feedback and bolstering the robustness of machine-learning-assisted decoding in self-powered human-machine interactions. Remarkably, the e-skin exhibits excellent scalable bioinspired multifunctional protection, enabling seamless module integration for electromagnetic shielding and on-demand thermal management. This work paves the way for next-generation human-machine interfaces by demonstrating a holistic strategy that achieves wearer comfort, multifunctional integration, and multi-scenario AI interaction.
The intrinsic physical anisotropy of low-symmetry materials makes them highly promising candidates for polarization-sensitive devices. However, their practical application remains constrained by the scarcity of single materials that can combine low symmetry with high performance. Here, we report a novel low-symmetry [Bi2CuO3]SO4 crystal with an insulating nature, designed to enable symmetry control over conventional high-performance semiconductors. We achieve controllable growth of layered [Bi2CuO3]SO4 nanosheets via a gradient-mass-transfer-assisted chemical vapor deposition method, with thicknesses down to 1.43 nm. Alternating [Bi2CuO3]2+ cationic layers and SO4 2- anionic layers, coupled with disparate ionic radii of Bi3+ and Cu2+, endow the [Bi2CuO3]SO4 material with low structural symmetry, resulting in pronounced in-plane optical anisotropy. Upon integration with high-symmetry MoS2, [Bi2CuO3]SO4 induces interfacial symmetry breaking, driven by strong interfacial coupling and substantial charge redistribution. Notably, by fabricating devices along different crystallographic orientations of [Bi2CuO3]SO4, tunable polarization ratios are exhibited, reaching a maximum of 5.44 along the a-axis and a minimum of 1.57 along the b-axis. This work establishes a reliable strategy for obtaining heterostructures with low symmetry and tunable anisotropy, advancing next-generation directional optoelectronic devices.
Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia has been regarded as a sustainable strategy for industrial wastewater denitrification and fertilizer manufacturing toward green nitrogen circulation. However, complex pH conditions of practical nitrate wastewater result in poor catalyst universality, severely hindering their long-term deployment. Furthermore, the underlying reaction mechanisms in different pH scenarios remain ambiguous, obstructing the rational design of pH-universal electrocatalysts. Here we propose a crystal phase engineering approach to enhance the NO3RR performance in complex pH scenarios. The as-designed unconventional face-centered cubic (fcc) RuW nanoflowers exhibit excellent ammonia Faradaic efficiency (FE) above 91.0% over a wide pH range of 1-14, with the largest yield rate of 40.1 mg h-1 mgcat -1. Mechanism studies indicate that fcc RuW nanoflowers adaptively steer reaction pathways toward diverse pH environments. Based on the long-term durability test at an industrial-level current density of 300 mA cm-2 for 200 h in flow reactors, techno-economic analysis with the optimized process further demonstrates promising application potential. This study not only provides a fundamental insight into the pH-dependent mechanisms of nitrate electroreduction, but also offers a robust catalyst design approach toward complex practical conditions.
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess great potential for improving efficiency and operating stability, but parasitic charge recombination at the interfaces still limits their performance. As additives and surface treatment agents, ammonium ligands have been reported to form either two/three-dimensional (2D/3D) heterojunctions or passivation layers. In this work, we first conduct a comprehensive, large language model (LLM)-enabled literature mining to systematically enumerate ligand molecules reported over the past decade, through which we identify a pronounced knowledge gap concerning thiazole-based ligands. Then, in a comparative case study, perovskite films are treated with two thiazole- and thiophen-based ligands, which are small rigid aromatic heterocycles with similar molecular conformation. Thiophen-2-ylmethanamine hydrochloride (TPMA) induces 2D phase formation within 3D perovskite films. In comparison, 1,3-thiazol-2-ylmethanamine hydrochloride (TMA), with enhanced charge-transfer interactions associated with the S ions on the aromatic rings, demonstrates a stronger defect passivation capability. Overall, the TMA-based counterpart exhibits lower defect density, extended carrier lifetime, and a more favorable band offset. With the thiazole-based ligand, the resulting inverted PSC achieves an efficiency of 26.81% (certified 26.43%) and retains 96.4% of its initial performance after 1000 h tracking under continuous illumination at the maximum power point.
Electrically-driven hydrogels are crosslinked, charged polymer networks that can deform in an electric field, prompted by osmotic pressure changes. To date, such actuators generally suffer from sluggish response time, with equilibrium actuation times ranging from minutes to hours in aqueous electrolytes, and lack sophisticated design, due to established manufacturing protocols. Herein, these limitations are overcome through the fabrication of polyelectrolyte hydrogel microstructures via two-photon polymerization (2PP). This approach allows for the realization of microscale electrically-driven actuators exhibiting fast actuation (∼200 ms equilibrium time). The work highlights three photoresist formulations for poly(anionic) and poly(cationic) hydrogel networks and their fabrication via 2PP to produce micro-electro-actuators with sub-micron features. The electrically-driven actuation performance is investigated by varying the hydrogel composition, actuator geometry, along with electric field strength and direction, and local environment (pH and electrolyte concentration) during actuation. It was determined that micro-cantilevers of 80 × 20 × 10 µm3 reached equilibrium bending of up to 44.9 ± 7.8°, in ∼ 200 ms, in response to electric fields of 6 V mm-1. This pioneering work marks the first integration of 2PP with electrically actuated gelatin-based hydrogels, showcasing micro-electro-actuators with rapid and programmable 4D motion.
The complementary structural tunability of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) redefines the design space for engineering precise transport channels in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs). Herein, we present that trace-oxygen-mediated thermal reorganization (TOTR) of PIM-1 micropores enables MOF-dominated gas transport in MMMs without requiring high filler loading. Spectroscopic analyses and molecular simulations reveal trace-oxygen-mediated radical processes that induce the PIM-1 backbone rearrangement, together with triazine crosslinking and partial π-conjugation extension, resulting in a contracted and homogenized ultramicropore distribution. Meanwhile, the dual-interface design establishes a covalently coupled MOF-polymer interface, where the interfacial carboxylated PIM-1 (cPIM-1) layer co-reorganizes with the polymer matrix to form an integrated microporous environment with suppressed defects and enhanced mechanical robustness. This coupled pore-and-interface regulation integrates PIM-1 ultramicropores and MOF micropores into pore-matched transport channels, enabling effective expression of MOF sieving capability at an ultralow filler loading of 2 wt.%. The resulting MMMs deliver approximately threefold enhancement in CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivity compared with PIM-1 membranes, while maintaining high CO2 permeability and improved resistance to physical aging and plasticization. This study may broaden the design concepts for advanced MMMs toward challenging molecular separations.
The diagnosis of bacterial infections remains slow because many existing methods rely on enrichment steps such as nucleic acid amplification or growth culture. RNA-cleaving DNAzymes offer a promising route to accelerate bacterial diagnosis because they can be selected and programmed to specifically recognize disease-causing bacteria and generate reporter DNA strands for signal readout. However, integrating DNAzymes into biosensors capable of analyzing complex biological matrices remains challenging, as matrix-associated interferents can destabilize DNAzymes, suppress catalytic activity, and compromise signal detection. Here, we integrate redox RNA-cleaving DNAzymes housed on antifouling magnetic beads with a lab-in-a-tube platform that incorporates hierarchically structured sensing electrodes within a tubular flow cell for enrichment-free detection of Clostridioides difficile in stool samples. The combination of antifouling magnetic beads and fluidic replenishment of DNA reporters across the hierarchical electrodes reduces nonspecific binding and enhances reporter capture efficiency, achieving a limit of detection as low as 1.3 × 102 CFU mL-1 in buffer. Using an optimized stool-processing procedure, the sensor enabled detection of C. difficile infection in 38 human stool samples, demonstrating 94.7% concordance with the current gold-standard polymerase chain reaction method. These results demonstrate a promising platform for enrichment-free, point-of-care diagnosis of infectious diseases in clinic settings.
Negative differential resistance (NDR), a counterintuitive transport phenomenon in which current decreases with increasing voltage, challenges conventional transistor-centric computing paradigms based on monotonic electronic transport and opens new opportunities for beyond-Boolean computing. Here, we present a comprehensive and concept-driven review of NDR devices spanning memristor-based, diode-type, and transistor-based platforms. We establish a unified framework that links diverse NDR mechanisms, including resonant tunneling, electrothermal feedback, defect dynamics, and ferroelectric polarization, through their shared nonmonotonic transport characteristics. Beyond device-level classification, we further propose NDR as a physical foundation for functionally compressed computing, in which circuit functionalities traditionally implemented using multiple transistors and feedback networks can be partially embedded into the intrinsic nonlinear response of a single NDR device or compact device unit. We further compare representative NDR technologies using common performance metrics and analyze the key challenges that currently limit large-scale deployment, including variability, CMOS compatibility, compact modeling, and the distinction between intrinsic NDR behavior and measurement-induced artifacts. Finally, we discuss future opportunities in materials-by-design, heterogeneous and 3D integration, physics-informed modeling, and closed-loop intelligent systems. By connecting nonmonotonic transport physics with circuit and system-level functionality, NDR electronics offers a promising route toward compact and energy-efficient computing architectures in the post-Moore era.
Renewable-electricity-driven electrocatalysis is difficult to maintain under steady-state operation because of the intermittent, variable, and stochastic nature of renewable power. This challenge is particularly critical for selective electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH), such as phenol-to-cyclohexanone conversion in acidic media, where fluctuating operation can induce transient accumulation of active hydrogen intermediates, compromising product selectivity and energy efficiency. In this study, we develop a dynamic active-hydrogen-buffering interface strategy to construct fluctuation-resistant electrocatalysts using the short-chain surfactant butyltrimethylammonium bromide (BTAB). Under simulated power fluctuations in a flow cell, the BTAB-modified catalyst maintains near-steady-state performance, achieving 90.1% cyclohexanone selectivity and 83.6% Faradaic efficiency (FE), and outperforms the unmodified system by 1.69-fold in cyclohexanone FE under more drastic fluctuations. Mechanistic studies reveal that the BTAB layer weakens the interfacial hydrogen-bond network and attenuates Grotthuss-type proton relay, thereby regulating proton flux and buffering active hydrogen accumulation during current fluctuations. This suppresses competing hydrogen evolution and overhydrogenation to cyclohexanol while preserving phenol hydrogenation kinetics. Combined with techno-economic analysis, this work establishes active-hydrogen buffering as an interfacial strategy for maintaining selective electrosynthesis under dynamic operating conditions.
Nickel-based layered cathodes are promising candidates for high-performance, high-energy lithium-ion batteries, yet their high-voltage application is jointly limited by synthesis-inherited structural defects and an unstable lattice oxygen framework. Here, we show that both limitations can be overcome by decoupled synthesis pathway (DSP) via La/Nb oxalate functionalization of the Ni0.6Co0.1Mn0.3(OH)2 precursor. Unlike the conventional coupled synthesis pathway (CSP) where precursor dehydration and Li2CO3 decomposition overlap in temperature, the DSP introduces a low‑temperature decomposition of La/Nb oxalates at 200°C, which effectively avoids localized contact between the precursor and Li2CO3 and shifts Li2CO3-related reactions to high temperatures. This allows sequential precursor dehydroxylation, rock‑salt (RS) intermediate formation, and layered‑phase transformation over a broad temperature window. The resulting LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2 cathode with La/Nb functionalization (NCM-LN) features a uniform surface LaNiO3 perovskite heterostructure and a Nb‑doped layered bulk with suppressed RS and spinel defects. Consequently, under 4.5 V operation (vs. Li+/Li), NCM-LN exhibits homogeneous Li+ (de)intercalation, and a stabilized oxygen framework. In graphite||NCM-LN full cells, NCM-LN retains 80.1% of its capacity after 2000 cycles at 1C, substantially outperforming the pristine cathode. This decoupling strategy is broadly effective across various Ni‑based systems, providing a generalizable route toward high‑energy, long‑life cathode materials.
Light, temperature, and humidity are critical external factors triggering phase separation in wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Conventional passivators only achieve static and short-term defect passivation and cannot address the continuously generated dynamic defects and ion migration during device operation. In this work, 1,3,3-trimethylindolino-6-bromobenzopyrylospiropyran (TBS) was introduced into the perovskite bulk. This molecule isomerized into the ring-opened O-TBS structure with abundant active sites under light, heat, and humidity stimuli, thereby enabling on-demand passivation of the device under various environments, ultimately achieving a synergistic balance between static passivation of pristine defects and dynamic repair of newly formed defects. Meanwhile, as a built-in dipole, O-TBS can accelerate carrier extraction and separation, and inhibit phase separation by optimizing the phase structure at the initial stage of nucleation and crystallization. Based on this strategy, a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.83% was achieved in PSCs with a bandgap of 1.67 eV. Unencapsulated devices retained 91% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under AM 1.5G illumination, and maintained 88% and 87% of their efficiency after continuous testing for 1000 h at 85°C and 60% humidity, respectively, significantly enhancing the optoelectronic performance and long-term stability of the devices.
